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International Heraldry & Heralds
HOME MY ARMS / GENEALOGY NATIONAL HERALDRY HATCHMENTS EXAMPLES HERALDRY BOOKS FAQs
Heraldry is the practice of devising, granting, displaying, describing, and recording coats
of arms and heraldic badges. Officers of arms (Kings of Arms, Heralds and Pursuviants)
practice heraldry and also rule on questions of rank or protocol.
The origins of heraldry stretch back into ancient times. Warriors
often decorated their shields with patterns and mythological
motifs. Army units of the Roman Empire were identified by the
distinctive markings on their shields (see left). These were not
heraldic in the medieval sense, as they were associated with
military units, not individuals or families.
Truly heraldic devices seem to have been first used in
Carolingian times. Seals and banners confirm that they were
being used in the Flemish area of Europe during the reign of
Charlemagne (768–814 AD).
The emergence of heraldry as we know it today was linked to the
need to distinguish participants quickly and easily in combat.
Distinguishing devices were used on surcoats ("coats of arms"),
shields, and caparisoned horses, and it would have been natural
for knights to use the same devices as those already used on their banners and seals. A
formal system of rules developed into ever more complex forms of heraldry to ensure
that each knight's arms were unique (at least within the same jurisdiction).
The system of blazoning arms that is used in Englishspeaking countries today was
developed by the officers of arms in the Middle Ages. This includes a stylised
description of the escutcheon (shield), the crest, and, if present, supporters, mottoes,
and other insignia. The language is an anglicised version of Norman French and does
not always match modern heraldic French: for example the colour green is called Vert in
heraldic English, but sinople in heraldic French.
Although heraldry is nearly 900 years old, it is still in use. Many cities and towns in
Europe and around the world make use of arms. Personal heraldry, both legally
protected and lawfully assumed, has continued to be used around the world.
Certain heraldic rules apply, the most important of which is the Rule of Tincture. This
prohibits certain colour combinations, as described below. Understanding these rules is
a key to the art of heraldry. Rules and terminology differ from country to country. Several
national styles had developed by the end of the Middle Ages, but some aspects carry
over internationally.
The Arms of Luxembourg
The Arms of Canada
Page Links
Introduction
Shield and Lozenge
Tincture
Divisions of the Field
Ordinaries & Subordinaries
Heraldic Charges
Blazon
Helms,
Crests
Torses (Wreaths)
Coronets
Mantling
Mottoes
Heraldic Supporters
Hatchments
Marshalling Arms
Differencing
Cadency
Augmentations of Honour
Canting Arms
Development of Heraldry
National Heraldry Styles
Rolls of Arms
Modern Heraldry
Attributed Coats of Arms
Assumed Coats of Arms
Bibliography
Examples
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Shield and Lozenge
Escutcheon
In heraldry, an escutcheon, or scutcheon, is the shield displayed in a coat of arms. The
escutcheon shape is based on the Medieval shields that were used by knights in
combat. The shape varied from region to region and over time.
The shield is used in heraldry not only for men but corporate bodies: city corporations,
universities and schools, companies, churches and for various official offices.
As women did not go to war, they did not bear a shield. Instead, their arms were shown
on a lozenge — a rhombus standing on one of its acute corners or a cartouche. This
continues in much of the world, though some heraldic authorities, notably Scotland,
uses ovals for women's arms. In England, Scotland and Ireland, women may, in certain
circumstances, display their arms on a shield. In Canada, the restriction against
women's bearing arms on a shield has been abrogated. Noncombatant clergy also have
used the lozenge and the cartouche or an oval for their armorial display.
The Arms of
Robert Courtney JP
Or between three torteaux a chevron
conjoined to a bordure sable
charged with eight fusils Or.
The Arms of
Mrs Robert Courtney
Or between three torteaux a chevron
conjoined to a bordure sable
charged with eight fusils Or.
Arms reproduced by kind permission of Robert Charles Hearson Courtney JP, and Geoff Kingman
Sugars of the International Association of Amateur Heralds
The arms of Uganda on a traditional Ugandan shield
Arms of the Earl Spencer
(artwork courtesy of Wikipedia)
The arms of Lady Diana Spencer before her marriage to Prince
Charles displayed on a Lozenge
A new coat of arms was granted to Kate Middleton's father shortly
before her marriage to Prince William in 2011. Up until her marriage
both Kate and her sister were entitled to bear a version of the arms
shown below, the lozenge shows that the arms belong to a woman
and the blue ribbon indicates that she was then unmarried. The
formal "blazon" is Per pale Azure and Gules a Chevron Or cotised
Argent between three Acorns slipped and leaved Or.
Per Pale means that the Shield is divided vertically with one half
blue (Azure) and the other half red (Gules). A Chevron Or means
the gold chevron across the centre of the Shield. There are cotises
either side of the chevron which are white (Argent). Slipped means
"with a stalk" so the final part of the blazon means three acorns with
gold stalks and leaves.
This curved octagon is a lozenge adapted to provide an area in
which it is easier to arrange the charges
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The following are the points of the shield used in blazons to describe where a charge
should be drawn:
1 Dexter Chief
2 Middle Chief
3 Sinister Chief
4 Dexter Base
5 Middle Base
6 Sinister Base
7 Honour Point
8 Fess Point
9 Nombril Point
Inescutcheon
An inescutcheon is a smaller shield that is shown within or superimposed over the main
shield. This may be used for heraldic style, in pretence (to bear another's arms over
one's own), to bear one's own personal arms over the territorial arms of one's domains,
as an augmentation of honour, or as a simple charge.
Inescutcheons may also be used to bear another's armsin "pretence", In English
Heraldry the husband of a heraldic heiress a woman without any brothers may place
her father's arms in an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of his own shield as a claim
("pretence") to be the head of his wife's family. In the next generation the arms would
then be quartered. (Normally the arms of the wife would be impaled with those of the
husband a convention known as Baron and Femme).
In similar fashion, one may bear one's own arms
inescutcheon en surtout over the territorial arms of
his/her domains, such as in the arms of the Danish
Royal Family, the greater coat of arms of Sweden, or
the arms of the Commonwealth of England 16491660.
On the right are the arms of George IV His arms, when
King, were: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions
passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion
rampant within a tressure florycounterflory Gules (for
Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland);
overall an inescutcheon tierced in pairle reversed (for
Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts
Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for
Westfalen); on that another inescutheon Gules, Charlemagne crown Or (Elector of
Hanover); the whole inescutcheon surmounted by a crown.
Inescutcheons also appear in personal and civic armory as simple common charges,
such as in the arms of Portugal or the Swedish Collegium of Arms which bears the three
crowns of Sweden, each upon its own escutcheon within the field of the main shield
The original arms of Baroness Thatcher: Per chevron, Azure and
Gules. A double key in chief between two lions combatant; a tower
with portcullis in base, all Or.. Crest. A Baron's coronet.
Motto:.Cherish Freedom. Supporters: Dexter: An admiral of the
British Navy. Sinister: Sir Isaac Newton, both proper.
The Arms of the State of Alabama in the USA incorporating the
emblems of the five governments that have held power over
Alabama. In the first quarter (preRevolutionary) France, in the
second the arms of castile and Leon representing Spain, in the third
the United Kingdom, and in the fourth the Confederacy with an
inescutcheon representing the United States. The shield is
supported by bald eagles. The crest is a ship, like the ones used by
the French colonists who settled near presentday Mobile. The
motto, written on a yellow ribbon at the bottom, reads, "Audemus
jura nostra defendere." " We Dare To Defend Our Rights"
Tincture
Tinctures are the colours and patterns used in heraldry. In heraldic terms they are
divided into standard "colours", "metals", and "furs". The Petra Sancta method was
Example of a simple blazon, just one word "Ermine",
the arms of Brittany
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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created in 1638 to render colors in black and white images of coats of arms: tinctures
are indicated by a hatching convention as shown below, where the dexter half of the
shield is coloured and the sinister half hatched to denote the same colour.
Gules
(red)
Azure
(blue)
Vert
(green)
Purpure
(purple)
Sable
(black)
Two "metals" are also used:Or and Argent.
A new colour, Bleuceleste, was introduced in the twentieth century
Or
(gold)
Argent
(silver)
Bleuceleste
(skyblue)
Furs: Certain patterns called "furs" appear in coats of arms. They are defined as
tinctures, not patterns. The two common furs are ermine and vair. Ermine represents the
winter coat of the stoat, which is white with a black tail. Vair represents a kind of squirrel
with a bluegray back and white belly. Sewn together, it forms a pattern of alternating
blue and white shapes.
Ermine
Ermines
Erminois
Pean
Vair
Countervair
Potent
Counterpotent
Vair and Potent are common: Countervair and Counterpotent relatively rare.
A number of other colours, called stains are used, but are much less common, notably,
Sanguine (bloodred)
Murrey (mulberry)
Tenné (burntorange)
These are only occasionally found, typically for special purposes for example many air
forces use Bleuceleste (sky blue).
Heraldic charges can be displayed in their natural colours.
The depiction of charges in their natural colours or "proper"
are also regarded as tinctures. Many natural items such as
plants and animals are described as proper in this case. A
mermaid proper will therefore have a flesh coloured upper
body and scaly lower body as on the left.
Proper charges are very frequent as crests and supporters.
The Rule of Tincture
Heraldry is essentially a system of identification,
so the most important convention of heraldry is
the rule of tincture. To provide for contrast and
visibility, metals must never be placed on
metals, and colours must never be placed on
colours.
Where a charge overlies a partition of the field,
the rule does not apply. In fact it does not apply
in many specific cases (arms divided per pale,
impaled arms, brisures). Nor does the rule
apply to furs.
There are also special
exceptions to the rule of
tinctures generally for
powerful individuals who
wish to emphasize that
ordinary worldly rules do
not apply to them usually using the two "metals" for example
the arms of the medieval kingdom of Jerusalem, consisting of
gold crosses on a silver background (left) or the arms of the
State of the Vatican City (above). Arms attributed to Satan also break the rule of tincture
by having green frogs on a red background.
The King of Jerusalem wearing his coat of arms
gold on silver breaking the Rule of Tinctures
Winstanton, vel Wistaston
Ermine, three escallopes Argent
An example illustrating that
the rule of Tincture does not apply to furs
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
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Divisions of the Field
The simplest possible arms consist of a plain field. One
example are the arms of Termes family in the Languedoc,
whose arms were plain red in heraldic language the full
blazon is "Gules". As there are clearly a limited number of
possibilities for such arms, many include charges to
"difference" them.
Another way of creating more variations is to vary the field. The field
can be divided into more than one tincture. Many coats of arms consist simply of a
division of the field into two contrasting tinctures. These are considered divisions of a
shield, so the rule of tincture does not apply. For example, a shield divided Azure and
Gules would be perfectly acceptable.
party per pale party per fess quarterly
party per bend sinister party per bend per saltire
tierced per pall tierced per pall reversed tierced per pale
party per chevron gyrony of 8 gyrony of 12
A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The variations of partition lines can
be wavy, indented, embattled, engrailed, nebuly, or other forms.
per fess embattled per fess nebuly per fess engrailed
per fess potenty per fess dovetailed per fess invected
per fess wavy per fess indented
Arms of Jean Lovell de Tichmersh
Barry nebuly of six Gules and Or
(reproducedhere by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of William de Ferrers,
Earl of Derby , Count of Ferrers
Arms of the Swiss Canton of Soleure
The Arms of the Swiss Canton of Friburg
The Arms of Malta
The Arms of Robert de Vere,Earl of Oxford
Quarterly Or and Gules
in the first quarter a mullet Argent
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
http://www.catharcastles.info/termes.php?key=termes
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Vairy Or and Gules
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Variations of the field
The field of a shield, or less often a charge or crest, is sometimes made up of a pattern
of colours, or variation. A pattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called
barry, while a pattern of Vertical (palewise) stripes is called paly. A pattern of diagonal
stripes may be called bendy or bendy sinister, depending on the direction of the stripes.
In each case, there are always an even number of stripes, half of one colour and half of
the other. (cf palets, bars and bendlets)
Other variations include chevrony, gyronny and chequy.
paly of 6 paly of 8
Barry of 4 Barry of 8 Barry of 10
chequy lozengy fusilly
bendy of 6 fretty Goutty (Semé of Gouttes)
Semé of roses Semé of fleur de lys Semé of fleur de lys
Most small charges can be depicted as semé, e.g. semé of roses, semé of estoiles, and
so forth. In English heraldry, several types of small charges have special terms to refer
to their state as semé:
semé of crosscrosslets: crusily
semé of fleursdelis: semédelis
semé of bezants: bezanté
semé of plates: platé
semé of billets: billeté
semé of annulets: annulletty
semé of sparks: étincellé;
William de Bishopstone
Bendy of six Or and Sable
(reproduced here by courtesy of Brian Timms)
The Arms of Monaco: Fusily Argent and Gules
supported by two armed and bearded monks
The Arms of Saxe
Theobald de Verdun
Or fretty Gules
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semé of guttae: gouttée.
semé of torteaux (roundels gules): tortelly
In European heraldry fields are sometimes blazoned as Papelonny, which represents
fish scales. The term may be written Papelonne, Papilone, or Pampillettée.
Gules
Papelonny d'Argent
Papelonny
Sable and Argent
Papelonny reversed
Gules and Argent
Other rare variations of the field include
A field "masoned" shows a pattern like that of a brick wall. This can be "proper" or
of a named tincture. The tincture of the stones is named first, then that of the
cracks between the stones: a wall of red bricks with white mortar is thus gules
masoned argent.
A field Plumeté is covered in a pattern representing feathers.
A field tapissé of wheat is entirely covered by an interlocking stylised pattern
looking like a wheat field
A Honeycomb field consisting of hexagons.
Or masoned Gules
Plumeté
the lower part of the field
is tapissé of wheat
Variations of the field are sometimes combined to produce patterns of barrybendy, paly
bendy, lozengy and fusilly Semés, or patterns of repeated charges, are also considered
variations of the field.
BarryBendy
PalyBendy
The Rule of tincture applies to all semés and variations of the field.
Diapering (covering areas of flat colour with a tracery design
when depicting arms) is not considered a variation of the field;
it is not specified in blazon, being a decision of the individual
artist. A coat depicted with diapering is considered the same as
a coat drawn from the same blazon but depicted without
diapering. (Although there are Scottish examples where the
diapering is included in the blazon)
Piers de Coudray
Gules billetty Or
(reproduced here by courtesy of Brian Timms)
Roger la Zouche
Gules bezanty
(reproduced here by courtesy of Brian Timms)
Hugh de Escot
Sable semy of escallops Or
(reproduced here by courtesy of Brian Timms)
John de Lillebon
Per pale Argent and Sable a chevron counterchanged
(reproduced here by courtesy of Brian Timms)
Ordinaries & Subordinaries
In the early days of heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were painted on
shields. These could be easily recognized at a long distance and could be easily
remembered. They therefore served the main purpose of heraldry—identification. As
"Azure, a bend Or"
Arms over which the families of Scrope and Grosvenor fought a
famous legal battle which established that arms must be unique
within a jurisdiction
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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more complicated shields came into use, these bold shapes were set apart in a
separate class as the "honourable ordinaries."
Some heraldic writers distinguish between "honourable ordinaries" and "subordinaries".
While some authors hold that only nine charges are "honourable" ordinaries, exactly
which ones fit into this category is a subject of constant disagreement. The remainder
are often termed "subordinaries", and narrower or smaller versions of the ordinaries are
called diminutives.
One herald says: "The first Honourable Ordinary is the cross," the second is the chief,
the third is the pale, the fourth is the bend, the fifth is the fess, the sixth is the
inescutcheon, the seventh is the chevron, the eighth is the saltire, and the ninth is the
bar, while stating that "some writers" prefer the bordure as the ninth ordinary.
cross chief pale
bend bend sinister fess
inescutcheon saltire chevron
bordure
They act as charges and are always written first in blazon. Unless otherwise specified
they extend to the edges of the field. Other ordinaries are shown below
Most of the ordinaries have corresponding diminutives, narrower versions, most often
mentioned when two or more appear in parallel. In English heraldry they have different
names such as pallets, bars, bendlets, and chevronels.
Argent
two pallets Gules
Argent
four pallets Gules
Argent
a bendlet Gules
Argent
two bars Gules
Argent
three bars Gules
Argent
two bendlets Gules
Gules
two bars Argent
Gules
three bars Argent
Argent
three bendlets Gules
Argent
three chevronels Gules
Gules
three bendlets Argent
Argent
four bendlets Gules
The Arms of Rossillon
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Savoie
Arms of John de Mohun
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of Neville
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of Ralf Stafford
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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French blazon makes no such distinction between these diminutives and the ordinaries
when borne singly. Unless otherwise specified an ordinary is drawn withstraight lines,
but each may be indented, embattled, wavy, engrailed, or otherwise have their lines
varied.
An easy mistake is to confuse arms featuring pallets, bars or bendlets with (respectively)
paly, Barry and bendy arms. The former always have an odd number of stripes and the
latter an even number. The former are stripes of one colour on top of a field of another
colour. The later are alternating coloured stripes.
Argent
two bars Gules
Barry of 4
Argent and Gules
Argent
four pallets Gules
paly of 8
Argent and Gules
Argent
three bendlets Gules
bendy of 6
Argent and Gules
Arms of Fenton Of That Ilk
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of Vavassor
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Cardinal Richelieu
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Subordinaries
There is a separate class of charges called subordinaries which are of a geometrical
shape subordinate to the ordinary.
pall Pall Reversed flaunches
a quarter a canton a pile
a 5 point label a lozenge a pile reversed
a gyron A rustre ente en pointe
An orle a tressure a double tressure
a fillet pile a fillet pile reversed
The quarter is a rectangle occupying the top left quarter of the field, as seen by the
viewer. The canton is a square occupying the left third of the chief (sometimes reckoned
to be a diminutive of the quarter).
The bordure is a border touching the edge of the field. The orle may be considered an
inner bordure: a reasonably wide band away from the edge of the shield, it is always
shown following the shape of the shield, without touching the edges. The tressure is a
narrower version of the orle, rarely seen except in the double tressure flory and counter
flory, an element of the royal coat of arms of Scotland and of many other Scots coats.
The fret originally consisted of three bendlets interlaced with three bendlets sinister;
Other depictions form the outer bendlets into a mascle through which the two remaining
bendlets are woven.
Flaunches, flanches or flasks are regions on the sides of the field, bounded by a pair of
circular arcs whose centres are beyond the sides of the shield.
A label is a horizontal strap, with a number of pendants (called points) suspended from
it; the default is three, but any number may be specified. The label is nearly always a
mark of cadency in British and French heraldry, but is occasionally found as a regular
charge.
"Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory
Gules" the blazon of the arms of Scotland.
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The coat of Arms of the village of
RennesleChâteau in France
Azur a bordure Or
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Roger Pichard
Argent three lozenges Sable
(reproduced here by courtesy of Brian Timms)
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http://www.castlesandmanorhouses.com/renneslechateau.htm
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Charges
A charge is any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an
armorial composition. Any object found in nature or technology may appear as a
heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, or geometric shapes.
Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent charges are the cross—with its hundreds of
variations—and the lion and eagle. Other common animals are stags, wild boar,
martlets, and fish. Dragons, bats, unicorns, griffins, and more exotic monsters appear as
charges and as supporters.
Animals are found in various stereotyped positions or 'attitudes'. Quadrupeds can often
be found rampant—standing on the left hind foot. Another frequent position is passant,
or walking, like the lions of the coat of arms of England. Eagles are almost always
shown with their wings spread, or displayed.
In English heraldry the crescent, mullet, martlet, annulet, fleurdelis, and rose may be
added to a shield to distinguish cadet branches of a family from the senior line. These
cadency marks are usually shown smaller than normal charges, but it still does not
follow that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch. All of these
charges occur frequently in basic undifferenced coats of arms.
The term charge can also be used as a verb; for example, if an escutcheon bears three
lions, then it is said to be charged with three lions; similarly, a crest or even a charge
itself may be "charged", such as a pair of eagle wings charged with trefoils (e.g. Coat of
arms of Brandenburg).
Socalled mobile charges are not tied to the size and shape of the shield, and so may be
placed in any part of the field, although whenever a charge appears alone, it is placed
with sufficient position and size to occupy the entire field. Common mobile charges
include human figures, human parts, animals, animal parts, mythical creatures (or
"monsters"), plants and floral designs, inanimate objects and other devices. The heraldic
animals need not exactly resemble the actual creatures.
The escutcheon is a small shield. If borne singly in the centre
of the main shield, it is called an inescutcheon, and is usually
employed to combine multiple coats. It is customarily the same
shape as the shield it is on, though shields of specific shapes
are rarely specified in the blazon.
The lozenge is a rhombus generally
resembling the diamonds of playingcards. A
more acute lozenge is called a fusil. A lozenge voided (i.e. with a
lozengeshaped hole) is a mascle; a lozenge pierced (i.e. with a
round hole) is a rustre.
The billet is a rectangle, usually at least
twice as tall as it is wide; it may represent a
block of wood or a sheet of paper. Billets appear in the shield of
the house of Nassau, which was modified to become that of the
kingdom of the Netherlands.
The roundel is a solid circle, frequently of gold, though it can be
of any colour. Roundels have their own special names depending on
the colour, as shown below.
three bezants three plates three hurts three torteaux
three pellets three pommes three golpes three fountains
A fountain is a roundel Barry wavy Argent and Azure.
An annulet is a roundel voided (literally.
a little ring). The arms on the right are
those of CourvillesurEure with ten
annulets.
The Arms of England with the three lions of England
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Dudley
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Thomas de Beauchamp
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Baldwin Wake
Two bars Gules in chief three torteaux
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Grey de Rotherfield
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
https://www.awin1.com/cread.php?s=639878&v=5927&q=311401&r=482665
http://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/affiliate/?affid=thwtpg
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Several other simple charges occur with
comparable frequency. These include
the mullet or star, crescent and cross.
The mullet (or mollet) is a star of
(usually five) straight rays, and may
have originated as a representation of
the rowel or revel of a spur (although "spur
revels" also appear under that name). Mullets
frequently appear pierced. If unpierced, it is sometimes called a "star" in Scottish
heraldry, and stars also appear in English and continental heraldry under that name
(often with six points).
Five mullets of six points Or
pierced of the field
a rustre
3 mascles
A star with (usually six) wavy rays is called an estoile (from
etoile, the French word for "star").
The crescent, a symbol of the Moon, normally appears with its
horns upward; if its horns are to Dexter it represents a waxing
moon (increscent), and with horns to sinister it represents a
waning moon (decrescent).
One of the most frequently found charges in heraldry, if not the most,
is the cross, which has developed into, some say, 400 varieties. When the cross does
not reach the edges of the field, it becomes a mobile charge. The plain Greek cross
(with equal limbs) and Latin cross (with the lower limb extended) are sometimes seen,
but more often the tip of each limb is developed into some ornamental shape. The most
commonly found crosses in heraldry are shown below.
greek cross crossmoline crosspatonce
crossflory cross pommee crosscrosslet
crosspotent saltire cross voided
cross fourchee cross pattee maltese cross
cross bottony
In English heraldry the crescent, mullet, martlet, annulet, fleurdelis and rose may be
added to a shield to distinguish cadet branches of a family from the senior line. It does
not follow, however, that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch.
All of these charges occur frequently in basic (undifferenced) coats of arms.
Humans, deities, angels and demons occur more often as crests and supporters than on
the shield. When humans do appear on the shield, they almost always appear affronté
(facing forward), rather than toward the left like beasts. The largest group of human
charges consists of saints, often as the patron of a town. Knights, bishops, monks and
nuns, kings and queens also occur frequently. .
GrecoRoman mythological figures typically appear in an allegorical or canting role.
Angels very frequently appear.
Parts of human bodies occur more often than the whole, particularly heads, stylized
hearts, hands, torso and armored limbs. A famous heraldic hand is the Red Hand of
Ulster, alluding to an ancient myth. According to one version, the kingdom of Ulster had
at one time no rightful heir. Because of this it was agreed that a boat race should take
Arms of the Corporation of Dudley, featuring a salamander in the
base
Arms of Daubeney
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of Renaud de Cobham
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of de la Torre
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place and that "whosoever's hand is the
first to touch the shore of Ulster, so shall
he be made the king". One candidate so
desired Ulster that, upon seeing that he
was losing the race, he cut off his hand
and threw it to the shore — thus winning
the kingship. The hand is most likely red
to represent the fact that it would have been
covered in blood. According to some versions of
the story, the king who cut off his hand belonged to the Uí Néill clan,
which apparently explains its association with them the red hand is the ancient arms of
the O'Neil and appears as an escutcheon on the arms of Ulster.
Plants are common in heraldry and figure among the earliest charges. Trees also
appear in heraldry; the most frequent tree by far is the oak (drawn with large leaves and
acorns), followed by the pine. Apples and bunches of grapes occur very frequently,
other fruits less so.
The most famous heraldic flower (particularly in French heraldry) is the fleurdelis,
which is often stated to be a stylised lily, though despite the name there is considerable
debate on this. The "natural" lily, somewhat stylised, also occurs, as (together with the
fleurdelis) in the arms of Eton College. The rose is perhaps even more widely seen in
English heraldry than the fleurdelis. Its heraldic form is derived from the "wild" type
with only five petals. The thistle frequently appears as a symbol of Scotland.
The trefoil, quatrefoil and cinquefoil are abstract forms resembling flowers or leaves.
The trefoil is always shown slipped (i.e. with a stem), unless blazoned otherwise. The
cinquefoil is sometimes blazoned fraise (strawberry flower), most notably when canting
for Fraser. The trillium flower occurs occasionally in a Canadian context, and the protea
flower constantly appears in South Africa, since it is the national flower symbol, the
South African cricket team sometimes being called the Proteas.
Wheat occurs in the form of "garbs" or sheaves and in fields , though less often as ears
all of which are shown unwhiskered. Ears of rye are depicted exactly as wheat, except
the ears droop down and is probably best shown as whiskered. Barley, maize and oats
also occur.
Few inanimate objects in heraldry carry a special significance
distinct from that of the object itself, but among such objects are
the escarbuncle, the fasces, and the key. The escarbuncle
developed from the radiating iron bands used to strengthen a
round shield, eventually becoming a heraldic charge.
The fasces (not to be confused with the
French term for a bar or fess) is emblematic
of the Roman magisterial office and has often been granted to
mayors. Keys (taking a form similar to a "skeleton key") are
emblematic of Saint Peter and, by extension, the papacy, and
thus frequently appear in ecclesiastical heraldry.
The sun "in his
splendour" is a disc with twelve or more wavy
rays, or alternating wavy and straight rays,
as shown on the left. It appears in the arms
of Brady (also shown left): . "Sable, in the
sinister base a Dexter hand couped at the
wrist proper pointing with index finger to the
sun in splendour in Dexter chief Or".
The moon "in her plenitude" (full) sometimes
appears, distinguished from a roundel Argent by having a face; but crescents occur
much more frequently. Estoiles are stars with six wavy rays, while stars (when they
occur under that name) normally have five straight rays, being the same as the mullet.
Clouds often occur, though more frequently for people or animals to stand on or issue
from than as isolated charges. The raindrop as such is unknown, though a drop of fluid
(goutte) is known. These occasionally appear as a charge, but more frequently
constitute a field semé (known as goutté).
The oldest geological charge is the mount, typically a green hilltop rising from the lower
edge of the field, providing a place for a beast, building or tree to stand.. Natural
mountains and boulders are not unknown, though ranges of mountains are differently
shown. An example is the arms of Edinburgh, portraying Edinburgh Castle atop Castle
Rock. Volcanos are shown, almost without exception, as erupting, and the eruption is
generally stylised. In the 18th century, landscapes began to appear in armoury, often
depicting the sites of battles.For example, Admiral Lord Nelson received a chief of
augmentation containing a landscape alluding to the Battle of the Nile.
The most frequent building in heraldry is the tower, a tapering cylinder of masonry
topped with battlements, usually having a door and a few windows. The canting arms of
the Kingdom of Castile are Gules, a tower tripletowered Or (i.e. three small towers
standing atop a larger one). A castle is generally shown as two towers joined by a wall,
though sometimes as a wall with two towers; the doorway is sometimes blazoned to be
shown secured by a portcullis. The portcullis was used as a canting badge by the
Tudors ("twodoors"), and has since come to represent the British Parliament.
As an ordinary chessrook would be indistinguishable from a
tower; the heraldic chess rook, instead of battlements, has two
outwardsplayed "horns".
Civic and ecclesiastical armory sometimes shows a church or a
whole town, and cities, towns and Scots burghs often bear a mural
crown (a crown in the form of a wall with battlements or turrets) in
place of a crown over the shield. Ships of various types often
appear; the most frequent being the ancient galley often called,
from the Gaelic, a lymphad. Also frequent are anchors and oars.
The maunch is a medieval lappeted sleeve, some highly stylized, and looking quite
unlike a sleeve and more like a fancifullywritten letter M; in French blazon it is said to
be called manche mal taillée ("a sleeve badly cut") though modern French blazons
seem to be quite happy with plain manche. Spurs also occur, sometimes "winged", but
more frequently occurring is the spurrowel or spurrevel, which is said to more often
termed a "mullet of five points pierced" by English heralds.
Crowns and coronets of various kinds are constantly seen. The ecclesiastical hat and
bishop's mitre are nearly ubiquitous in ecclesiastical heraldry. The sword is sometimes a
symbol of authority, as in the royal arms of the Netherlands, but may also allude to Saint
Medieval attributed arms of the King of Morocco
Azure, three chess rooks Or
(Click for more on Chess Rooks)
Arms of Earl Mountbatten of Burma: Quarterly: first and fourth,
Azure, a lion rampant double queued Barry of ten Argent and Gules,
armed and langued of the last, crowned or, within a bordure
compony of the second and third; second and third, Argent, two
pallets Sable charged on the honour point with an escutcheon of the
arms of the late Princess Alice (namely, the Royal Arms differenced
with a label of three points Argent, the centre point charged with a
rose Gules barbed Vert, and each of the other points with an ermine
spot Sable). Crests – First, out of a coronet or, two horns Barry of
ten, Argent and Gules, issuing from each three linden leaves Vert,
and from the outer side of each horn four branches barwise, having
three like leaves pendant therefrom of the last (Hesse); second, out
of a coronet or, a plume of four ostrich feathers alternately Argent
and Sable (Battenberg). Supporters – On either side a lion double
queued and crowned all or.
Arms of the Duke of Argyll:
Educational establishments often use the arms of their founders.
These are the arms of Cardinal Wolsey and of Christ Church
College Oxford which he founded (this version is used by the
college though it is not clear why the hat is black and not red)
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Paul, as the patron of a town (e.g. London) or dedicatee of a church. Other weapons
occur more often in modern than in earlier heraldry. The mace also appears as a
weapon, the war mace, in addition to its appearance as a symbol of authority, plain
mace. The globus cruciger, also variously called an orb, a royal orb, or a mound (from
French monde, Latin mundus, the world) is a ball or globe surmounted by a cross, which
is part of the regalia of an emperor or king, and is the emblem of sovereign authority and
majesty.
Books constantly occur, most frequently in the arms of colleges and universities, though
the Gospel and Bible are sometimes distinguished. Books if open may be inscribed with
words.
Oxford
University
Cambridge
University
Yale
University Birmingham University
Words and phrases are otherwise rare, except in Spanish and Portuguese armory.
Letters of the various alphabets are also relatively rare. Arms of merchants in Poland
and eastern Germany are often based on house marks, abstract symbols resembling
runes.
Musical instruments commonly seen are the harp (as in the coat
of arms of Ireland), bell and trumpet. The drum, almost without
exception, is of the field drum type.
Animals, especially lions and eagles, feature prominently as
heraldic charges. Many important differences exist between an
animal's natural form and the stylized form given to it in heraldic
displays. Many of these differences are apparent in the conventional
attitudes (positions) into which heraldic animals are contorted; additionally, various parts
of an animal (claws, horns, tongue, etc.) may be differently coloured, each with its own
terminology.
Most animals are broadly classified,
according to their natural form, into
beasts, birds, sea creatures and others,
and the attitudes that apply to them may
be grouped accordingly. Beasts,
particularly lions, most often appear in the
rampant position; while birds, particularly
the eagle, most often appear displayed. While the
lion, regarded as the king of beasts, is by far the most frequently occurring beast in
heraldry, the eagle, equally regarded as the king of birds, is overwhelmingly the most
frequently occurring bird, and the rivalry between these two is often noted to parallel
with the political rivalry between the powers they came to represent in medieval Europe.
Other beasts frequently seen include
wolf, bear, boar, horse, bull or ox, stag.
The tiger (unless blazoned as a Bengal
tiger) is a fanciful beast with a wolflike
body, a mane and a pointed snout. Dogs
of various types, and occasionally of
specific breeds, occur more often as
crests or supporters than as charges. The
unicorn resembles a horse with a single horn, but its hooves are usually cloven like
those of a deer. The griffin combines the head (but with ears), chest, wings and forelegs
of the eagle with the hindquarters and legs of a lion. The male griffin lacks wings and his
body is scattered with spikes.
The bird most frequently found in coat armory, by far, is the eagle in its various forms,
including the ubiquitous eagle displayed, eagles in other poses (such as statant or
rising), the demieagle (an eagle displayed, shown only above the waist), the double
headed eagle of imperial fame, and a few other forms . Eagles and their wings also
feature prominently as crests. The double eagle gained its fame in the arms of the
Byzantine, Holy Roman, Austrian, and Russian empires.
The martlet, a stylized swallow without feet, is a mark of cadency in English heraldry, but
also appears as a simple charge in undifferenced arms.
The category of sea creatures may be seen
to include various fish, a highly stylized
"dolphin", and various fanciful creatures, sea
monsters, which are shown as halffish and
halfbeast, as well as mermaids and the like.
The "sea lion" and "sea horse", for example,
do not appear as natural sea lions and
seahorses, but rather as halflion halffish and
halfhorse halffish, respectively. Fish of
various species often appear in canting arms,
e.g.: pike,also called luce, for Pike or Lucy;
dolphin (a conventional kind of fish rather
than the natural mammal) for the Dauphin de
Viennois. The escallop (scallop shell) became popular as a token of pilgrimage to the
shrine of Santiago de Compostela. The sealion and seahorse, like the mermaid,
combine the foreparts of a mammal with the tail of a fish, and a dorsal fin in place of the
mane. (When the natural seahorse is meant, it is blazoned as a hippocampus.) The sea
dog and seawolf are quadrupeds but with scales, webbed feet, and often a flat tail
resembling that of the beaver.
Reptiles and invertebrates occurring in
heraldry include serpents, lizards,
salamanders and others, but the most
frequently occurring of these are various
forms of dragons. The "dragon", thus
termed, is a large monstrous reptile with,
often, a forked or barbed tongue,
membraned wings like a bat's, and four legs.
Banner of the arms of Cardinal Wolsey as Archbishop of York. His
arms on the sinister (viewer's right) impale those of his office.
Detail from Sampson Strong's portrait of Cardinal Wolsey at Christ
Church (1526).
Arms of the Isle of Mann: Arms: Gules a Triskele Argent garnished
and spurred Or And for the Crest ensigning the Shield of Arms An
Imperial Crown proper and for the Supporters Dexter a Peregrine
Falcon and sinister a Raven both proper together with this Motto
Quocunque Jeceris Stabit. The motto "Quocunque Jeceris Stabit",
translates literally as "whichever way you throw me, I will stand"
The arms of Sir Isaac Newton: Sable, two shinbones in saltire
Argent (the Dexter surmounted of the sinister)
The Arms of the Duke of Edinburgh. Escutcheon: Quarterly: first, the
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The wyvern and lindworm are dragons with only two legs. The salamander is typically
shown as a simple lizard surrounded by flames.
Animals' heads are also very frequent charges, as are the paw or leg (gamb) of the lion,
the wing (often paired) of the eagle, and the antlers (attire) of the stag. Sometimes only
the top half of a beast is shown; for example, the demilion is among the most common
forms occurring in heraldic crests.
Heads may appear cabossed (also
caboshed or caboched): with the head
cleanly separated from the neck so that
only the face shows. On the arms on the
left are three bulls' heads cabossed.
Alternatively they may be erased: with
the neck showing a ragged edge as if
forcibly torn from the body. The arms on the right feature three griffons'; heads erased.
Finally heads may me couped, with the neck cleanly separated
from the body so that the whole head and neck are present. The
arms on the right feature three boars' heads couped.
While cabossed heads are shown facing forward (affronté), heads that are couped or
erased face Dexter unless otherwise specified for differencing. Heads of horned beasts
are often shown cabossed to display the horns, but instances can be found in any of
these circumstances.
Attitude
In heraldry, an attitude is the position in which an animal, fictional
beast, mythical creature, human or humanlike being is emblazoned
as a charge, supporter or crest.
The attitude, or position, of the creature's body is usually explicitly stated in English
blazon. When such description is omitted, a lion can be assumed to be rampant, a
herbivore passant.
By default, the charge faces Dexter (left as seen by the viewer); this would be forward
on a shield worn on the left arm. In German heraldry, animate charges in the Dexter half
of a composite display are usually turned to face the centre.
Certain features of an animal are often of a contrasting tincture. The charge is then said
to be armed (claws and horns and tusks), langued (tongue), pizzled (penis), attired
(antlers or very occasionally horns), unguled (hooves), crined (horse's mane or human
hair) of a specified tincture.
Many attitudes apply only to predatory beasts and are exemplified by the beast most
frequently found in heraldry — the lion. Some other terms apply only to docile animals,
such as the doe. Other attitudes describe the positions of birds, mostly exemplified by
the bird most frequently found in heraldry — the eagle. Birds are often further described
by the exact position of their wings.
The term naiant (swimming), is usually reserved for fish but may also apply to swans,
ducks or geese.
One attitude, segreant, is reserved for mythical winged
quadrupeds known as griffins. It denotes an attitude which for
other beasts is denoted by the term rampant.
Additionally, there are positions applying to direction, to indicate
variations from the presumed position of any charge. Animals
and animallike creatures are presumed to be shown in profile,
facing Dexter (the viewer's left), and humans and humanlike
beings are presumed to be shown affronté (facing the viewer),
unless otherwise specified in the blazon.
To sinister or contourné is said of an animal or being that is turned to face the viewer's
right.
Guardant indicates an animal with its head turned to face the viewer.
Regardant indicates an animal with its head turned backward, as if looking over its
shoulder.
Many attitudes commonly met with in heraldic rolls apply specifically to predatory
beasts, while others may be better suited to the docile animals.
Also worth note is that a lion or other beast may additionally be described in terms of the
position of its head, differently coloured parts (such as teeth, claws, tongue, etc.), or by
the shape or position of its tail. A beast may be "armed" (horns, teeth and claws) or
"langued" (tongue) of a tincture, while a stag may be "attired" (antlers) or "unguled"
(hooves) of a tincture. A lion (or other beast) coward carries the tail between its hind
legs. The tail also may be forked (queue fourchée) or doubled (doublequeued).
A beast rampant (Old French: "rearing up") is depicted in profile standing erect with
forepaws raised. The position of the hind legs varies according to local custom: the lion
may stand on both hind legs, braced wide apart, or on only one, with the other also
raised to strike; the word rampant is sometimes omitted, especially in early blazon, as
this is the most usual position of a carnivorous quadruped. Rampant is the most
frequent attitude of quadrupeds, and as supporters they are rarely seen in any other
attitude.
lion rampant lion rampant guardant lion rampant regardant
lion coward lion tail fourche lion tail saltire
arms of Denmark, consisting of three blue lions passant and nine
red hearts on a yellow field; second, the arms of Greece, a white
cross on a blue field; third, the arms of the Mountbatten family, two
Vertical black stripes on a white field; and fourth, the arms of the
City of Edinburgh, a black and red castle. Supporters: The sinister
Hercules from the Greek royal coat of arms; the Dexter a golden lion
(a traditional British symbol) wearing a ducal coronet and gorged
(collared) with a naval crown.
The Cross of Toulouse :
Arms of the medieval Counts of Toulouse
French arms before 1376
(France ancienne)
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
French arms after 1376
(France moderne)
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of Roger de Clifford
Checky Or and Azure a fess Gules
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms Lucy (Lucy is an old name for a pike, so the arms show
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A beast courant (also at speed or in full chase) is running,
depicted at full stride with all four legs in the air, as on the right.
A beast salient (Latin: saliens, "leaping"
or springing) is leaping, with both hind
legs together on the ground and both
forelegs together in the air, as shown on the left.. This is a very
rare position for a lion, but is also used of other heraldic beasts.
The stag and other docile animals in this position are often
termed springing. Certain smaller animals are sometimes
blazoned as saltant rather than salient.
A beast passant (Old French: "striding") walks toward the viewer's left, with the right
forepaw raised and all others on the ground. A "Lion of England" denotes a lion passant
guardant Or, used as an augmentation. For stags and other deerlike beasts of chase,
the term trippant is used instead of passant. Interestingly, French heralds have long held
that any lion in a walking position must necessarily be a "leopard" which accounts for
the three lions of England being referred to as the leopards of England although this is
not the practice of English heralds.
Lion passant lion passant guardant lion passant regardant
A beast statant (Old French: "standing") is
"standing" (in profile toward Dexter), all four feet
on the ground, usually with the forepaws
together. This posture is more frequent in crests
than in charges on shields see for example the
UK's Royal crest on the right.
In certain animals, such as bears, this is
sometimes said to refer to an upright, bipedal
position (this position usually referred to as
statant erect). While statant is used in reference
to predatory beasts, the more docile animals
when in this position are sometimes blazoned at bay, though this term hardly, if ever,
appears in any reliable source. Stags statant guardant are said to be at gaze.
Lion statant lion statant guardant lion statant regardant
A beast sejant or sejeant (Middle French: sejant,
"sitting") sits on his haunches, with both forepaws
on the ground.. A beast sejant erect is seated on
its haunches, but with its body erect and both
forepaws raised in the "rampant" position (this is
sometimes termed "sejantrampant").
The royal arms of Scotland feature an unusual
lion sejant erect and affronte as shown on the
right. The crest is blazoned as "Upon the Royal
helm the crown of Scotland Proper, thereon a lion
sejant affronté Gules armed and langued Azure, Royally crowned Proper holding in his
Dexter paw a sword and in his sinister a sceptre, both Proper"
lion sejant lion sejant erect
A beast couchant (Old French: "lying down") is lying down, but with the head raised.
Lodged is the term for this position when applied to the 'docile' animals and most
commonly of stags which are not necessarily to be thought of as 'docile' even if
herbivorous. A beast dormant (Old French: "sleeping") is lying down with its eyes closed
and head lowered, resting upon the forepaws, as if asleep.
Lion couchant lion dormant
Some attitudes describe the positioning of birds. Birds, without
an attitude specifically blazoned, is by default shown as close
ie at rest with wings against the body.
three "Lucies"
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Dacre
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms used by Richard I
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of Longespee
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of CourvillesurEure
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Washington
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A bird displayed is shown affronté with its head turned to Dexter
and wings spread to the sides to fill the area of the field. The
symbolic use of eagles in this position was well established
even before the development of heraldry, going back to
Charlemagne. Wings displayed are spread to the sides to fill
the area of the field. The eagle is so often found displayed in
early heraldry that some people claim that this position came to
be presumed of the eagle unless some other attitude is
specified in the blazon. The arms of Germany shown on the
right feature an eagle displayed.
Wings addorsed are raised as if about to take flight, so that only the top of the bird's
right wing shows behind the fully displayed left wing. Wings elevated are raised with the
wing tips pointing upward. Wings inverted are raised with the wing tips pointing
downward.
A bird rising or rousant faces Dexter with its head upturned and wings raised, as if about
to take flight. A bird rising may have its wings described as either displayed or addorsed,
and the wings may be further described as elevated or inverted.
A bird trussed, close, or perched is at rest with its wings folded though trussed is much
more rarely found than the other terms, of which 'close' is by far the most common.
One peculiar attitude among birds, reserved only to the
pelican, is the pelican in her piety (i.e. wings raised,
piercing her own breast to feed her chicks in the nest). This
symbol carries a religious meaning, and became so
popular in heraldry that pelicans rarely exist in heraldry in
any other position. A distinction is observed, between a
pelican "vulning herself" (alone, piercing her breast) and "in
her piety" (surrounded by and feeding her chicks).
Several terms refer to the particular position of the wings,
rather than the attitude of the bird itself. A bird in nearly any
attitude, except trussed, may have wings displayed, addorsed, elevated or inverted.
Few attitudes are reserved to the rarer classes of creatures, but these include segreant,
a term which can only apply to winged quadrupeds; naiant and hauriant, terms applying
principally to fish; glissant and nowed, terms applying to serpents. Serpents also
sometimes appear in a circular form, biting their own tail, but this symbol, called an
Ouroboros, was imported readymade into heraldry, and so it has no term of attitude to
describe it, being blazoned as 'disposed circleways' or something similar.
Creatures combatant are shown in profile facing each other in the rampant or segreant
position, always paired and never appearing singly. Nearly any creature can be
rendered combatant, although this term is usually applied to predatory beasts and
mythical creatures; herbivorous animals in such a position are usually, but not always,
blazoned as respectant.
Creatures or objects addorsed or endorsed are shown facing away from each other. As
with combatant, charges addorsed can only appear in pairs. One also frequently finds
keys addorsed (placed in parallel, wards facing outward).
An animal or creature naiant is swimming.
This term is typically applied to fish (when
shown in a horizontal position), but may also
apply to other sea creatures and,
occasionally, water fowl (i.e. swans, ducks or
geese). A dolphin blazoned as naiant is
always shown as embowed, unlike any other
sea creature or monster, even though the
blazon may not specify this.
A fish, dolphin, or other sea creature hauriant is in a Vertical
position with its head up. On the right are the arms of the
Dauphin of France.
A serpent glissant is glidingalong horizontally in a waved or
wavy way.
Serpents, and the tails of other beasts and monsters, may be
nowed or knotted — often in a figure 8 knot.
The Arms of the Archbishop of Canterbury
The arms of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
The Arms of Joao II of Portugal
Mouldsworth of Wincham
Argent, on a bend Sable three pheons of the first.
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
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Blazon
In heraldry, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem,
from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. A coat of arms is primarily
defined not by a picture but rather by the wording of its blazon ( flags are in modern
usage are more precisely defined using geometrical specifications). Other objects, such
as badges, banners, and seals may be described in a blazon.
The word Blazon also refers to the specialized language in which a blazon is written,
and, as a verb, to the act of writing such a description.
Because heraldry developed at a time when English clerks wrote in French, many terms
in English heraldry are of French origin, as is the practice of placing most adjectives
after nouns rather than before.
The blazon of armorial bearings follows a rigid formula. It begins by describing the field
(background). In a majority of cases this is a single tincture; e.g. Azure (blue). If the field
is complex, the variation is described, followed by the tinctures used; e.g. Chequy Gules
and Argent (checkered red and white). If the shield is divided, the division is described,
followed by the tinctures of the subfields, beginning with the Dexter end (viewer's left) of
the chief (upper) edge; e.g. Party per pale Argent and Vert (left half silver, right half
green), or Quarterly Argent and Gules (clockwise from top left: white, red, white, red).
Next the principal charge or charges are named, with their tinctures; e.g. a bend Or.
The principal charge is followed by any other charges placed around or on it. If a charge
be a bird or beast, its attitude is described, followed by the animal's tincture, followed by
anything that may be differently coloured; e.g. An eagle displayed Gules, armed and
wings charged with trefoils Or.
Any accessories present, such as crown or coronet, helmet, torse, mantling, crest,
motto, supporters and compartment, are then described in turn, using the same
terminology and syntax.
A composite shield is blazoned one panel at a time, proceeding by rows from chief (top)
to base, and within each row from Dexter (the right side of the bearer holding the shield)
to sinister; in other words, from the viewer's left to right. A divided shield is blazoned
"party per [line of division]" in English heraldry or "parted per [line of division]" in Scottish
heraldry, though the word "party" or "parted" is often omitted (e.g. "Per pale Argent and
Vert, a tree eradicated counterchanged").
The term "counterchanged" is applied to a
charge that straddles a line of division when it
is tinctured of the same tinctures as the
divided field, but reversed, as in the example
on the right (party per pale Sable and Or a
bend counterchanged)
In Victorian times the name of a tincture was
often replaced by "of the first", "of the second"
etc. to avoid repetition of tincture names; these
terms refer to the order in which the tinctures
were first mentioned. This practice was never that
easy to follow. It is less common now, but
occasionally still seen.
The shape of the shield is almost always
immaterial.
The visual depiction of a coat of arms or flag has considerable latitude in design as a
blazon specifies only the essentially distinctive elements.
Some blazons contain puns on the family name, not always obvious because the
punning word may not now be widely used. For example the name Newton has been
represented by a "new tun" ie a new barrel (see below). Again bendlets on the arms
might suggest the name Bently (see right).
The arms of Camilla, Princess of Wales, and Duchess of Cornwall
(the title she more usually uses). The arms of Major Shand, used in
the sinister (right hand side of the shield when viewed from the front;
the right hand side is the Dexter and considered superior to sinister)
half of the Duchess' shield, are blazoned: Azure (armorial tincture
blue) a Boar's Head erased behind the ears Argent (armorial metal
silver) armed and langued (describing the tongue of a creature) Or
(armorial metal gold) on a Chief (a broad horizontal band covering
the uppermost portion of the shield) engrailed (decorate or mark the
edge of with small curves) Argent between two Mullets (star with 5
points) Gules (armorial tincture red) a Cross crosslet (a plain cross
with each of its four limbs also terminating in a cross) fitchy (pointed
at the foot) Sable (armorial tincture black). The sinister supporter is
blazoned with a Boar Azure armed and unguled (describing the
hooves of an animal) Or langued Gules and gorged (encircled
around the throat) with a Coronet composed of crosses formy and
fleursdelys (armorial charge in the form of a stylized lily) attached
thereto a Chain reflexed (curved backwards) over the back and
ending in a ring all Or.
The arms of Sir Paul McCartney: Escutcheon: Or between two
Flaunches fracted fesswise two Roundels Sable over all six Guitar
Strings palewise throughout counterchanged.
(Reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
javascript:submitCJ10999301X806('CJ10999301X806',null);
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Helms, Crests, Torses (Wreaths), Coronets and
Mantling
Helm
In heraldic achievements, the helmet or helm is situated above the shield and bears the
torse and crest. The style of helmet displayed varies according to rank and social status,
and these styles developed over time, in step with the development of actual military
helmets.
Openvisored or barred helmets are typically reserved to the highest ranks of nobility,
while untitled nobility and burghers typically assume closed helms. While these
classifications remained relatively constant, the specific forms of all these helmets
varied and evolved over time. The evolution of these heraldic helmets followed the
evolution of combat techniques and tourneying in the Middle Ages.
The practice of indicating rank through the display of barred or openface helmets did
not appear until around 1615, long after the practice of heraldry had been established.
In some traditions, especially German and Nordic heraldry, two or three helmets (and
sometimes more) may be used in a single achievement of arms, each representing a fief
to which the bearer has a right. For this reason, the helmets and crests in German and
Nordic arms are considered to be essential to the coat of arms and are never separated
from it.
As jousting with lances was supplanted by tourneying with maces, the object being to
knock the opponent's crest off his helmet, the fully enclosed helmet gave way to helmets
with enlarged visual openings with only a few bars to protect the face.
The direction a helmet faces and the number of bars on the grille have been ascribed
special significance in later manuals, but this is not a period practice. A king's helmet, a
golden helmet shown affronté with the visor raised, crowned with a royal crown, became
adopted by the kings of Prussia. In ecclesiastical heraldry, bishops and other clergy use
a mitre or other rankappropriate ecclesiastical hat in place of a helmet.
Historicallythe helmet was not specifically granted in an achievement of arms, but was
naturally assumed by appropriate rank as a matter of "inherent right", so a helmet with
torse and mantling would not be misplaced even above a shield which had no crest to
place above it.
When multiple crests need to be depicted, practice in
English heraldry is to draw the crests above a single
helmet, each being separated from it. The example
on the right is an exception.
In German heraldry, where multiple crests appear
frequently after the 16th century, each crest is always
treated as inseparable from its own helmet and turned
in agreement with the helmet.
In continental Europe, multiple helmets were usually
turned inward, with the centre helm (if an odd
number) turned affrontê, while in Scandinavian
heraldry the helmets were usually turned outward.
The Crest
A crest is a component of an heraldic display, so called because it stands on top of a
helmet rather like the crest on a bird's head.
Arms of HM Queen Elizabeth II the monarch has a unique gold
helm and crown, and gold and ermine mantling
Arms of the Corporation of Manchester, England
Arms of the Duke of Montrose without helm and mantling
Hurlton of Picton with multiple crests
Arms: Quarterly 1 & 4 Argent, a cross of four ermine spots ( the
heads meeting in the centre) Sable. 2 Argent, two bends engrailed
Sable, the lower one couped at the upper end [Wagstaff] 3 Argent, a
chevron between three crossbows Sable [Hurlston]
1. Crest: A goat's head erased Argent, attired Or, charged on the
neck with a cross of ermine spots, as in the arms.
2. Crest: A crossbow erect proper, the stock Or.
3. Crest: An Ermine passant
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
https://www.awin1.com/cread.php?s=639878&v=5927&q=311401&r=482665
http://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/affiliate/?affid=thwtpg
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The earliest heraldic crests were apparently
painted on metal fans, and repeated the coat of
arms painted on the shield, a practice which was
later discontinued. Later they were sculpted of
leather and other materials.
Originally, the crest was often continued into the mantling, but today the crest normally
stands within a wreath of cloth, called a torse, in
the principal tinctures of the shield (the liveries).
Various kinds of coronet may take the place of the
torse, though in some circumstances the coronet
sits atop a torse, and is either defined as all or
part of a crest.
The most frequent crestcoronet is a simplified
form of a ducal coronet, with four leaves rather
than eight. Towns often have a mural crown, i.e. a
coronet in the form of embattled stone walls.
Objects frequently borne as crests include
animals, especially lions, normally showing only
the fore half; human figures, likewise often from
the waist up; hands or arms holding weapons;
bird's wings. In Germany and nearby countries,
the crest often repeats the liveries in the form of a
tall hat, a fan of plumes in alternating tinctures, or
a pair of curving horns.
Some armigers used their crest as a personal badge, leading to the erroneous use of
the word "crest" to describe a shield or full coat of arms. Such badges are often used by
members of Scottish clans. These Scottish crest badges can be used where clan
members, who are not armigerous, wear a badge consisting of a clan chief's crest and
motto/slogan encircled by a belt and buckle. These crest badges are often erroneously
called "clan crests". Even though clan members may purchase and wear such badges,
the crest and motto/slogan remain the heraldic property of the clan chief.
Today, the crests of new Knights of the Garter and Bath are carved from lime wood by
the Orders' official sculptor, These carved insignia are displayed above the knights'
assigned choir stalls in the Orders' respective chapels: St George's Chapel at Windsor
Castle (Garter) and the Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey (Bath).
In most heraldic traditions, a woman does not display a crest, though this tradition is
being relaxed in some heraldic jurisdictions, and the stall plate of Lady Marion Fraser in
the Thistle Chapel in St Giles, Edinburgh, shows her coat on a lozenge but with helmet,
crest, and motto.
German heraldry has examples of shields with numerous crests, as this arms of Saxe
Altenburg featuring a total of seven crests. Some thaler coins display as many as fifteen.
Crests are occasionally humorous. On the left
is the crest of Beet of Chester
A lion's gamb erect grasping a dragon's head
erased proper. (Armorial Bearings in The
Cheshire Visitations exemplified by Martin S.
J. Goldstraw and reproduced here with his
kind permission).
Clergy now refrain from displaying a helm or
crest in their heraldic achievements.
Members of the clergy may display
appropriate head wear. This often takes the
form of a bishop's mitre or a small crowned,
wide brimmed hat (a galero) with the colours
and tassels denoting rank; or, in the case of
Papal arms an elaborate triple crown known
as the papal tiara.
There is a widespread misconception, due in
part to Victorian stationers' marketing of
engraved letterheads, that a crest and a coat
of arms belong to everyone with the same
family name; but usage by persons not
descended from the original grantee
constitutes usurpation. Bogus "family crests" continue to be sold to the gullible by
heraldic bucket shops.
Torses & Coronets
The crest is usually found on a wreath of twisted cloth and sometimes within a coronet.
It normally has six twists of material with the metal and colour alternating from Dexter to
sinister and with the metal first.
Crestcoronets are
generally simpler
than coronets of
rank, but several
specialized forms exist; for example, in
Canada, descendants of the United Empire
Loyalists are entitled to use a Loyalist
military coronet (for descendants of
members of Loyalist regiments) or Loyalist
civil coronet (for others).
The Arms of Gera in Germany showing how the earliest heraldic
crests would have looked
In early arms the crest often continued into the mantling as in this
elegant modern example of the arms of Thomas de Beauchamp,
Earl of Warwick.
The swan feathers of the swan's neck continue into the manteling
giving a pleasing unity to the achievement.
(Image reproduced by courtesy of Andrew Jamieson)
The Arms of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge with the Arms of
Cambridge University in Chief
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If the armiger has the title of baron, hereditary knight, or higher, he may display a
coronet of rank above the shield. In the United Kingdom, this is shown between the
shield and helmet, though it is often above the crest in Continental heraldry.
Other crowns include ancient crowns, mural crowns
for walled cities and naval crowns for Naval
institutions (shown right).
Another addition that can be made to a coat of arms
is the insignia of a baronet or of an order of
knighthood. This is usually represented by a collar or
similar band surrounding the shield. When the arms of
a knight and his wife are shown in one achievement, the insignia of knighthood surround
the husband's arms only, and the wife's arms are customarily surrounded by an
ornamental garland of leaves for visual balance.
Mantling
Mantling orlambrequin is drapery tied to the
helmet above the shield. It forms a backdrop for
the shield. It is a depiction of the protective cloth
covering (often of linen) worn by knights from
their helmets to stave off the elements, and,
secondarily, to decrease the effects of sword
blows against the helmet in battle, from which it is
usually shown tattered or cut to shreds as if
damaged in combat, though the edges of most
are simply decorated at the emblazoner's
discretion.
It is sometimes shown as an intact drape, principally in those cases where a clergyman
uses a helmet and mantling (to symbolise that the clergyman has not been involved in
combat, although this is usually the artist's discretion). More often clergymen do not use
the helm, torse and mantling though if they inherit their arms they will be inherited by
their heir. (Helm, torse and mantling are usually included in new grants of arms to
clergymen because their descendants might use them even if the grantee does not)
Typically in British heraldry, the outer surface of the mantling is of the principal colour in
the shield and the inner surface is of the principal metal, though there are exceptions,
with occasional tinctures differing from these, for example just one colour, or three or
four colours, or two furs. Peers in the United Kingdom use red and ermine standard
colourings regardless of rank or the colourings of their arms (though in practice, some
prefer to use their own colours).
The arms of the United
Kingdom and those of Emperor
Akihito of Japan are both or,
lined ermine, such a mantling
often being held to be limited to
sovereigns.
In the early days of the
development of the crest,
before the torse (wreath), crest
coronets and chapeaux were
developed, the crest often
"continued into the mantling" if
this was feasible (the clothes
worn by a demi human figure,
or the fur of the animal, for
instance, allowing or
encouraging this). This still
holds true frequently in
Germany.
There are rare examples where
the mantling is blazoned to
compliment the armiger's
coat of arms, mimicking the
ordinaries and charges on
the escutcheon. When
charges occur, they are
usually displayed as semy.
The Torse and Mantling are remnants of the Middle Eastern head
dress (keffiyeh) adopted by crusaders in the Holy Land, at the very
birth of Heraldry. This cloth headgear prevented their helms and
armour heating up in the sunlight. The cloth is held in place by a
rope circlet known as an agal (the equivalent of the torse). Below
are a couple of modern keffiyeh wearers, Lawrence of Arabia and
Yasser Arafat
The arms of the Baron of Prestoungrange. These Scottish arms are
shown on a red and ermine canopy.
Canopies are usually associated with continental royalty and senior
nobility who use a canopy instead of mantling.
(Reproduced here by courtesy of Andrew Jamieson)
Mottoes
An armorial motto is a phrase or collection of words intended to describe the motivation
or intention of the armigerous person or corporation. This can form a pun on the family
name as in Thomas Nevile's motto "Ne vile velis."
Mottoes are generally changed at will and do not make up an integral part of the
armorial achievement.
Mottoes can typically be found on a scroll under the shield. In Scottish heraldry where
the motto is granted as part of the blazon, it is usually shown on a scroll above the crest,
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and may not be changed at will. A motto may be in any language.
Supporters
Supporters are figures
placed on either side of
the shield and generally
depicted holding it up.
These figures may be
animal or human, real or
imaginary. In rare cases
plants or inanimate
objects.
Supporters can have local significance, such as the fisherman and the tin miner granted
to Cornwall County Council, or an historical link, such as the lion of England and unicorn
of Scotland on the two variations of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.
There is usually one supporter on each side of the shield, though there are some
examples of single
supporters placed behind
the shield, and the arms
of Congo provide an
extremely unusual
example of supporters
issuing from behind the
shield.
While such single
supporters are generally
eagles (City of Perth,
Scotland) with one or two
heads, there are other
examples, including the
cathedra in the case of
some Canadian
cathedrals. At the other
extreme and even rarer
the Scottish family
Dundas of that Ilk, had
three supporters; two
conventional red lions and
the whole supported by a
salamander. The coat of
arms of Iceland even has
four supporters.
Animal supporters are by
default as close to rampant
as possible if the nature of
the supporter allows it (this
does not need to be
mentioned in the blazon),
though there are some
blazoned exceptions. An
example of whales 'non
rampant' is the arms of the
Dutch municipality of
Zaanstad.
In some traditions, supporters have acquired strict guidelines for use. In the United
Kingdom, supporters are
typically an example of special
royal favour, granted at the
behest of the sovereign.
Hereditary supporters are
normally limited to hereditary
peers, certain members of the
Royal Family, chiefs of Scottish
clans, and Scottish feudal
barons whose baronies
predate 1587.
Nonhereditary supporters are
granted to life peers, Knights
and Ladies of the Order of the
Garter and Order of the
Thistle, and Knights and
Dames Grand Cross of the
Order of the Bath, Order of St
Michael and St George, Royal
Victorian Order, and Order of
the British Empire. Knights
banneret were also granted
nonhereditary supporters, but
no such knight has been created since the time of Charles I. Supporters may also be
granted to corporations which have a Royal charter.
Supporters and arms of the King of Morocco
The arms of Carmarthenshire
The Arms of Canada
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In Canada, Companions of the
Order of Canada, people
granted the style "the Right
Honourable", and corporations
are granted the use of
supporters on their coats of
arms. Further, on his
retirement from office as Chief
Herald, Robert Watt was
granted supporters as an
honour.
Knights Grand Companion and
Principal Companions of the
New Zealand Order of Merit
are granted the use of heraldic
supporters.
On the European continent, there are often fewer restrictions on the use of supporters.
The arms of the Kingdom of Spain with the Pillars of Hercules as
supporters
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Hatchments
A hatchment is a distinctive rendering of a dead person's arms, represented on a
lozenge (not lozenge shaped arms, but arms painted within a lozenge shaped frame).
This feature is enough to indicate that the rendering is a funeral hatchment, but there
are often other clues. The crest may be replaced by a skull and the motto by the word
"Resurgam" (I shall arise).
The background is black or in some cases black and white in some countries the
pattern of black and white conveys information about whether the man is dead, or the
woman is dead, or both are dead, which can get complicated when there have been
remarriages..
Sometimes symbols of time, such as a sandtimer or arrows, may be shown on the
background.
Hatchments have now largely fallen into disuse, but many hatchments from former times
remain in parish churches, especially in England.
Hatchments were usually placedover the entrance of the armiger's residence, at the
level of the first floor (=US second floor), and remained there for from between 40 days
and twelve months, after which they were removed to the local parish church.
The practice developed in the early 17th century from the older custom of carrying an
heraldic shield before the coffin of the deceased, then leaving it for display in the church.
In medieval times, helmets and shields were sometimes deposited in churches and a
few examples may still be seen in English parish churches.
At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge it was usual to hang the hatchment of a
deceased head of a house over the entrance to his lodge or residence. There is a fine
collection of such hatchments at All Souls College in Oxford the Wardens' arms each
being impaled with the arms of the college.
Colours and military or naval emblems are sometimes placed behind the arms of military
or naval officers.
Click on the following link for more on hatchments in different countries >>>
A Saltmarsh hatchment.
The family motto is replaced by the word Resurgam ("I shal rise
again" an affirmation of Christian belief.
The black and white background conveys additional information
the whitebackground to the sinister side of the arms tells us that the
armiger's wife survived him.
Another Saltmarsh Hatchment.
This hatchment is a little different there is no crest, torse or
lambrequin just some decoration and a cherub. The arms
represented on a lozenge, so we can assume that these the arms of
the first wife.
Marshalling The dimidiated arms of Great Yarmouth
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To marshal two or more coats of arms is to combine them in one shield, to express
inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation of an office. This can be done in a
number of ways.
Dimidiation
Dimidiation combines the Dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another. This
method was not satisfactory for a number of reasons it can create ambiguity between,
for example, a bend and a chevron since they are identical in one half of the shield.
Another problem is the creation of odd combinations as for example in the arms of
Great Yarmouth shown on the right.
Impalement
Using impalement the field is divided per pale and one whole coat of arms is placed in
each half. Impalement replaced the earlier dimidiation. By convention certain borders
are dimidiated even when impalement is used see for example the arms of Isabella of
Scotland shown on the right, where the Scottish double tressure is dimidiated.
In German heraldry, animate charges in combined coats usually turn to face the centre
of the composition.
Quartering
A more versatile method is quartering, division of the field by both Vertical and horizontal
lines. This practice originated in Spain after the 13th century.
As the name implies, the usual number of divisions is four, but the principle has been
extended to very large numbers of "quarters".
Quarters are numbered from the Dexter chief (the corner nearest to the right shoulder of
a man standing behind the shield), proceeding across the top row, and then across the
next row and so on.
When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as the fourth; when only two coats
are quartered, the second is also repeated as the third.
The quarters of a personal coat of arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the
bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid
out with the father's father's ... father on the extreme left and the mother's mother's ...
mother on the extreme right.
The Scottish and Spanish traditions resist allowing more than four quarters, preferring to
subdivide one or more "grand quarters" into subquarters as needed.
Inescutcheon
A fourth mode of marshalling is with an inescutcheon or escutcheon, a small shield
placed in front of the main shield.
The Prince of Wales bears the quartered
arms of Wales in escutcheon on his own
quartered arms, as shown on the left.
In Britain this is most often an "escutcheon
of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a
married couple, that the wife is an heraldic
heiress (that is, she inherits a coat of arms
because she has no brothers).
In continental Europe an inescutcheon
(sometimes called a "heart shield") usually
carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or
noble whose domains are represented by
the quarters of the main shield.
On the right are the Royal
Arms of the UK 18161837.
Over the basic arms is an
escutcheon of pretence
representing the Kingdom
of Hanover (This
escutcheon was dropped
on the accession of Queen
Victoria because, under
Salic Law, she did not
inherit the Kingdom of
Hanover.
Impaled arms of Isabella of Scotland
(impaling Brittany and Scotland)
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Quartered arms of Trotter, with separate crests facing inwards,
each crest with its own mantling.
The quarters are Trotter of Kettleshiel and Brown of Horton Manor
(reproduced here by courtesy of Andrew Jamieson)
The quartered Arms of the United Kingdom. Quarter 1: England;
Quarter 2:Scotland ; Quarter 3: Ireland; Quarter 4: England again
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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Differencing and Cadency
Cadency is any systematic way of distinguishing similar coats of arms belonging to
members of the same family. Cadency is necessary in heraldic systems in which a given
design may be owned by only one person at once. Because heraldic designs may be
inherited, the arms of members of a family will usually be similar to the arms used by its
oldest surviving member (called the "plain coat"). They are formed by adding marks
called brisures, similar to charges but smaller. Brisures are generally exempt from the
rule of tincture.
In heraldry's early period, uniqueness of arms was obtained by a wide variety of
devices, including change of tincture and addition of an ordinary. Systematic cadency
schemes were later developed in England and Scotland. While in England they are
voluntary (and not always observed), in Scotland they are enforced through the process
of matriculation.
The English system of cadency involves the addition of these brisures to the plain coat:
for the first son, a label of three points (a horizontal
strip with three tags hanging down)—this label is
removed on the death of the father, and the son
inherits the plain coat;
for the second son, a crescent (the points upward, as
is conventional in heraldry);
for the third son, a mullet (a fivepointed star);
for the fourth son, a martlet (a kind of bird);
for the fifth son, an annulet (a ring);
for the sixth son, a fleurdelys;
for the seventh son, a rose;
for the eighth son, a cross moline;
for the ninth son, a double quatrefoil.
Daughters have no special brisures, and use their father's arms on a lozenge. This is
because English heraldry has no requirement that women's arms be unique.
In England, arms are generally the property of their owner from birth subject to the use
of the appropriate mark of cadency. In other words, it is not necessary to wait for the
death of the previous generation before arms are inherited.
The eldest son of an eldest son uses a label of five
points. Other grandchildren combine the brisure of their
father with the relevant brisureof their own, which
would in a short number of generations lead to
confusion (because it allows an uncle and nephew to
have the same cadency mark) and complexity (because
of an accumulation of cadency marks to show, for
example, the fifth son of a third son of a second son).
However, in practice cadency marks are not much used
in England and, even when they are, it is rare to see
more than one or, at most, two of them on a coat of
arms.
Although textbooks on heraldry agree on the English system of cadency set out above,
most heraldic examples ignore cadency marks altogether. Oswald Barron, in an
influential article on Heraldry in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, noted:
"Now and again we see a second son obeying the bookrules and putting
a crescent in his shield or a third son displaying a molet, but long before
our own times the practice was disregarded, and the most remote
kinsman of a gentle house displayed the "whole coat" of the head of his
family."
Cadency marks have rarely been insisted upon by the College of Arms.
Arms of the Eldest Son of Robert
Courtney
note the blue label in the chief of
the shield
Arms of the second son of Robert
Courtney
note the gold crescent in the centre
of the shield
Arms of the third son
of Robert Courtney
note the gold mullet in the centre
of the shield
Brisures used in cadency (shown in red) used for sons in the
English system. In practice the brissures are much smaller.
The Arms of Saltmarsh with a red label for the eldest son
The gyrony Arms of one of the Campbell septs.
(Reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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Arms reproduced by kind permission of Robert Charles Hearson Courtney JP, and Geoff KingmanSugars
of the International Association of Amateur Heralds
Branches of the same family often retain common features, the oldest branch retaining
the simplest form. For example the modern arms of Courtney retain the essential
features of the arms of Courtenay, Counts of Boulogne
The arms of the Count of Boulogne
Or three torteaux
These arms now belong to
Hugh Rupert Courtenay,
18th Earl of Devon
The Arms of
Robert Courtney JP
Or between three torteaux a chevron
conjoined to a bordure sable
charged with eight fusils Or.
Courtney arms reproduced by kind permision of Robert Charles Hearson Courtney JP, and Geoff
KingmanSugars of the International Association of Amateur Heralds
Scotland
The system is very different in Scotland, where every male user of a coat of arms must
have a personal variation, appropriate to that person's position in their family, approved
(or "matriculated") by the Lord Lyon (the heraldic authority for Scotland). This means
that in Scotland no two men can ever simultaneously bear the same arms, even by
accident, if they have submitted their position to the Scottish heraldic authorities (which,
in practice, in Scotland as in England, not all do). To this extent, the law of arms is
stricter in Scotland than in England.
Scotland, like England, uses the label of three points for the eldest son and a label of
five points for the eldest son of the eldest son, and allows the label to be removed as the
bearer of the plain coat dies and the eldest son succeeds. In Scotland (unlike England)
the label may be borne by the next male heir to the plain coat even if this is not the son
of the bearer of the plain coat (for example, if it is his nephew).
For cadets other than immediate heirs, Scottish cadency uses a complex and versatile
system, applying different kinds of changes in each generation. First, a bordure is added
in a different tincture for each brother. In subsequent generations the bordure may be
divided in two tinctures; the edge of the bordure, or of an ordinary in the base coat, may
be changed from straight to indented, engrailed or invected; small charges may be
added. These variations allow the family tree to be expressed clearly and
unambiguously. Illustrated below is a system advocated by Mr Stodart and known as the
Stodart system.
Because of the Scottish clan system, only one bearer of any given surname may bear
plain arms. Other armigerous persons of the same family have arms derived from the
same plain coat, though (if kinship cannot be established they must be differenced in a
way other than the cadency system mentioned above).
Canada
The Arms of Campbell of Lawers
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Campbell of Inverneil
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Arms of the Duke of Argyll
(a cadet branch of the Campbell clan)
The Arms of Charles, Prince of Wales, the arms of the sovereign in
right of the United Kingdom with the arms of Wales as an
escutcheon, and with a label for difference
The Arms of Prince William of Wales
with a silver threepoint label
(including a red shell from the
arms of his mother's family)
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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Canadian cadency generally follows the English system. However, women bear their
arms on a shield. Since a coat of arms must be unique regardless of the bearer's
gender, Canada has developed a series of brisures for daughters. These brisures are
unique to Canada
for the first daughter, a heart;
for the second daughter, an ermine spot;
for the third daughter, a snowflake;
for the fourth daughter, a fir twig;
for the fifth daughter, a chess rook
for the sixth daughter, an escallop (scallop shell);
for the seventh daughter, a harp;
for the eighth daughter, a buckle;
for the ninth daughter, a clavichord.
Royal Cadency
There are no actual "rules" for members of the Royal Family, because they are
theoretically decided ad hoc by the sovereign. In practice, however, a number of
traditions have developed. At birth, members of the Royal Family have no arms. At
some point during their lives, generally at the age of eighteen, they may be granted
arms of their own. These will always be the arms of dominion of the Sovereign with a
label Argent for difference; the label may have three or five points.
Since this is in theory a new grant, the label is applied not only to the shield but also to
the crest and the supporters to ensure uniqueness. Though de facto in English heraldry
the crest is uncharged (although it is supposed to be in theory), as it would accumulate
more and more cadency marks with each generation, the marks eventually becoming
indistinguishable, the crests of the Royal Family are always shown as charged.
Arms of Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Augmentations of Honour
An augmentation is a modification or addition to a coat of arms, typically given by a
monarch as a mark of favour, or a reward or recognition for some meritorious act.
The best known is that awarded to Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk to
commemorate his role at the battle of Flodden Field: He was awarded a an amended
form of the arms of Scotland with an arrow through the lion's mouth, as shown below.
The Arms
of Scotland
The"Howard
Augmentation"
Arms the 2nd
Duke of Norfolk
Arms of the present Duke
of Norfolk
.Because the First Duke of Marlborough left no surviving son, the title was allowed to
pass to his eldest daughter in 1722 and then (in 1733) to the son of his next daughter,
who had married Charles Spencer, Third Earl of Sunderland. The Fifth Duke (17661840), who had been born a Spencer, was authorised in 1817 to take and use the
additional name of Churchill, in order to perpetuate the name of his illustrious great
greatgrandfather. At the same time he was empowered by Royal Licence to quarter the
arms of Churchill with his paternal coat of Spencer.
The Duke of Marlborough also has
an Augmentation of honour. In 1705,
in recognition of his victory over the
French and Bavarians at Blenheim
the previous year, the First Duke had
been granted the Manor of
Woodstock, which was transferred to
him from the Crown by Act of
Parliament.
The magnificent palace we know as
Blenheim Palace was built there..
When the Fifth Duke's arms were
quartered in 1817, a further
augmentation of honour was added
to his achievement. This
incorporated the bearings on the
standard of the Manor of Woodstock
and was borne on a shield, displayed
over all in the centre chief point, as
follows: Argent a Cross of St George
surmounted by an Inescutcheon
Azure, charged with three Fleursde
Lys Or. (This inescutcheon
represents the royal arms of France.)
The quartered arms, incorporating two augmentations of honour, have been the arms of
all subsequent Dukes of Marlborough together with both crests. Subsequently, the
Seventh and Ninth Dukes, as Knights of the Order of the Garter, were able to encircle
their arms with the Garter (as could the First, Third and Fourth Dukes of Marlborough
before them.
Admiral Nelson started off with a simple coat of arms which acquired two separate
augmentations of honour which rather destroyed its simple elegance.
The Duke of Wellington was given an augmentation of the Flag of
the United Kingdom in the form of a shield.
Blazon: Quarterly, I and IV Gules, a cross Argent, in each quarter
five plates; II and III, Or, a lion rampant Gules. For augmentation, an
inescutcheon charged with the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew,
and St. Patrick combined, being the union badge of the United
Kingdom.
(Reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
It is from the time of the Fifth Duke of Marlborough that the familiar
design of Churchill quartering Spencer originates. It would be
normal in these circumstances for the paternal arms (Spencer) to
take precedence over the maternal (Churchill), but because the
Marlborough dukedom was senior to the Sunderland earldom, the
procedure was reversed in this case.
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The Lane coat of
arms was per fesse
or and Azure, a
chevron Gules
between three
mullets
counterchanged.
In recognition of the
courage and
services of Jane Lane, after the battle of Worcester in
1651, King Charles II
granted an augmentation to
the Lane coat of arms.
The augmentation was a
canton with three lions, as
shown on the right
Canting Arms
Arms often make more or less obvious references to the name of the family to which
they belong. Canting arms (armes parlantes in French) are common.
In medieval times, arms were a form of visual identification in a world of limited literacy,
and it was perfectly natural for someone to use as his emblem a device which recalled
his name.
The arms of Newton of Pownall
Vert, a tun in fess Or
This is a rebus (a visual pun): New Tun › Newton
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
Bentley
Arms: Argent, three bendlets Sable.
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
The Arms of BowesLyon featuring bows and lions.
These arms are used by the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, who
is also inter alia Viscount Lyon and Baron Bowes
The rule of tincture is not breached by placing golden bows on an
ermine field.
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and
was nicknamed le Dauphin. The title of Dauphin de Viennois
descended in his family (the Le Vieux Princes of Ivetot) until 1349,
when Humbert II sold his seigneurie, the Dauphiné, to King Philippe
VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of le
Dauphin. Le Dauphin's arms were France quartered with the the
Dauphiné
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
The Arms of Shakespeare
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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A less obvious example.
An old name for the fish now called a pike was a "lucy",
The arms of the de Lucy family featured three lucies
The Arms of Castile and León
featuring castles and lions
The Development of Heraldry
Systems of distinctive identifying devices have existed since early times and are
sometimes classified as protoheraldry. An essential feature of true heraldry as we now
know it is that these identifying devices are inherited. Successive generations use
identical, or at least similar, devices.
Heraldic devices seem to have been first used in Carolingian times. Seals and banners
confirm that they were being used in the Flemish area of Europe during the reign of
Charlemagne (768–814 AD). Their use continued over successive generations and
slowly spread more widely.
The emergence of heraldry as we know it today was linked to the need to distinguish
participants quickly and easily in combat. Distinguishing devices were used on surcoats
("coats of arms"), shields, and caparisoned horses, and it would have been natural for
knights to use the same devices as those already used on their banners and seals.
The Bayeux Tapestry captures modern heraldry in development in the eleventh century.
Heraldry is shown in use on the Norman side the side more closely linked to the old
Carolingian empire. Significantly, the tapestry shows only the Flemish contingent of
William’s army using hereditary heraldic devices. The arms of Eustace II, Count of
Boulogne, are already recognisable as the modern arms of Courtnay.
English heraldry can be found in the account in a contemporary chronicle of Henry I of
England, on the occasion of his knighting his soninlaw Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, in
1127. He placed to hang around his neck a shield painted with golden lions. The
funerary enamel of Geoffrey (died 1151), dressed in blue and gold and bearing his blue
shield emblazoned with gold lions, is the first recorded depiction of a coat of arms and
those gold lions still appear on the British royal achievement of arms. The tomb of
Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (died 1151) is the first recorded example of hereditary
armoury in Europe. The same shield shown here is found on the tomb effigy of his
grandson, William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury.
By the middle of the 12th century, coats of arms were being inherited by the children of
armigers (persons entitled to use a coat of arms) across Europe. Between 1135 and
1155, seals representing the generalized figure of the owner attest to the general
adoption of heraldic devices in England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy. By the end
of the century, heraldry appears as the sole device on seals.
Family arms occasionally changed over the centuries, perhaps because of inaccurate
copying or misunderstoodblasons. On the right are two versions of the arms of Hayes
of Litley. The lion's heads were gold in 1424 but silver by 1505. In the example below
the arms are clearly intended to be the same, but the later blazon results in a more
pleasing achievement.
Wright of Bickley
Barry of six Azure and Argent, in chief three
leopards' faces of the last.
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
Knights bearing shields as depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry
Eustace II, Count of Boulogne
holding his banner in 1066
with three circles placed 2 and 1
(from the Bayeux Tapestry)
The arms of the Count of Boulogne
These arms now belong to
Hugh Rupert Courtenay,
18th Earl of Devon
(reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
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Wright of Bickley
The Visitations of 1580 describes these arms as:
Argent, two bars Azure, on a chief of the second
three leopards' faces of the first
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
In England, the practice of using marks of cadency arose to distinguish one son from
another; it was institutionalized and standardized by John Writhe in the early 15th
century.
In the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, heraldry became a highly developed
discipline, regulated by professional officers of arms. As its use in jousting became
obsolete, coats of arms remained popular for visually identifying a person in other ways
— impressed in sealing wax on documents, carved on family tombs, and flown as a
banner on country homes. The first work of heraldic jurisprudence, De Insigniis et Armis,
was written in the 1350s by Bartolus de Saxoferrato, a professor of law at the University
of Padua.
Different branches of the same family might use the same basic arms but with different colours. These
arms belong to different branches of the Deincourt family.
From the beginning of heraldry, coats of arms have been executed in a wide variety of
media, including on paper, painted wood, embroidery, enamel, stonework and stained
glass. For the purpose of quick identification in all of these, heraldry distinguishes only
seven basic colours and makes no fine distinctions in the precise size or placement of
charges on the field. Coats of arms and their accessories are described in a concise
jargon called blazon. This technical description of a coat of arms is the standard that is
adhered to no matter what artistic interpretations may be made in a particular depiction
of the arms.
As changes in military technology and tactics made plate armour obsolete, heraldry
became detached from its original function. This brought about the development of
"paper heraldry" under the Tudors. Designs and shields became more elaborate at the
expense of clarity. During the 19th century, especially in Germany, many coats of arms
were designed to depict a natural landscape, including several charges tinctured
"proper" (i.e. the way they appear in nature). This form has been termed "Landscape
heraldry". The 20th century's taste for stark iconic emblems made the simple styles of
early heraldry fashionable again.
The Royal Arms with two Yales as supporters, suggesting the arms
are those of Henry VII (whose mother was Lady Margaret Beaufort,
whose family used them as supporters)
Hayes of Litley
Arms: Sable, a chevron Argent between three leopards' faces Or
(Harl 1424)
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
Hayes of Litley
Arms: Sable, a chevron Argent between three leopards' faces
Argent (Harl 1505)
(Armorial Bearings in The Cheshire Visitations
exemplified by Martin S. J. Goldstraw
and reproduced here with his kind permission).
National Heraldry Styles
The emergence of heraldry occurred across western Europe almost simultaneously in
the various countries. Originally, heraldic style was very similar from country to country.
Over time, there developed distinct differences between the heraldic traditions of
different countries. The four broad heraldic styles are GermanNordic, GalloBritish,
Latin, and Eastern. In general there are characteristics shared by each of the four main
groups.
GermanNordic Heraldry
The arms of von Ellrodt showing three crests the outer ones tuned
inwards
(painting courtesy of Neil Bromley )
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Coats of arms in Germany, the Scandinavian countries, Estonia, Latvia, Czech lands
and northern Switzerland generally change very little over time. Marks of difference are
very rare in this tradition as are heraldic furs. One of the most striking characteristics of
GermanNordic heraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design is
repeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is also common. The
crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark
of difference between different branches of a family. Torse is optional.
GalloBritish Heraldry
French and British heraldry are broadly similar and described in detail above.
Latin Heraldry
The heraldry of southern France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy is characterized by a lack of
crests and uniquelyshaped shields.
Portuguese and Spanish heraldry occasionally introduce words to the shield of arms, a
practice disallowed in nonLatin countries heraldry as unspeakably vulgar.
Latin heraldry is known for extensive use of quartering, because of armorial inheritance
via the male and the female lines. Moreover, Italian heraldry is dominated by the Roman
Catholic Church, featuring many shields and achievements, most bearing some
reference to the Church.
Eastern European heraldry
Eastern European heraldry is in the traditions developed in Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia,
Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia. Eastern coats of arms are
characterized by a pronounced, territorial, clan system — often, entire villages or military
groups were granted the same coat of arms irrespective of family relationships. In
Poland, nearly six hundred unrelated families are known to bear the same Jastrzębiec
coat of arms.
Marks of cadency are almost unknown, and shields are generally very simple, with only
one charge. Many heraldic shields derive from ancient house marks. At the least, fifteen
per cent of all Hungarian personal arms bear a severed Turk's head, referring to their
wars against the Ottoman Empire.
The Arms of Rome The use of letters in Latin heraldry is regarded
as acceptable, but would be regarded as a ghastly faux pas
elsewhere.
(Reproduced here by courtesy of Wikipedia)
Rolls of Arms
A roll of arms (or armorial) is a collection of coats of arms, usually consisting of rows of
painted pictures of shields, each shield accompanied by the name of the person bearing
the arms.
A roll may also consist of blazons (verbal descriptions) rather than illustrations.
They typically fall into one of the following classes:
relating to a specific event such as an expedition, tournament or a siege these
can and often do cover a number of jurisdictions
associated with foundations, orders of religion or chivalry possibly compiled over
many years.
collecting the arms ofresidents of a region; a practice peculiar to the English
county rolls of the 14th century.
used to illustrate narratives or chronicles these can and sometimes do cover a
number of jurisdictions
Rolls may also be a combination such collections.
A number of modern societies maintain rolls of their members on line, and some
individuals have posted rolls on line.
More on Rolls of Arms >>
A French international armourial: Armorial équestre de la Toison d'Or >>
A Portuguese international armourial: the Livro do Armeiromor >>
Extract from a Tudor Roll of arms,
attributed to Sir Thomas Wriothesley
Modern Heraldry
The arms of Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist who made foundational
contributions to understanding atomic structure
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Heraldry flourishes in the modern world; institutions,
companies, and private persons continue using coats
of arms as their pictorial identification. The arms shown
on the left are those of British Airways.
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the English Kings of
Arms, Scotland's Lord Lyon King of Arms, and the Chief
Herald of Ireland continue making grants of arms.
There are heraldic authorities in Canada, South Africa,
Spain, and Sweden that grant or register coats of arms.
In South Africa, the right to armorial bearings is also
determined by Roman Dutch law, inherited from the
17th century Netherlands.
Military heraldry continues
developing, incorporating blazons unknown in the medieval world.
Nations, provinces, states, counties, cities, etc. continue building
upon the traditions of civic heraldry. The Roman Catholic Church, the
Church of England, and other Churches maintain the tradition of
ecclesiastical heraldry for their highrank prelates, religious orders,
universities, and schools.
Heraldic Authorities
Heraltic authority ultimately resides with the crown, but most monarchs delegate powers
to officers of arms. An officer of arms is a person appointed by a sovereign or state with
authority to perform one or more of the following functions:
to control and initiate armorial matters
to arrange and participate in ceremonies of state
to conserve and interpret heraldic and genealogical records.
Traditionally, officers of arms are of three ranks: kings of arms, heralds of arms, and
pursuivants of arms. Officers of arms whose appointments are of a permanent nature
are known as officers of arms in ordinary; those whose appointments are of a temporary
or occasional nature are known as officers of arms extraordinary.
The medieval practice of appointing heralds or pursuivants to the establishment of a
noble household is still common in European countries, particularly those in which there
is no official heraldic control or authority. Such appointments are also still made in
Scotland, where four private officers of arms exist.
England and Wales. In England, the authority of the thirteen officers of arms in ordinary
who form the corporation of the Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants of Arms extends
throughout the Commonwealth, with the exception of Scotland, Canada and South
Africa. Officers of arms in ordinary who form the College of Arms in England are
members of the royal household and receive a nominal salary. Heralds receive yearly
salaries from the Crown Garter King of Arms £49.07, the two provincial Kings of Arms
£20.25, the six heralds £17.80, and the four pursuivants £13.95. These salaries were
fixed at higher levels by James I but reduced by William IV in the 1830s.
Scotland. In Scotland, the Lord Lyon King of Arms, and the Lyon Clerk and Keeper of
the Records control matters armorial within a strict legal framework not enjoyed by their
fellow officers of arms in London, and the court which is a part of Scotland's criminal
jurisdiction has its own prosecutor, the court's Procurator Fiscal, who is however not an
officer of arms. Lord Lyon and the Lyon Clerk are appointed by the crown, and, with the
Crown's authority, Lyon appoints the other Scottish officers. The officers of arms in
Scotland are also members of the royal household.
Kings of Arms
King of Arms is the senior rank of an officer of arms. In many heraldic traditions, only a
king of arms has the authority to grant armorial bearings.
In England, the authority to grant a coat of arms is subject to the formal approval of the
Earl Marshal in the form of a warrant. In jurisdictions such as the Republic of Ireland the
authority to grant armorial bearings has been delegated to a chief herald that serves the
same purpose as the traditional king of arms. Canada also has a chief herald, though
this officer grants arms on the authority of the Governor General as the Queen's
representative through the Herald Chancellor's direct remit. Scotland's only king of
arms, the Lord Lyon, exercises the royal prerogative by direct delegation from the
Crown and like the Chief Herald of Ireland and the old Ulster King of Arms needs no
warrant from any other office bearer. In the Kingdom of Spain, the power to certify coats
of arms has been given to the Cronistas de Armas (Chroniclers of Arms).
English and Scottish kings of arms are the only officers of arms to have a distinctive
coronet of office, used for ceremonial purposes such as at coronations. At the
coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, the kings of arms used a coronet trimmed with sixteen
acanthus leaves alternating in height, and inscribed with the words Miserere mei Deus
secundum magnum misericordiam tuam (Have mercy upon me, O God, according to
Thy great mercy; psalm 51). When this coronet is shown in pictorial representations,
only nine leaves and the first three words are shown. Recently, a new crown has been
made for the Lord Lyon, modelled on the Scottish Royal crown among the Honours of
Scotland. This crown has removable arches (like one of the late Queen Mother's
crowns) which will be removed at coronations to avoid any hint of lèse majesté.
Thomas Hawley, Clarenceux King of Arms as depicted in the initial
letter of a grant of arms to John Fennar in 1556.
the Arms of Lord Lyon, King of Arms
King of Arms in Tabard
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Heralds
Heralds were originally messengers sent by monarchs or noblemen to convey
messages or proclamations in this sense being the predecessors of the modern
diplomats. In the Hundred Years' War, French heralds challenged King Henry V to fight.
During the Battle of Agincourt, the English and the French herald, Montjoie, watched the
battle together from a nearby hill; both agreed that the English were the victors, and
Montjoie provided King Henry V, who thus earned the right to name the battle, with the
name of the nearby castle.
Like other officers of arms, a herald would often wear a surcoat, called a tabard,
decorated with the coat of arms of his master. It was possibly due to their role in
managing the tournaments of the Late Middle Ages that heralds came to be associated
with the regulation of the knights' coats of arms. This science of heraldry became
increasingly important and further regulated over the years, and in several countries
around the world it is still overseen by heralds. Thus the primary job of a herald today is
to be an expert in coats of arms. In the United Kingdom heralds are still called upon at
times to read proclamations publicly; for which they still wear tabards emblazoned with
theroyal coat of arms.
There are active official heralds today in several countries, including the United
Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Canada, and the Republic of South Africa. In England
and Scotland most heralds are fulltime employees of the sovereign and are called
"Heralds of Arms in Ordinary". Temporary appointments can be made of "Heralds of
Arms Extraordinary". These are often appointed for a specific major state occasions,
such as a coronation. In addition, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has created the
position of "Herald of Arms Emeritus", with which to honor longserving or distinguished
heraldists. In Scotland, some Clan Chiefs, the heads of great noble houses, still appoint
private officers of arms to handle cases of heraldic or genealogical importance of clan
members, although these are usually pursuivants.
Pursuivants
A Pursuivant pursuivant of arms, is a junior officer of arms. Most pursuivants are
attached to official heraldic authorities, such as the College of Arms in London or the
Court of the Lord Lyon in Edinburgh. In the mediaeval era, many great nobles employed
their own officers of arms. Today, there still exist some private pursuivants that are not
employed by a government authority. In Scotland, for example, several pursuivants of
arms have been appointed by Clan Chiefs. These pursuivants of arms look after matters
of heraldic and genealogical importance for clan members.
Click for more on Officers of Arms
The Most Noble Edward William Fitzalan Howard, 18th Duke of
Norfolk, Premier Duke and Earl of England, Baron Beaumont, Baron
Howard of Glossop, Earl Marshal, and Hereditary Marshal of
England. One of the great Officers of State in England, responsible
for the organization of state ceremonies (though not 'royal'
occasions such as weddings), hereditary judge in the Court of
Chivalry, and ultimately responsible to the Sovereign for all matters
relating to heraldry, honor, precedence, etc. The Earl Marshal has
jurisdiction over the officers of arms, but is not a member of the
corporate body of the College of Arms.
The Earl Marshal displays behind his shield two gold batons
saltirewise, the ends enameled black with the royal arms at the top,
and those of the Earl Marshal at the lower end. These batons
represent the virga or marshal's rod, a symbol of office dating from
the Norman period.
Attributed Coats of Arms
The medieval mind did not seem to countenance a time when things had been different.
For medieval people the world had always been much the same as it was then. So it is
that medieval art invariably shows biblical characters in medieval dress, living in
medieval houses and carrying on medieval trades. (Paradoxically, a great deal of what
we know about medieval life comes from medieval representations of biblical events).
Soon after the invention of
heraldry, people were
assuming that notable people
from the past had born arms.
So it was that the early kings
of England were accorded a
coat of arms shown on the
left, and still borne today by
University College, Oxford on
the (questionable) grounds
that the college had been
founded by King Alfred the
Great in 872. It can also be
seen as the arms of westminster
abbey and embedded in the arms of the city of Westminster and elsewhere (for example
St Margaret of Scotland who hailed from a royal house of England)
In the Arthurian legends, each knight of the Round
Table is often accompanied by a heraldic description of
a coat of arms. Although these arms could be arbitrary,
some characters were traditionally associated with one
coat or a few different coats. King Arthur was assigned
many different arms, but from the 13th century, he was
most commonly given three gold crowns on an Azure
field arms later used for the Lordship of Ireland.
The Arms of the City of Westminster. At the top centre of the shield
is a cross surrounded by martlets the attributed arms of King
Edward the Confessor, the first English King to live in Westminster.
The Attributed Arms of Saint Benedict
Medieval officers of arms attributed coats of arms to all notable
historic persons. They even attributed arms to Jesus along with a
banner and an improbable crest featuring items from his supposed
"passion".
(Hyghalmen Roll, Circa 1450).
http://www.internationalheraldry.com/officers.htm
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Attributed arms of the King of Armenia
No. 1301 from the
Wijnbergen Armorial (1265 1270)
Gules a lion rampant gardant crowned a patriarchal cross
issuant Or.
Attributed arms of the King of Morocco
No. 1284 from the
Wijnbergen Armorial (1265 1270)
Azure three chess rooks Or.
Attributed arms of the King of Africa
No. 1286 from the
Wijnbergen Armorial (1265 1270)
Azure crusilly three hearts Or
Attributed arms of the King of Africa
No. 1288 from the
Wijnbergen Armorial (1265 1270)
Azure three leopards passant gardant Or.
Attributed arms of the King of Tunis
No. 1287 from the
Wijnbergen Armorial (1265 1270)
Argent a lion rampant azure armed and crowned Or.
Attributed arms of the King of the East
No. 1309 from the
Wijnbergen Armorial (1265 1270)
Gules a patriarchal cross Or.
The attributed arms of the Holy Trinity
The attributed arms of Satan,
based on "three unclean spirits like frogs"
of Book of Revelation 16:13
Green frogs on a red background contravene the
heraldic Rule of Tincture presumably deliberately
Assumed Arms & Bogus Arms
In jurisdictions where heraldic practice is governed by law there is a distinction between
arms that have been formally granted and arms that are simply adopted by the user. In
the past using adopted or "bogus" arms could invite legal action, and the heralds used
to carry out visitations around the country to identify and destroy these bogus arms. In
practice proof of continued use over a number of generations would qualify the users
and the heralds would regularise the usage. Today only Scotland enforces the use of
arms in a rigorous manner.
Giveaways: purports to be a family coat of arms. Red mantling, and
red in the torse, but the main shield colours are black and gold.
Unicorn supporters in fact any supporters for people who are not
noble or from very old families are always suspicious. These
supporters stand on thin air. The helm belongs to a monarch. The
field features a single shield as a charge rather than an
inescutcheon, and the motto is that of the British monarch.
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In some jurisdictions there are no rules about using coats of arms. In these jurisdictions
people are free to adopt coats of arms. Although there are no rules it is still considered
extremely poor form to use another person's arms, or to use symbols of authority which
are unwarranted, such as insignia of office.
Even in jurisdictions where there are no formal rules for citizens, such as the USA,
France and Australia, it is still useful, if perhaps a little artificial, to distinguish between
"real arms" and "bogus arms". Real arms are registered with a competent authority who
can at least ensure uniqueness and good heraldic practice.
Bogus arms can be difficult to spot, but more often they stand
out as uninformed fantasy. They might break the rule of tincture
or some other heraldic convention, or feature some item that
the owner is not entitled to, such as supporters or an imperial
crown an imperial eagle. Many have red, blue, yellow and
green quarters sparated by a thin cross. Common charges are
lions rampant, unicorns, fleursdelys and letters of the
alphabet. Lions are often placed symetrically. Supporters rarely
stand ona "compartment" as they do on genuine arms. Thin crosses, bars or other
ordinararies often divide the field.
There are firms that sell people coats of arms which they wrongly claim to belong to all
members of a family with a particular surname, and will even produce quartered arms
for couples getting married based on the arms falsely attributed to their two surnames.
Here are a few examples of
bogus arms note that most
of the giveaway features are
not heraldically impossible
just so unlikely that,
especially in combination, you
can be sure they are bogus:
A joke: these are the supposed arms of Hogwarts school, a
clever parody of the bogus arms adopted by many schools,
with a thin cross separating four quarters of four different
colours, one with a charge (the bird) drawn partly outside the
shield. The inescutcheon is a different shape from the shield
and features a letter. (The motto incidentally translates as
"never tickle a sleeping dragon")
Giveaways: fleurdelys as a crest. Two sets of
mantling one red, one gold and silver.
Symetrical lions. Top left (Dexter) lion has a red
tongue and claws on a red background. Pile of
modern books looks odd in heraldry one
styalised book is enough.
Spectacular Giveaways: another fleurdelys crest.
No helm but still has mantling. An imperial crown.
More fleursdelys. Unusual partition. Initials BC for
Bell Charles. Name instead of motto.
Giveaways: Broken rule of tincture: red on
black. Mantling independent of the torse and
helm. No visor on the helm. Premedieval
charge the Viking ship. Poor execution of
the design. Motto is not a motto just the
Greek letters AlphaKappiPsi
Giveaways: Cross of Jerusalem features on sufficiently
few arms (eg claimants to the medieval Kingdom) that it
stands out. Lion placed over the bend looks odd. Ermine
too realistic, it is usually styalised. Unicorns. Even a
discrete fleurdelys attached to the helm
Giveaways: the thin cross. Flags (almost as bad a giveaway as
letters). Symmetrical charges in the lower quarters.
Giveaways: lots of gold on silver. Red manteling does not match the
main colours of the shield. Monarch's helm, but not a monarch's
crown. Royal supporters (unicorn & historic yale). Cross of
Jerusalem, well known but rare outside a few select arms here it
suggests a claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Charge on the helm.
Motto from Oxford University
Giveaways: An abbot's arms, but the hat is disproportionately large.
The thin cross separating the four different quarters. The three
stripes in the second quarter look odd, as does the Celtic cross in
the third, and there is a letter in the fourth quarter. Crozier does not
match the rank indicated by the hat.
For some reason tailors are particularly prone to creating bogus
arms. This one is presumably a sort of joke as there cannot be a
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This a very convincing coat of arms even the helms facing each
other are plausible. The "ancient" crowns are common enough to
be real, and it's not too much of a coincidence that both of the
quartered arms have them. The MacEwen arms seem to be
missing their chief, but only people familiar with the arms would
know that. Apart from that, these quartered arms could conceivable
belong to someone the eldest son of a deceased father who was
the owner of the MacEwen arms and a mother who was the heiress
of the owner of the MacKay arms.
These arms are not the arms of any old Mr MacEwen who happens
to marry any old Miss MacKay and in Scotland it would be illegal
to pretend that they are.
Beware features that indicate bogus arms in one jurisdiction might not in another. A red
charge on a black ground in Scotland would be very suspicious, but the same arms in
Germany would not be.
genuine intention to pass this off as a real acheivement of arms.
Giveaways: fleurdelys crest. Two sets of mantling one red. An
imperial eagle. Name instead of motto.
Giveaways The British Monarch's crown, helm and supporters.
Helm but no mantling. Use of Letters. Gold letters on a silver
background. Unidentifyable order around the shield. The motto
reveals that this is probably intended as a joke "Notta Lotta Acres"
Abatements
A pleasant fiction in heraldry is that just as their are augmentations of honour, there are
also abatements of dishonour. According to heraldic writers there are seven
dishonourable ordinaries as shown below. Sadly we know of no case where these
abatements have been imposed on armigers (though there are a few cases where
particular arms have been changed to reflect some dishonour)
Point Dexter, tenne:
for boasting of a
valiant act not really
performed.
Point champain, tenne:
for killing an adversary
although asked for
quarter.
Pointinpoint, tenne:
for committing an act
of cowardice.
Gusset Dexter,
tenne: for committing
adultery.
Gusset sinister, tenne:
for being an habitual
drunkard
Delf, tenne: for
challenging an
adversary then
revoking the
challenge.
Inescutcheon reversed, tenne: for
taking advantage of a maiden against
her will or fleeing from the King's
Banner in battle.
Arms of the Duke of Grafton : Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and
England, quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; over all a baton in
bend sinister compony of six, Argent and Azure. Crest: On a
chapeau, Gules turned up ermine, a lion statant guardant, or,
crowned with a ducal coronet, Azure, and gorged with a collar,
countercompony, Argent and Azure. Supporters: Dexter, a lion,
guardant, or, crowned with a ducal coronet, Azure, and gorged with
a collar, countercompony, Argent and Azure; Sinister, a greyhound
Argent, gorged as in the Dexter
This Coat of Arms is the Royal Arms of Charles II debruised by a
baton sinister showing that the 1st Duke was related by blood to the
Sovereign but unable to succeed to the Throne because of being
born out of wedlock.
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There are traces of real historical abatements. One was the entire reversal of the
escutcheon in the ceremony of degradation following an attainder for high treason after
which the arms would cease to exist altogether.
A rare example of an apparently genuine historical abatement is mentioned by Sir
George Mackenzie (aluding to Aymery of Pavia, a Lombard, governor of Calais in 1349,
who bore Azure four mullets Or.): "And Edward the Third of England ordained two of six
stars which a gentleman had in his arms to be effaced, because he had sold a seaport
of which he was made governor."
In Scots Heraldry, Innes of Learney mentions abatements in marital situations: "The law
of arms provides for abating the arms of an adulterer by two gussets sanguine, and
where the bearing of arms is necessary this, and one gusset (they will be closegussets)
for nonadulterous divorcees, are, at least in Patents, applied in the case of divorcees."
cf the gusset dexter shown above.
The French seem to have had the concept too. In French heraldry the term, diffamé is
the term used to denote an animal whose tail is cut off. Literally, it means "deprived or its
reputation" (fama=reputation in Latin) cf defamed in English. It is also said of arms
which have been altered, either by the removal of a charge, the addition of a
dishonorable charge, or the tweaking of an existing charge to signify loss of honor. An
example is that of Jean d'Avesnes who insulted his mother, Marguerite Countess of
Flanders in the presence of king Louis IX. He is supposed to have seen the lion in his
arms diffamée, and made morné (ie with teeth and claws removed).
Some writers refer to other supposed marks of dishonour, including broken chevrons,
and beasts turned towards the sinister, which are supposedby some heraldic writers to
have been given as abatements. A lion with its tail between its hind legs is termed
"couard" (coward), and has also been cited as a mark of infamy.
In the popular imagination a bend sinister is a dishonourable element on a coat of arms,
denoting illegitimacy. This is wrong possibly a distorted version of the fact that a baton
sinister (not a bend sinister) denotes illegitimacy on British Royal Arms without any
suggestion of dishonour.
Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton, was the 2nd illegitimate son of King Charles II by
Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland. Born in 1663, Henry was created Baron
Sudbury, Viscount Ipswich, and Earl of Euston in 1672 and Duke of Grafton in 1675, just
before his 12th birthday. You can see his arms with a baton sinister on the right.
During Charles II's exile under the Cromwell Protectorate, Charles
lived in France and fathered several illegitimate children. Many of
them were raised to the Peerage as Dukes, of which four remain
today (Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton, and St. Albans), and all of
whom use the Baton Sinister or Bordure Compony to signify their
relation to Charles II.
Bibliography
General Heraldry
FoxDavies, A.C.. The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory.
Parker, James. A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Oxford: James Parker & Co.,
1894 (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1970); see online version
United Kingdom
Boutell, Rev. Charles Edited and revised by J. P. BrookeLittle, MVO, MA, FSA, FHS
one time Norroy & Ulster King of Arms (later Clarenceux King of Arms). Boutell's
Heraldry. London and New York: Frederick Warne, 1983 ISBN 0 7232 3093 5
Burke, Sir Bernard, C.B. LL.D., Ulster King of Arms. The General Armory of England,
Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the
Earliest to the Present Time. London: Burke's Peerage, 1884 (Baltimore: Genealogical
Publishing Co., 1967).
Dennys, Rodney. The Heraldic Imagination. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1975.
Elvins, Mark Turnham. Cardinals and Heraldry (Illustrated by Anselm Baker, foreword by
Maurice Noël Léon Couve de Murville, preface by John BrookeLittle). London:
Buckland Publications, 1988.
Fairbairn, James. Fairbairn's Crests of the Families of Great Britain & Ireland. 2v.
Revised ed. New York: Heraldic Publishing Co., 1911 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1986
in 1 vol.). Originally published 1800.
HumpherySmith, Cecil. Ed and Augmented General Armory Two, London, Tabard
Press, 1973.
Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, G., Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated
as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations Heir of Andrew Anderson, Edinburgh, 1680
Nisbet, Alexander A system of Heraldry T & A Constable, Edinburgh, 1984, first
published 1722
The coat of arms of the Duke of Cornwall, adopted in 1337 by the
Black Prince, shows 15 golden bezants, the ransom paid in the
Crusades for his ancestor King Edward I, then Earl of Cornwall.
Arms of Princess Anne, the Princess Royal
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Innes of Edingight, Malcolm,(Marchmont Herald) revisor, Scots Heraldry (third edition)
Johnston & Bacon, London, 1978
Paul, James Balfour (Lord Lyon King of Arms). An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the
Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons,
1903
Reid of Robertland, David and Wilson, Vivien, An Ordinary of Arms, volume 2 [1902
1973], Lyon Office, Edinburgh 1977
Moncreiffe of Easter Moncrieffe, Iain (Kintyre Pursuivant) & Pottinger, Don (Herald
Painter) Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated Thomas Nelson and Sons, Edinburgh
and London, 1953
Wagner, Sir Anthony R. Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms.
London: HMSO, 1967.
Mainland Europe
Le Févre, Jean. A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and
15th Century Europe. (Edited by Rosemary Pinches & Anthony Wood) London: Heraldry
Today, 1971.
Louda, Jiří and Michael Maclagan. Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. New York:
Clarkson Potter, 1981. Reprinted as Lines of Succession (London: Orbis, 1984).
Rietstap, Johannes B. Armorial General. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 190426 (Baltimore:
Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967).
Siebmacher, Johann. J. Siebmacher's Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch
Vermehrten Auglage. Nürnberg: Von Bauer & Raspe, 18901901.
Arms of Sarah Ferguson
(before becoming Duchess of York)
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