LINGUA INGLESA ASPECTO MORFOSSINTATICO ESTACIO DE SA

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1a Questão
	
	
	
	Mark the right option according to the second conditional statements.
		
	
	It is used to talk about two future actions with good possibility of achievement.
	 
	It is used to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary situations.
	
	It is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened.
	
	It is usually used to express a past regret about something which did not happen in the past.
	
	It is used to expresse the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past.
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:42:59
	
Explicação:
Conditional Type 2.
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Match:
1. Conditional clause type I (predictive conditional)
2. Conditional clause type II (hypothetical condition)
3. Conditional clause type III (counterfactual conditional)
(     ) If Judita had worked this hard in all her courses, she would not have failed this semester.
(     ) If Judita worked this hard in all her courses, she would get on the Dean's List.
(     ) If Judita hands in her paper early tomorrow, she'll probably get an A.
		
	
	d) 2-3-1
	
	c) 1-3-2
	
	b) 1-2-3
	 
	a) 3-2-1
	
	e) 3-1-2
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:43:51
	
Explicação:
1. If + Present Tense                 will + inf / present tense / imperative
a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense                      would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense          would have + past participle
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the option which shows a first conditional statement.
		
	
	If you ate too much, you'd (you would) get fatter.
	 
	We won't finish in time unless everyone works fast.
	
	Unless we'd been very confident of success, we wouldn't have even tried.
	
	You'd have got fatter if you'd eaten too much.
	
	Unless the directors increased sales, we'd have to close this shop.
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:44:14
	
Explicação:
1. If + Present Tense                 will + inf / present tense / imperative
a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
	d. 
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Complete with the proper form of the verb: 'It is necessary that a life guard (monitor) the summing pool while the children are taking their swimming lessons.'
		
	
	b) will monitor
	 
	c) monitor
	
	d) would monitor
	
	a) monitors
	
	e) had monitored
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:45:26
	
Explicação:
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.
IT IS NECESSARY + SUBJUNCTIVE.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the most suitable verb form for the sentence: 'I (do) a course in jazz dancing if I (have) time.'
		
	
	b) will do - had had
	
	d) will do - had
	 
	c) would do - had
	
	a) will do - would have
	
	e) would do - had had
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:46:26
	
Explicação:
Second Conditional:
2. If + Past Tense                      would + inf
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Complete with the proper form of the verb: 'John insists that Sarah (invite) to the wedding; otherwise he will not attend.'
		
	
	d) is invited
	
	a) invites
	
	c) invite
	
	e) will invite
	 
	b) be invited
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:46:55
	
Explicação:
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.
SUBJECT + INSIST THAT + OBJECT + VERB IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	It is crucial that the manager ........ without any delay after such an embarrassing transaction.
		
	
	will resign
	
	is resigning
	
	resigned
	 
	resign
	
	resigns
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:47:16
	
Explicação:
IT IS CRUCIAL + VERB IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE (INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO)
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the correct subjunctive verb form to complete the following sentence.'It is critical that every potential donor (give) blood during this shortage.'
		
	
	b) gives
	
	a) will give
	 
	d) would give
	 
	c) give
	
	e) had given
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:48:26
	
Explicação:
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.
IT IS CRITICAL THAT + SUBJUNCTIVE.
		Choose the correct subjunctive verb form to complete the following sentence: 'The executive board of the rugby team required that each member (pay) twenty-five dollar dues.'
	
	
	
	d) pay
	
	
	a) paied
	
	
	e) pays
	
	
	b) had paied
	
	
	c) would paied
	
Explicação:
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.
TO REQUIRE THAT = SUBJUNCTIVE. 
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Choose the correct subjunctive verb form to complete the following sentence.'It is critical that every potential donor (give) blood during this shortage.'
	
	
	
	b) gives
	
	
	a) will give
	
	
	d) would give
	
	
	c) give
	
	
	e) had given
	
Explicação:
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.
IT IS CRITICAL THAT + SUBJUNCTIVE.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		It is crucial that the manager ........ without any delay after such an embarrassing transaction.
	
	
	
	resigned
	
	
	is resigning
	
	
	will resign
	
	
	resigns
	
	
	resign
	
Explicação:
IT IS CRUCIAL + VERB IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE (INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO)
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		If or unless?
I.  ___ he gets caught, he'll make a fortune.
II. ___ he gets caught, he'll go to jail.
III. I won't do it ____ you agree to help me;
IV. I'm not doing it alone. ___ she pays up, we're going to be in real trouble.
V. ____ we get the cheque today, we must bank it.
	
	
	
	b) unless - if - unless - unless - if
	
	
	c) unless - unless - unless - unless - if
	
	
	d) unless - if - unless - unless - unless
	
	
	e) if - if - unless - if - if
	
	
	a) if- if - unless - unless - if
	
Explicação:
 'Unless' means the same as 'if not'.
Unless he asks you politely, refuse to do any more work on the project.
Unless prices are rising, it's not a good investment.
Unless you've been there yourself, you don't really understand how fantastic it is.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Complete with the proper form of the verb: 'It's vital that the United States (focus) on improving its public education system. What we do now will affect our country for generations to come.'
	
	
	
	b)will focus
	
	
	c) focus
	
	
	d) be focused
	
	
	a) would focus
	
	
	e) had focused
	
Explicação:
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.
IT IS VITAL THAT + SUBJUNCTIVE.
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Complete with the proper form of the verb: 'It is necessary that a life guard (monitor) the summing pool while the children are taking their swimming lessons.'
	
	
	
	b) will monitor
	
	
	e) had monitored
	
	
	a) monitors
	
	
	c) monitor
	
	
	d) would monitor
	
Explicação:
In grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred.
IT IS NECESSARY + SUBJUNCTIVE.
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Choose the option which shows a first conditional statement.
	
	
	
	Unless we'd been very confident of success, we wouldn't have even tried.
	
	
	Unless the directors increased sales, we'd have to close this shop.
	
	
	If you ate too much, you'd (you would) get fatter.
	
	
	You'd have got fatter if you'd eaten too much.
	
	
	We won't finish in time unless everyone works fast.
	
Explicação:
1. If + Present Tense                 will + inf / present tense / imperative
a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Mark the right option according to the second conditional statements.
	
	
	
	It is used to talk about two future actions with good possibility of achievement.
	
	
	It is used to expresse the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past.
	
	
	It is used to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary situations.
	
	
	It is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened.
	
	
	It is usually used to express a past regret about something which did not happen in the past.
	
Explicação:
Conditional Type 2.
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	In which alternative all the verb tenses are present?
		
	
	c) simple present - past perfect simple - past perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	
	a) simple present - present perfect simple - present perfect progressive - simple past
	 
	e) simple present - present progressive -present perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	
	b) simple present - past perfect simple - present perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	
	d) simple present - present progressive - past perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:49:41
	
Explicação:
Present Tenses:
¿ The Present Simple states that a constant, unchanging, or repeated action, state, or habit exists in the present. Adding s to verbs in the third person singular is one of the most basic English grammar rules that must always be followed. For all other persons, simply use the base form of the verb.
The sun always rises in the east.
¿ The Present Progressive describes an incomplete ongoing present action that is in the middle of happening, but will finish at some point. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb be (am/is/are) with the present participle verb form ending in ing
Dona is studying hard for her test right now.
¿ The Present Perfect Simple is a tricky grammar topic as it can be regarded as both a present and past tense. As a present tense, it signifies that an action started in the past and continues up to present time, in which it is completed. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (have/has) with the past participle form of the verb.
Ron has worked in the same company for 20 years.
¿ The Present Perfect Progressive also describes an action that began in the past and continues up to present time, in which it is (or most of it) is completed. Moreover, it stresses that the action has been going on incessantly and may also continue into the future. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (have/has) together with the auxiliary verb been and the present participle form of the verb ending with ing.
Ron has been working on the same document without a break for hours.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Aspect is the expression of the temporal structure of an action or state. Aspect in English expresses ongoing actions or states with or without distinct end points. English has four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect-progressive. Mood is the expression of modality of an action or state. Modality is the expression of possibility, necessity, and contingency. Modality can be expressed through modal verbs as well as through grammatical mood in English. Which alternative presents a WRONG declaration about the aspect or the mood?
		
	
	The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
	
	a) The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
	
	The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
	
	The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
	 
	The indicative mood regards the action as not factually occurring in reality, but only as a result of a potential fulfillment of some condition.
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:58:05
	
Explicação:
1. The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
For example, the use of the progressive aspect in I am floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and am still floating the book in the present and presumably the future. The formula for forming the present progressive is [simple present "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past progressive is [simple past "to be" + present participle].
2. The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
For example, the use of the perfect aspect in I have floated the book focuses on the end result of my floating the book (my having floated the book) as opposed to the process of floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect is [simple present "to have" + past participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect is [simple past "to have" + past participle].
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
For example, the use of the perfect-progressive aspect in I had been floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and continued to float the book until a specific point in time at which I stopped floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect-progressive is [simple present "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect-progressive is [simple past "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle].
4. The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
Example: Dona works in London. [simple factual statement]
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What are the moods in English?
		
	
	b) indicative- imperative - present - subjunctive
	
	c) progressive - imperative - conditional - subjunctive
	 
	a) indicative - imperative - conditional - subjunctive
	
	e) indicative - perfect- conditional - subjunctive
	 
	d) indicative - imperative - perfect - subjunctive
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:58:51
	
Explicação:
· Four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative.
	· 
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the alternative that best classifies those verb types, respectively.
"A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. Usually, the word 'satellite' refers to a machine that is launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space. The bird's-eye-view that satellites have allows them to see large areas of Earth at one time. This ability means satellites can collect more data, more quickly, than instruments on the ground."
		
	
	auxiliary verb, auxiliary verb, lexical verb, linking verb, lexical verb
	
	lexical verb, linking verb, lexical verb, auxiliary verb, auxiliary verb
	
	lexical verb, auxiliary verb, auxiliary verb, lexical verb, linking verb
	 
	linking verb, lexical verb, auxiliary verb, lexical verb, auxiliary verb
	
	auxiliary verb, lexical verb, linking verb, lexical verb, linking verb
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:56:37
	
Explicação:
A satellite is (linking) a moon, planet or machine that orbits (lexical) a planet or star. Usually, the word 'satellite' refers to a machine that is (auxiliary) launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space. The bird's-eye-view that satellites have (lexical)  allows them to see large areas of Earth at one time. This ability means satellites can (auxiliary) collect more data, more quickly, than instruments on the ground."
LEXICAL VERB OR FULL VERB
In linguistics a lexical verb or full verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning. The verb phrase of a sentence is generally headed by a lexical verb. It is the main verb of the sentence.
Example: Charlie raises his hand.
AUXILIARY VERBS OR HELPING VERBS
Just as the name implies, helping verbs, sometimes called auxiliary verbs, help out the main verb in a sentence. They accomplish this by giving more detail to how time is portrayed in a sentence. For this reason, they are used in [verb conjugation] to show the progressive and the perfect tenses of verbs.
On their own, helping verbs don't show meaning in that they don't communicate much when they stand alone. There sole purpose to help the main verb, which provides the real meaning.
Helping verbs help explain the sometimes complicated nuances of meaning. For example, they can show expectation, probability, obligation, potential, and directions. Though this may sound complicated, it's really not. There aren't that many helping verbs in the English language. They all fall into one of two groups: primary helping verbs and modal helping verbs.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Say which option cannot be described as aspect
		
	
	progressive
	
	perfect progressive
	
	simple
	
	perfect
	 
	time
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:54:37
	
Explicação:
The aspects are:
1. The Progressive (or continuous)
2. The Perfect Aspect
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect
4. The Simple (or Zero)
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In which alternative the highlighted verb is AUXILIARY?
		
	
	c) It is very peaceful here
 
	
	 
b)  He does his homework on the way to school
 
	 
	a) Where does your brother work?
 
	
	e) Police are investigating the incident
	
	d) I will have the soup
 
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:53:58
	
Explicação:
Where does your brother work? = auxiliary (do ) + main verb (work)
He does his homework on the way to school  (main verb)
It is very peaceful here (main verb)
 I will have the soup (have = main verb)
Police are investigating the incident (investigating = main verb)
 
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Fill in the blanks using the appropriate modal verb or modal like expression so that the sentences are true according to the law and our society:
I -  You ____ reduce your speed when: (a) traffic is dense, (b) driving on narrow bridges and in tunnels, (c) when approaching toll plazas, and (d) near schools, playgrounds, and on residential streets.
II - You ____ drink a lot and drive. It's against the law!
III - I ____ pass a driving test before I got my driver's license.        
IV - If you own a car, you ____ have insurance.
V - I ____ learn how to drive                                                                      
Now choose the alternative with the correct order of the modals:
		
	
	had better - shouldn't - didn't have to - must - have to
	 
	should - mustn't - had to - had better - must
	
	must - can't - should - must - had better
	
	had better - mustn't - can - don't have to - should
	
	should  - don't have -  had better - must - have to
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:52:17
	
Explicação:
I -  You should reduce your speed when: (a) traffic is dense, (b) driving on narrow bridges and in tunnels, (c) when approaching toll plazas, and (d) near schools, playgrounds, and on residential streets.(advice)
II- You mustn't  drink a lot and drive. It's against the law! (prohibition)
III - I had to pass a driving test before I got my driver's license. (obligation in the past)    
IV - If you own a car, you had better/ should have insurance. (strong advice/ advice)
V - In Brazil, you must be 18 to get your driver's license. (obligation)
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In which alternative the example correspond to the right analysis?
		
	
	Ron has been working on the same document without a break for hours. (present continuous)
	
	By 14:00 the cake will have been baking for 90 minutes (simple future progressive)
	
	By the time Dona had saved enough money, she bought a new car (simple past).
	 
	Tomorrow at 12 o'clock I will be giving a lecture at the university so I will not be answering any calls. (future progressive)
	
	We had been walking the streets of Paris for hours until we finally took a break. (past continuous)
	Respondido em 27/04/2020 10:51:17
		Mark the option in which there is not a modal but a quasi-modal:
	
	
	
	should
	
	
	must
	
	
	may
	
	
	ought to
	
	
	can
	
Explicação:
Quasi-modals are a subcategory of modal verbs. Similar to modals verbs, quasi-modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in the English language that express modality, which is the expression of subjective attitudes and opinions including possibility, necessity, and contingency. Also referred to as semi-modal verbs, the four quasi-modal verbs in English are:
OUGHT TO¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability, desirability, likelihood, probability
You ought to stain your fence this year. (advisability)
USED TO¿ formerly, once but no longer, previously habitually
My sister used to read a book a night. (previously habitually)
WOULD RATHER ¿ preference, prefer to
I would rather eat a bug than study math. (preference)
HAD BETTER/BEST¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability
She had better teach her children some manners. (duty)
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Qual sentença abaixo apresenta a conotação de possibilidade no uso do verbo auxiliar sublinhado?
	
	
	
	Alexandra must see a doctor, she is getting worse.
	
	
	I shall study for the exam.
	
	
	I might arrive late, I'm sorry about it.
	
	
	She had better turn down the music.
	
	
	My relatives need to find another place to stay during vacation.
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Choose the alternative that completes the sentence: 'He ________ succeed if he works hard.'
	
	
	
	e) had better
	
	
	d) would rather
	
	
	b) Would
	
	
	a) Will
	
	
	c) could
	
Explicação:
He ________ succeed if he works hard.'
 
uso de will - na primeira forma do condicional. O segundoverbo está no simple present.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Say which option cannot be described as aspect
	
	
	
	time
	
	
	simple
	
	
	perfect
	
	
	progressive
	
	
	perfect progressive
	
Explicação:
The aspects are:
1. The Progressive (or continuous)
2. The Perfect Aspect
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect
4. The Simple (or Zero)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Aspect is the expression of the temporal structure of an action or state. Aspect in English expresses ongoing actions or states with or without distinct end points. English has four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect-progressive. Mood is the expression of modality of an action or state. Modality is the expression of possibility, necessity, and contingency. Modality can be expressed through modal verbs as well as through grammatical mood in English. Which alternative presents a WRONG declaration about the aspect or the mood?
	
	
	
	The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
	
	
	The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
	
	
	a) The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
	
	
	The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
	
	
	The indicative mood regards the action as not factually occurring in reality, but only as a result of a potential fulfillment of some condition.
	
Explicação:
1. The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
For example, the use of the progressive aspect in I am floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and am still floating the book in the present and presumably the future. The formula for forming the present progressive is [simple present "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past progressive is [simple past "to be" + present participle].
2. The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
For example, the use of the perfect aspect in I have floated the book focuses on the end result of my floating the book (my having floated the book) as opposed to the process of floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect is [simple present "to have" + past participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect is [simple past "to have" + past participle].
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
For example, the use of the perfect-progressive aspect in I had been floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and continued to float the book until a specific point in time at which I stopped floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect-progressive is [simple present "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect-progressive is [simple past "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle].
4. The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
Example: Dona works in London. [simple factual statement]
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Choose the right alternative: "He things that the damage ______________ in the recent fighting."
	
	
	
	might have been done
	
	
	would be done
	
	
	will be done
	
	
	ought have been done
	
	
	might to have been done
	
Explicação:
MIGHT conveys slight likelihood in the present or future (He might be there already, he might arrive tomorrow). It can also convey slight advisability (You might try that). The past can be substituted using the form might have + morphologically altered main verb.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Choose the right alternative: "The farmer got up early so that he ______________ the field sown by lunch time."
 
	
	
	
	might to have
	
	
	used have
	
	
	might have
	
	
	would to have
	
	
	ought have
	
Explicação:
MIGHT conveys slight likelihood in the present or future (He might be there already, he might arrive tomorrow). It can also convey slight advisability (You might try that). The past can be substituted using the form might have + morphologically altered main verb.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Which alternative presents an example of a quasi-modal verb?
	
	
	
	Last summer I would run every day
	
	
	He might be there already.
	
	
	You can go now.
	
	
	He may arrive tomorrow.
	
	
	You ought to stain your fence this year.
	
Explicação:
Quasi-modals are a subcategory of modal verbs. Similar to modals verbs, quasi-modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in the English language that express modality, which is the expression of subjective attitudes and opinions including possibility, necessity, and contingency. Also referred to as semi-modal verbs, the four quasi-modal verbs in English are:
OUGHT TO¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability, desirability, likelihood, probability
You ought to stain your fence this year. (advisability)
USED TO¿ formerly, once but no longer, previously habitually
My sister used to read a book a night. (previously habitually)
WOULD RATHER ¿ preference, prefer to
I would rather eat a bug than study math. (preference)
HAD BETTER/BEST¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability
She had better teach her children some manners. (duty)
		Mark the option in which there is not a modal but a quasi-modal:
	
	
	
	should
	
	
	must
	
	
	may
	
	
	ought to
	
	
	can
	
Explicação:
Quasi-modals are a subcategory of modal verbs. Similar to modals verbs, quasi-modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in the English language that express modality, which is the expression of subjective attitudes and opinions including possibility, necessity, and contingency. Also referred to as semi-modal verbs, the four quasi-modal verbs in English are:
OUGHT TO¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability, desirability, likelihood, probability
You ought to stain your fence this year. (advisability)
USED TO¿ formerly, once but no longer, previously habitually
My sister used to read a book a night. (previously habitually)
WOULD RATHER ¿ preference, prefer to
I would rather eat a bug than study math. (preference)
HAD BETTER/BEST¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability
She had better teach her children some manners. (duty)
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Qual sentença abaixo apresenta a conotação de possibilidade no uso do verbo auxiliar sublinhado?
	
	
	
	Alexandra must see a doctor, she is getting worse.
	
	
	I shall study for the exam.
	
	
	I might arrive late, I'm sorry about it.
	
	
	She had better turn down the music.
	
	
	My relatives need to find another place to stay during vacation.
	
Explicação:
O verbo auxiliar "might" indica possibilidade no presente ou no futuro.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Choose the alternative that completes the sentence: 'He ________ succeed if he works hard.'
	
	
	
	e) had better
	
	
	d) would rather
	
	
	b) Would
	
	
	a) Will
	
	
	c) could
	
Explicação:
He ________ succeed if he works hard.'
 
uso de will - na primeira forma do condicional. O segundo verbo está no simple present.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Say which option cannot be described as aspect
	
	
	
	time
	
	
	simple
	
	
	perfect
	
	
	progressive
	
	
	perfect progressive
	
Explicação:
The aspects are:
1. The Progressive (or continuous)
2. The Perfect Aspect
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect
4. The Simple (or Zero)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Aspect is the expression of the temporal structure of an action or state. Aspect in English expresses ongoing actions or states with or without distinct end points. English has four aspects: simple, progressive,perfect, and perfect-progressive. Mood is the expression of modality of an action or state. Modality is the expression of possibility, necessity, and contingency. Modality can be expressed through modal verbs as well as through grammatical mood in English. Which alternative presents a WRONG declaration about the aspect or the mood?
	
	
	
	The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
	
	
	The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
	
	
	a) The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
	
	
	The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
	
	
	The indicative mood regards the action as not factually occurring in reality, but only as a result of a potential fulfillment of some condition.
	
Explicação:
1. The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
For example, the use of the progressive aspect in I am floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and am still floating the book in the present and presumably the future. The formula for forming the present progressive is [simple present "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past progressive is [simple past "to be" + present participle].
2. The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
For example, the use of the perfect aspect in I have floated the book focuses on the end result of my floating the book (my having floated the book) as opposed to the process of floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect is [simple present "to have" + past participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect is [simple past "to have" + past participle].
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
For example, the use of the perfect-progressive aspect in I had been floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and continued to float the book until a specific point in time at which I stopped floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect-progressive is [simple present "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect-progressive is [simple past "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle].
4. The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
Example: Dona works in London. [simple factual statement]
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Choose the right alternative: "He things that the damage ______________ in the recent fighting."
	
	
	
	might have been done
	
	
	would be done
	
	
	will be done
	
	
	ought have been done
	
	
	might to have been done
	
Explicação:
MIGHT conveys slight likelihood in the present or future (He might be there already, he might arrive tomorrow). It can also convey slight advisability (You might try that). The past can be substituted using the form might have + morphologically altered main verb.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Choose the right alternative: "The farmer got up early so that he ______________ the field sown by lunch time."
 
	
	
	
	might to have
	
	
	used have
	
	
	might have
	
	
	would to have
	
	
	ought have
	
Explicação:
MIGHT conveys slight likelihood in the present or future (He might be there already, he might arrive tomorrow). It can also convey slight advisability (You might try that). The past can be substituted using the form might have + morphologically altered main verb.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Which alternative presents an example of a quasi-modal verb?
	
	
	
	Last summer I would run every day
	
	
	He might be there already.
	
	
	You can go now.
	
	
	He may arrive tomorrow.
	
	
	You ought to stain your fence this year.
	
Explicação:
Quasi-modals are a subcategory of modal verbs. Similar to modals verbs, quasi-modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in the English language that express modality, which is the expression of subjective attitudes and opinions including possibility, necessity, and contingency. Also referred to as semi-modal verbs, the four quasi-modal verbs in English are:
OUGHT TO¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability, desirability, likelihood, probability
You ought to stain your fence this year. (advisability)
USED TO¿ formerly, once but no longer, previously habitually
My sister used to read a book a night. (previously habitually)
WOULD RATHER ¿ preference, prefer to
I would rather eat a bug than study math. (preference)
HAD BETTER/BEST¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability
She had better teach her children some manners. (duty)
		Choose the alternative that best classifies those verb types, respectively.
"A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. Usually, the word 'satellite' refers to a machine that is launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space. The bird's-eye-view that satellites have allows them to see large areas of Earth at one time. This ability means satellites can collect more data, more quickly, than instruments on the ground."
	
	
	
	auxiliary verb, auxiliary verb, lexical verb, linking verb, lexical verb
	
	
	linking verb, lexical verb, auxiliary verb, lexical verb, auxiliary verb
	
	
	auxiliary verb, lexical verb, linking verb, lexical verb, linking verb
	
	
	lexical verb, linking verb, lexical verb, auxiliary verb, auxiliary verb
	
	
	lexical verb, auxiliary verb, auxiliary verb, lexical verb, linking verb
	
Explicação:
A satellite is (linking) a moon, planet or machine that orbits (lexical) a planet or star. Usually, the word 'satellite' refers to a machine that is (auxiliary) launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space. The bird's-eye-view that satellites have (lexical)  allows them to see large areas of Earth at one time. This ability means satellites can (auxiliary) collect more data, more quickly, than instruments on the ground."
LEXICAL VERB OR FULL VERB
In linguistics a lexical verb or full verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically express action, state, or other predicate meaning. The verb phrase of a sentence is generally headed by a lexical verb. It is the main verb of the sentence.
Example: Charlie raises his hand.
AUXILIARY VERBS OR HELPING VERBS
Just as the name implies, helping verbs, sometimes called auxiliary verbs, help out the main verb in a sentence. They accomplish this by giving more detail to how time is portrayed in a sentence. For this reason, they are used in [verb conjugation] to show the progressive and the perfect tenses of verbs.
On their own, helping verbs don't show meaning in that they don't communicate much when they stand alone. There sole purpose to help the main verb, which provides the real meaning.
Helping verbs help explain the sometimes complicated nuances of meaning. For example, they can show expectation, probability, obligation, potential, and directions. Though this may sound complicated, it's really not. There aren't that many helping verbs in the English language. They all fall into one of two groups: primary helping verbs and modal helping verbs.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		What are the moods in English?
	
	
	
	e) indicative - perfect- conditional - subjunctive
	
	
	d) indicative - imperative - perfect - subjunctive
	
	
	b) indicative - imperative - present - subjunctive
	
	
	a) indicative - imperative - conditional - subjunctive
	
	
	c) progressive - imperative - conditional - subjunctive
	
Explicação:
· Four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative.3.
		In the sentence:
"However, if linguistics is telling us that an infinitive does not include "to", then what is being split?",
 
 The highlighted verb phrase is formed by:
	
	
	
	b) auxiliary + plain form
	
	
	a) modal + plain form
	
	
	d) auxiliary + past participle
	
	
	e) modal + gerund-participle
	
	
	c) auxiliary + gerund-participle
	
Explicação:
However, if linguistics is telling us that an infinitive does not include "to", then what is being split?",
is = verb to be = auxiliary
telling - gerund - participle (-ing)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Qual das sentenças abaixo é um exemplo de Past Progressive?
	
	
	
	I went to the mall yesterday.
	
	
	By the time Anita locked her car, the rain had already started.
	
	
	While I was working on my computer, I suddenly received a phone call.
	
	
	They had been travelling around the world until they finally settled in Paris.
	
	
	Leia has already finished her homework.
	
Explicação:
Esta sentença é um exemplo de Past Progressive porque descreve uma ação que aconteceu durante um período de tempo e outra ação que aconteceu no entremeio.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		In which alternative the example does not correspond to what is in parenthesis?
	
	
	
	 
We had been walking the streets of Paris for hours until we finally took a break.(The past perfect simple) 
	
	
	I visited my uncle in Paris last summer.(The past simple)
	
	
	While I was walking down the street yesterday, I suddenly met my boss.(The past progressive)
	
	
	Ron has worked in the same company for 20 years.(The present perfect simple)
	
	
	Dona is studying hard for her test right now.(The present perfect progressive)
	
Explicação:
The Past Perfect Progressive describes an ongoing action that began in the past, continued incessantly, and was completed before another point in time in the past or before another more recent past action. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (had) together with the auxiliary verb been and the present participle form of the verb ending with ing.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		In which alternative the explanation is wrong?
	
	
	
	The Present Perfect Simple has quite a few grammar rules you need to follow, as it can be regarded as both a present and past tense. As a past tense, it states that an action has been completed in the past, but without reference to the time of occurrence. The action may have an influence on the current state of affairs in the present. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (have/has) with the past participle form of the verb.
	
	
	The Past Perfect Simple states that an action was completed in the past before another point in time or action in the past (the latter expressed in the Past Simple), or that the action happened in the very distant past. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (had) with the past participle form of the verb.
	
	
	The Past Perfect Progressive describes an incomplete ongoing present action that is in the middle of happening, but will finish at some point. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb be (am/is/are) with the present participle verb form ending in ing
	
	
	The Present Perfect Progressive also describes an action that began in the past and continues up to present time, in which it is (or most of it) is completed. Moreover, it stresses that the action has been going on incessantly and may also continue into the future. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (have/has) together with the auxiliary verb been and the present participle form of the verb ending with ing.
	
	
	The Past Progressive describes an action which went on during a stretch of time in the past and finished. Other actions may have happened at the same time (short and immediate or ongoing). This tense is formed by using the verb be (was/were) with the present participle form of the verb ending in ing.
	
Explicação:
The Past Perfect Progressive describes an ongoing action that began in the past, continued incessantly, and was completed before another point in time in the past or before another more recent past action. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (had) together with the auxiliary verb been and the present participle form of the verb ending with ing.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Mark the pair of questions which are in the same tense, but different aspect.
	
	
	
	Nanda sang well. Joel sang well.
	
	
	Sonia plays the piano. Sonia also plays the flute.
	
	
	Carmen dances well. Sofia dances well too.
	
	
	Leila sings well. Saulo and Carlos sing well.
	
	
	Leo sings well. Leo is singing well
	
Explicação:
Aspect is the expression of the temporal structure of an action or state. Aspect in English expresses ongoing actions or states with or without distinct end points. English has four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect-progressive.
 
Tense is the expression of location in time of an action or state. Grammatical tense only roughly relates to time. English has only two verb tenses: present and past. Unlike many other widely-spoken Indo-European languages such as Portuguese, the English verb system is largely periphrastic. Periphrasis, in contrast to inflection, is "a phrase of two or more words used to express a grammatical relationship that could otherwise be expressed by the inflection of a single word." All English verb forms except for the simple present and simple past are periphrastic.
Despite popular belief, English DOES NOT have a future tense (for didactic purpose we are going to study it is a tense). Futurity is, instead, expressed through modal verbs, specifically will and shall.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		In the sentence: 'If I am to help you, throw away that old grammar book and get a new one', the highlighted verb phrase is formed by:
	
	
	
	d) auxiliary+ auxiliary
	
	
	e) none of the above
	
	
	b) auxiliary + infinitive
	
	
	a) modal + infinitive
	
	
	c) auxiliary + bare infinitive
	
Explicação:
If I am to help you = auxiliary (am = verb to be) + infinitive with TO
		Complete the sentences: "My father said I _______________ to do my homework before I go out."
	
	
	
	must have
	
	
	should
	
	
	ought
	
	
	can
	
	
	must
	
Explicação:
OUGHT TO¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability, desirability, likelihood, probability.
e.g. You ought to stain your fence this year. (advisability)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		 In the sentence: 'For years, we were told not to use "hopefully" at the beginning of a sentence.', the highlighted verb phrase is formed by:
	
	
	
	e) modal + bare infinitive form
	
	
	a) auxiliary + plain form
	
	
	c) auxiliary + past participle
	
	
	b) auxiliary + bare infinitive form
	
	
	d) modal + plain form
	
Explicação:
'For years, we were told not to use "hopefully" at the beginning of a sentence.', the highlighted verb phrase is formed by:
auxiliary (to be - were ) + past participle (told - tell).
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		In which alternative the example correspond to the right analysis?
	
	
	
	Ron has been working on the same document without a break for hours. (present continuous)
	
	
	By the time Dona had saved enough money, she bought a new car (simple past).
	
	
	By 14:00 the cake will have been baking for 90 minutes (simple future progressive)
	
	
	Tomorrow at 12 o'clock I will be giving a lecture at the university so I will not be answering any calls. (future progressive)
	
	
	We had been walking the streets of Paris for hours until we finally took a break. (past continuous)
	
Explicação:
Ron has been working on the same document without a break for hours. - Present perfect Progressive.
We had been walking the streets of Paris for hours until we finally took a break. - Past Perfect Progressive
Tomorrow at 12 o'clock I will be giving a lecture at the university so I will not be answering any calls.(future progressive)
By the time Dona had saved enough money, she bought a new car - past perfect simple
By 14:00 the cake will have been baking for 90 minutes (so don¿t forget to take it out of the oven). - future perfect progresive
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		In which alternative the highlighted verb is LEXICAL?
	
	
	
	a) I have finished washing the dishes. (HAVE)
	
	
	d) Was Charlie raising his hand? (WAS)
	
	
	b) I do not care for broccoli. (DO NOT)
	
	
	e) Charlie was being kept in the Principal's office. (WAS)
	
	
	c) Charlie wasn't raising his hand. (RAISING)
	
Explicação:
a) I have finished washing the dishes. (HAVE) = AUXILIARY
b) I do not care for broccoli. (DO NOT) = AUXILIARY
c) Charlie wasn't raising his hand. (RAISING) = LEXICAL
) Was Charlie raising his hand? (WAS) = AUXILIARY
e) Charlie was being kept in the Principal's office. (WAS) = AUXILIARY
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		In which alternative the highlighted verb is AUXILIARY?
	
	
	
	c) It is very peaceful here
 
	
	
	a) Where does your brother work?
 
	
	
	d) I will have the soup
 
	
	
	 
b)  He does his homework on the way to school
 
	
	
	e) Police are investigating the incident
	
Explicação:
Where does your brother work? = auxiliary (do ) + main verb (work)
He does his homework on the way to school  (main verb)
It is very peaceful here (main verb)
 I will have the soup (have = main verb)
Police are investigating the incident (investigating = main verb)
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Choose the right alternative: "_______________ to the office until 4 o'clock".
 
	
	
	
	You must not to go
	
	
	You are not to have to 
	
	
	You used go
	
	
	You ought not go
	
	
	You must not go 
	
Explicação:
MUST can be used either for near-certainty mode (He must understand it by now) or for obligatory mode (You must do that). The past tense form must have understood applies only to the near-certainly mode; expressing obligation in the past requires the lexical construction had to + verb.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		In which alternative all the verb tenses are present?
	
	
	
	b) simple present - past perfect simple - present perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	
	
	c) simple present - past perfect simple - past perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	
	
	e) simple present - present progressive -present perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	
	
	a) simple present - present perfect simple - present perfect progressive - simple past
	
	
	d) simple present - present progressive - past perfect progressive - present perfect simple
	
Explicação:
Present Tenses:
¿ The Present Simple states that a constant, unchanging, or repeated action, state, or habit exists in the present. Adding s to verbs in the third person singular is one of the most basic English grammar rules that must always be followed. For all other persons, simply use the base form of the verb.
The sun always rises in the east.
¿ The Present Progressive describes an incomplete ongoing present action that is in the middle of happening, but will finish at some point. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb be (am/is/are) with the present participle verb form ending in ing
Dona is studying hard for her test right now.
¿ The Present Perfect Simple is a tricky grammar topic as it can be regarded as both a present and past tense. As a present tense, it signifies that an action started in the past and continues up to present time, in which it is completed. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (have/has) with the past participle form of the verb.
Ron has worked in the same company for 20 years.
¿ The Present Perfect Progressive also describes an action that began in the past and continues up to present time, in which it is (or most of it) is completed. Moreover, it stresses that the action has been going on incessantly and may also continue into the future. This tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb have (have/has) together with the auxiliary verb been and the present participle form of the verb ending with ing.
Ron has been working on the same document without a break for hours.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Which alternative presents a sentence in the subjunctive mood?
	
	
	
	c) Do not postpone this any longer!
	
	
	d) I demand that she leave at once!
	
	
	b) Go there now!
	
	
	a) Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.
	
	
	e) Ostriches cannot fly.
	
Explicação:
d) I demand that she leave at once! - the verb is the same as in the infinitive without -to.
		Fill in the blanks using the appropriate modal verb or modal like expression so that the sentences are true according to the law and our society:
I -  You ____ reduce your speed when: (a) traffic is dense, (b) driving on narrow bridges and in tunnels, (c) when approaching toll plazas, and (d) near schools, playgrounds, and on residential streets.
II - You ____ drink a lot and drive. It's against the law!
III - I ____ pass a driving test before I got my driver's license.        
IV - If you own a car, you ____ have insurance.
V - I ____ learn how to drive                                                                      
Now choose the alternative with the correct order of the modals:
	
	
	
	should - mustn't - had to - had better - must
	
	
	should  - don't have -  had better - must - have to
	
	
	had better - mustn't - can - don't have to - should
	
	
	must - can't - should - must - had better
	
	
	had better - shouldn't - didn't have to - must - have to
	
Explicação:
I -  You should reduce your speed when: (a) traffic is dense, (b) driving on narrow bridges and in tunnels, (c) when approaching toll plazas, and (d) near schools, playgrounds, and on residential streets.(advice)
II- You mustn't  drink a lot and drive. It's against the law! (prohibition)
III - I had to pass a driving test before I got my driver's license. (obligation in the past)    
IV - If you own a car, you had better/ should have insurance. (strong advice/ advice)
V - In Brazil, you must be 18 to get your driver's license. (obligation)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		What are the auxiliary verbs in the following sentence: 'Language is constantly changing and being adapted to speakers' needs.' ?
	
	
	
	c) is - being
	
	
	a) is - changing
	
	
	e) being - adapted
	
	
	d) is- adapted
	
	
	b) needs - changing
	
Explicação:
Language is constantly changing and being adapted to speakers' needs.'
is changing = auxiliay + main verb.
being adapted = auxiliay + main verb.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Choose the alternative that completes the sentence: 'He ________ succeed if he works hard.'
	
	
	
	a) Will
	
	
	c) could
	
	
	b) Would
	
	
	d) would rather
	
	
	e) had better
	
Explicação:
He ________ succeed if he works hard.'
 
uso de will - na primeira forma do condicional. O segundo verbo está no simple present.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Aspect is the expression of the temporal structure of an action or state. Aspect in English expresses ongoing actions or states with or without distinct end points. English has four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect-progressive. Mood is the expression of modality of an action or state. Modality is the expression of possibility, necessity, and contingency. Modality can be expressed through modal verbs as well as through grammatical mood in English. Which alternative presents a WRONG declaration about the aspect or the mood?
	
	
	
	The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
	
	
	The indicative mood regards the action as not factually occurring in reality, but only as a result of a potential fulfillment of some condition.
	
	
	The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
	
	
	a) The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incompleteor ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
	
	
	The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
	
Explicação:
1. The Progressive (or continuous) expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states at a specific time.
For example, the use of the progressive aspect in I am floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and am still floating the book in the present and presumably the future. The formula for forming the present progressive is [simple present "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past progressive is [simple past "to be" + present participle].
2. The Perfect Aspect expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state.
For example, the use of the perfect aspect in I have floated the book focuses on the end result of my floating the book (my having floated the book) as opposed to the process of floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect is [simple present "to have" + past participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect is [simple past "to have" + past participle].
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or states that began in the past and continue to a specific time.
For example, the use of the perfect-progressive aspect in I had been floating the book indicates that I started floating the book in the past and continued to float the book until a specific point in time at which I stopped floating the book. The formula for forming the present perfect-progressive is [simple present "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle]. The formula for forming the past perfect-progressive is [simple past "to have" + past participle "to be" + present participle].
4. The Simple (or Zero) Aspect does not relate to the flow of time and merely states whether or not the action occurs.
Example: Dona works in London. [simple factual statement]
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Which alternative presents an example of a quasi-modal verb?
	
	
	
	He might be there already.
	
	
	You can go now.
	
	
	Last summer I would run every day
	
	
	He may arrive tomorrow.
	
	
	You ought to stain your fence this year.
	
Explicação:
Quasi-modals are a subcategory of modal verbs. Similar to modals verbs, quasi-modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in the English language that express modality, which is the expression of subjective attitudes and opinions including possibility, necessity, and contingency. Also referred to as semi-modal verbs, the four quasi-modal verbs in English are:
OUGHT TO¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability, desirability, likelihood, probability
You ought to stain your fence this year. (advisability)
USED TO¿ formerly, once but no longer, previously habitually
My sister used to read a book a night. (previously habitually)
WOULD RATHER ¿ preference, prefer to
I would rather eat a bug than study math. (preference)
HAD BETTER/BEST¿ should, duty, obligation, advisability
She had better teach her children some manners. (duty)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Choose the right alternative: "He things that the damage ______________ in the recent fighting."
	
	
	
	might have been done
	
	
	will be done
	
	
	ought have been done
	
	
	might to have been done
	
	
	would be done
	
Explicação:
MIGHT conveys slight likelihood in the present or future (He might be there already, he might arrive tomorrow). It can also convey slight advisability (You might try that). The past can be substituted using the form might have + morphologically altered main verb.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Say which option cannot be described as aspect
	
	
	
	simple
	
	
	perfect progressive
	
	
	perfect
	
	
	progressive
	
	
	time
	
Explicação:
The aspects are:
1. The Progressive (or continuous)
2. The Perfect Aspect
3. The Perfect-Progressive Aspect
4. The Simple (or Zero)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Choose the right alternative: "The farmer got up early so that he ______________ the field sown by lunch time."
 
	
	
	
	might to have
	
	
	ought have
	
	
	used have
	
	
	would to have
	
	
	might have
	
Explicação:
MIGHT conveys slight likelihood in the present or future (He might be there already, he might arrive tomorrow). It can also convey slight advisability (You might try that). The past can be substituted using the form might have + morphologically altered main verb.
	
		According to  Vygotsky, " language has a key role in shaping the thought and character of an individual". Why is it so?
	
	
	
	Because there is a fundamental interrelationship between  thought and language, one providing resources to the other.
	
	
	Because a two-year-old child is already able to select all the words and their meanings.
	
	
	Because  the society in which a child is raised and the child¿s personal history does not play  a significant role in determining the child¿s thought pattern.
	
	
	Because  cognitive abilities and thought structuring  are not necessarily  the result of the environment in which the child is brought up.
	
	
	Because thought and character do not necessarily need to be associated with each other.
 
 
	
Explicação:
According to Vygotsky (2002), initially, thought is nonverbal and language is not intellectual, and for that reason, human beings tend to think that they are two very different things. However, the author argues that their developmental trajectories are not parallel, but intertwined.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Leia o trecho a seguir:
"Conjunto de procedimentos executados em sala de aula, orientados a partir da concepção do que seja uma língua e de como ela é aprendida".
►O texto anterior permite-nos definir uma das opções a seguir. Qual?
	
	
	
	Abordagem
	
	
	Método
	
	
	Aquisição
	
	
	Técnica
	
	
	Aprendizagem
	
Explicação:
As técnicas representam um conjunto de ações práticas que implementam o que está delineado no design ¿ elemento organizacional do método, este que, por sua vez, é definido pelos princípios e crenças teóricas contempladas pela abordagem.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		How does a child normally react  when he notices the name of a given object is unknown to him?
	
	
	
	He uses the name of another object in its place.
	
	
	He uses sign language instead.
	
	
	He turns to an adult for help.
	
	
	He mimics so as to communicate.
	
	
	He changes the topic of the conversation.
	
Explicação:
Very soon the child realizes that everything has a name. When he/she notices that the name of some object is unknown to him/her, he/she turns to an adult for help.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Leia o texto a seguir:
"Conjunto de pressupostos teóricos sobre o que está envolvido no ensino e na aprendizagem de uma língua".
► A que termo a definição anterior faz referência?
 
	
	
	
	Procedimento
	
	
	Ensino Dedutivo
	
	
	Ensino Indutivo
	
	
	Técnica
	
	
	Abordagem
	
Explicação:
A abordagem corresponde ao sustentáculo teórico do método. Ela é formada por uma teoria de língua, que aponta a forma de se conceber a língua, e por uma teoria de aprendizagem, que aponta para uma forma de se conceber a aprendizagem. Desse modo, as teorias de língua e as teorias de aprendizagem têm uma importância fundamental para a prática docente, pois é com base nelas que o professor:
a)    Toma decisões pedagógicas;
b)    Seleciona materiais didáticos;
c)    Avalia políticas educacionais.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Choose the most appropriate comment about language acquisition.   
	
	
	
	In language acquisition, it is obvious that language interaction is not really necessary to communicate.
	
	
	Language penetrates little by little in the child 's mind unconsciously and turns out to become the structure of the child's thinking.
	
	
	We only master the structure of our first language when we are adults.
	
	
	A childjust reaches the conclusion of the functions of a language when she is about three years old.
	
	
	Language finds its way into the child's mind as he/she is conscious of the structures which are necessary to communicate.
	
Explicação:
Even though it might seem that in the beginning the child uses language only to interact superficially with people around him/her, after some time this language penetrates his/her unconscious mind to become the structure of the child¿s thinking. (VYGOTSKY, op cit)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Leia o trecho a seguir:
"Vimos que a abordagem envolve um conjunto de princípios e crenças ligados às visões teóricas sobre os conceitos de língua e aprendizagem. Entendidas tais visões, temos condições para compreendermos o funcionamento dos métodos de ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira em voga no mercado contemporâneo. Contudo, são vários os modelos que buscam explicações e princípios sistemáticos para esses dois objetos investigativos".
► Dentre as inúmeras propostas relacionadas à teoria de língua, temos aquele que "concebe a língua como um conjunto de elementos organizados por regras que se relacionam entre si, formando o que chamamos de um sistema linguístico. O mais importante é que essa organização dos elementos se estrutura seguindo leis internas, ou seja, estabelecidas dentro do próprio sistema linguístico. É atribuída ao linguista suíço Ferdinand de Saussure a origem desse ponto de vista em relação à língua". A que modelo de teoria de língua a citação antetior diz respeito?
	
	
	
	Modelo Intercultural
	
	
	Modelo Funcional
	
	
	Modelo Cognitivo
	
	
	Modelo Lexical
	
	
	Modelo Estruturalista
	
Explicação:
O estruturalismo compreende que a língua, uma vez formada por elementos coesos, inter-relacionados, que funcionam a partir de um conjunto de regras, constitui uma organização, um sistema, uma estrutura. O mais importante é que essa organização dos elementos se estrutura seguindo leis internas, ou seja, estabelecidas dentro do próprio sistema linguístico. É atribuída ao linguista suíço Ferdinand de Saussure a origem desse ponto de vista estrutural em relação à língua.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Choose the CORRECT definition of ERROR
	
	
	
	Deviations in usage which generate gaps in learners¿ knowledge of the target language.
	
	
	Deviations in in relation to behavior which result from gaps in learners¿ knowledge of the target language.
 
	
	
	Corrections in which result from gaps in learners¿ knowledge of the target language.
	
	
	Deviations in usage which do not result from gaps in learners¿ knowledge of the target language.
	
	
	Deviations in usage which result from gaps in learners¿ knowledge of the target language.
	
Explicação:
Deviations in usage which result from gaps in learners' knowledge of the target language.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Leia o trecho a seguir:
"Nesse novo olhar sobre a língua, entendemos que ela desempenha funções que são externas ao sistema linguístico em si e que essas mesmas funções externas acabam por influenciar a própria organização interna do sistema linguístico. Esse novo paradigma pressupõe a presença de elementos dinâmico-acionais-influenciadores, quais sejam: o sujeito que fala ou escreve, o sujeito que ouve ou lê, as especificidades culturais desses sujeitos, os contextos de produção e da recepção dos textos, por exemplo. Desse modo, a língua não constitui apenas um conhecimento estrutural autônomo por si só, independente do comportamento social, mas reflete uma adaptação, pelo falante, às diferentes situações comunicativas".
► O modelo de língua acima exposto diz respeito a qual paradigma?
	
	
	
	Genérico-Discursivo
	
	
	Interacional
	
	
	Lexical
	
	
	Estruturalista
	
	
	Cognitivo
	
Explicação:
Nesse novo olhar sobre a língua, entendemos que ela desempenha funções que são externas ao sistema linguístico em si e que essas mesmas funções externas acabam por influenciar a própria organização interna do sistema linguístico. Se temos em mente a ideia de interação, pressupõe-se a presença de elementos dinâmico-acionais-influenciadores, quais sejam: o sujeito que fala ou escreve, o sujeito que ouve ou lê, as especificidades culturais desses sujeitos, os contextos de produção e da recepção dos textos, por exemplo. Desse modo, a língua não constitui apenas um conhecimento estrutural autônomo por si só, independente do comportamento social, mas reflete uma adaptação, pelo falante, às diferentes situações comunicativas: conceber a língua como interação social significa entender que as estruturas sintáticas, as palavras e a pronúncia veiculam valores; além disso, significa considerar também que os usuários da língua travam relações de poder nos seus encontros sociolinguísticos, o que os obriga a fazer escolhas temáticas, sintáticas e lexicais apropriadas a esses encontros (ou seja, devem ter seus radares de language awareness muito bem sintonizados).
	
	
		Leia o texto a seguir:
"Em meio à fermentação política após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e, devido às novas demandas educacionais fomentadas pela reconfiguração social e da nova perspectiva do mercado de trabalho mundial (desenham-se os primeiros rascunhos de uma perspectiva de mundo globalizado), começam a ficam ficar evidentes os pontos fracos da proposta metodológica audiolingualista: os modelos de diálogos situacionais não conseguem prever a dinamicidade dos atos comunicativos, a variabilidade de possibilidades de articulação dos elementos linguísticos e a influência de itens interculturais no jogo discursivo. Ou seja: muito mais do que saber como as regras gramaticais do sistema linguístico são articuladas, torna-se primordial saber adequá-las a cada evento comunicativo. Outrossim, os avanços investigativos no campo da linguística, especialmente graças às contribuições do norte-americano Noam Chomsky, exigem uma reorganização em vários conceitos teórico-metodológicos que até então eram vistos como ideais. Nesse sentido, o Método Silencioso representa uma das primeiras tentativas de ajuste ao que vinha sendo praticado dentro do universo do Método Audiolingual."
► Dentre as técnicas aplicada em sala de aula pelos proponentes do Método Silencioso, podemos incluir as seguintes, EXCETO:
	
	
	
	Correção feita em pares
	
	
	Uso de gestos para facilitar a compreensão
	
	
	Uso de fichas coloridas associadas a sons ou palavras
	
	
	Maximização do tempo de fala do professor
	
	
	Autocorreção
	
Explicação:
A tese basilar do Método Silencioso está em minimizar o tempo de fala do professor e maximizar o tempo de fala dos alunos em cada uma das aulas.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Leia o texto a seguir:
"Com base na obra clássica de Jack C. Richards e Theodore Rodgers*, Oliveira (2010, p.107-110)** oferece uma análise dos princípios e crenças que sustentam o Método Silencioso, quais sejam:
I) A aprendizagem é facilitada se o aprendiz descobre ou cria em vez de lembrar-se e repetir o que é para ser aprendido;
II) A aprendizagem é facilitada quando é mediada por objetos físicos;
III) A aprendizagem é facilitada pela resolução de problemas envolvendo o material a ser aprendido.
* RICHARDS, Jack C.; RODGERS, Theodore S. Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: CUP, 1996. 
**OLIVEIRA, Luciano Amaral. Métodos de ensino de inglês. São Paulo: Parábola, 2014.
► Tendo em vista os princípios e crenças acima, qual/quais dele(s) justifica(m) a seguinte explicação?
"A subordinação do ensino à aprendizagem é vital, desde que promova o deslocamento do foco do professor para o aprendiz, representando as aulas centradas no estudante".
 
	
	
	
	Apenas o item II
	
	
	Apenas o item III
	
	
	Apenas o item I
	
	
	I, II e III
	
	
	Apenas I e II
	
Explicação:
O terceiro item da lista de princípios e crenças encontra-se relacionado à questão da subordinação do ensino à aprendizagem, promovendo o deslocamento do foco do professor para o aprendiz, representando as aulas centradasno estudante. Esse princípio está diretamente ligado à ideia de silenciamento do professor durantes as aulas.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Why did the Grammar Translation method start to decline?
	
	
	
	Because in the nineteenth century people did not see any reason for studying foreign languages.
	
	
	Because learners were more concerned with the oral communication of language.
	
	
	Because the method emphasized grammar.
 
 
 
	
	
	Because learners felt it was very hard to learn a foreign language.
	
	
	Since there was no theory to support this method and also due to different social demands that were beginning to emerge in the nineteenth century, the Grammar translation method started to decline.
	
Explicação:
Dealing with a method with no theory to support it must have been a hard task. Social demands typical of the nineteenth century also contributed for the decline of this method.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		The teacher tells a story about animals. Children make animal noises every time they hear the name of the animal. This is an example of
	
	
	
	Suggestopedia
	
	
	Total Physical Response
	
	
	Grammar Translation
	
	
	Communicative Language Teaching
	
	
	Reading Approach
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		The teacher tests Students on the English meaning for a set of words in their mother tongue. This is an example of
	
	
	
	Direct Method
	
	
	Audio Lingual
	
	
	Natural Approach
	
	
	Grammar Translation
 
	
	
	Oral Approach
	
Explicação:
Grammar Translation
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		What do methods seem to be based on?
	
	
	
	They seem to follow the criteria which is in fashion at the moment it is created.
	
	
	They seem to be based on the teacher's goal of language study and their preferences as far as techniques are concerned.
	
	
	Methods are based on the teacher's needs and his/her commitment  and on the fact that we all need to communicate. Nowadays with the advent of internet, people need to speak good English.
 
	
	
	Methods seem to have to do with the researcher's own experience and personal opinions.
	
	
	Methods seem to be based on very different views of what language is and how a language is learned.
	
Explicação:
Methods appear to be based on very different views of what language is and how a language is learned. Some methods recommend apparently strange and unfamiliar classroom techniques and practices; others are described in books that are hard to locate, obscurely written, and difficult to understand. Above all, the practitioner is often bewildered by the lack of any comprehensive theory of what an approach and method are.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Leia o texto a seguir:
     "O ensino de línguas estrangeiras mediado pelo uso do Método Audiolingual atingiu seu ápice no final dos anos 50. Após duas décadas de êxito e fama internacionais, um conjunto de fatores histórico-sociais ganha corpo em todo o mundo. O mundo assim polarizado exige um reposicionamento socioeconômico e cultural: o avanço crescente da proposta capitalista agora demanda mão de obra qualificada, promovendo um novo e inevitável surto migratório. No lado oriental, populações inteiras tentam escapar da cortina de ferro criada pelo bloco socialista, buscando os países do ocidente como tábua de salvação para o caos econômico, social e político que começava a se desenhar dentro desses países que adotavam uma proposta de governo totalitário. O apogeu da polarização político-econômica configura-se com a sistematização de um conflito ideológico não armado, através do qual as duas superpotências supracitadas - Estados Unidos e União Soviética - buscam conquistar países simpatizantes às suas propostas em cada parte do globo: são os anos da Guerra Fria.
     Em meio a essa fermentação política e, devido às novas demandas educacionais fomentadas pela reconfiguração social e da nova perspectiva do mercado de trabalho mundial (desenham-se os primeiros rascunhos de uma perspectiva de mundo globalizado), começam a ficam ficar evidentes os pontos fracos da proposta metodológica audiolingualista".
► Com base no acima exposto e, tendo-se em mente os fundamentos teóricos do Método Audiolingual, a década de 60 figura como um marco para:
	
	
	
	O ressurgimento e revalorização do Método de Gramática e Tradução
	
	
	A revitalização da teoria linguística de cunho estruturalista
	
	
	A total reformulação do Método Audiolingual
	
	
	O enfoque cada vez maior da perspectiva behaviorista de aprendizagem
	
	
	O surgimento de um conjunto de métodos de perpectiva holística, embasados em fontes humanistas
	
Explicação:
A partir da década de 60, começam a ficam ficar evidentes os pontos fracos da proposta metodológica audiolingualista: os modelos de diálogos situacionais não conseguem prever a dinamicidade dos atos comunicativos, a variabilidade de possibilidades de articulação dos elementos linguísticos e a influência de itens interculturais no jogo discursivo. Ou seja: muito mais do que saber como as regras gramaticais do sistema linguístico são articuladas, torna-se primordial saber adequá-las a cada evento comunicativo. Um dos itens de grande reestruturação diz respeito as papéis de professores e alunos no ambiente de sala de aula, graças à visão humanista que começa a ganhar força na época.