Take Action! (158)

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LANGUAGE ANALYSIS
 1 Read the following extract from Read on and choose the best alternative to complete each 
sentence. Write the answers in your notebook.
Since Perrograff started the Graf� tour three years ago, it has brought hundreds of visitors 
to the once-neglected streets of Comuna 13.
A This text was published in 2015, so Perrograff started Graffi tour .
• in 2012 X • in 2016
B The pronoun it in the sentence refers to .
• Perrograff • Graffi tour X
C Because of Graffi tour, now .
• people neglect the streets of Comuna 13 • people visit the streets of Comuna 13 X
 2 Read the sentence in activity 1 again and classify the sentences as T (true) or F (false) in your 
notebook.
A Graffi tour started in the past and there is a time reference about it in the sentence. T
B The streets of Comuna 13 are visited now because of the effect of an action that happened 
in the past: the creation of Graffi tour. T
C There are no time references about the beginning of Graffi tour. F
D The effects of creating Graffi tour are restricted to when it was created. F
E The impacts of creating Graffi tour are still going on, as people still take the tour. T
 3 Read the sentence below, also from the text in Read on. Then answer the questions in your 
notebook.
Grassroots efforts like the Graf� tour have been a vital part of Medellín’s transformation
A Are there other initiatives to transform Medellín?
B Did Medellín fi nish this transformation process or is it a continuous process?
Yes, there are.
It is a continuous process.
Botero Square, Medellín 
(Colombia), 2012.
Anthony John Coletti/Getty Images
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 4 Read the sentences from Listen up! and Read on. Match them to the items in 
your notebook.
I Copenhagen’s transformation hasn’t been easy.
II Since Perrograff started the Graffi tour three years ago, it has brought hundreds of visitors 
to the once-neglected streets of Comuna 13.
III Grassroots efforts like the Graffi tour have been a vital part of Medellín’s transformation.
A They are affi rmative statements. II and III.
B It is a negative statement. I
C The subject of the sentence is in the third person singular. I and II.
D The subject of the sentence is in the third person plural.
E There is a form of the verb have in the sentence, but it doesn’t indicate possession. 
 5 Pay attention to the use of the verb have in the statements in activity 4 and write the base 
form of the verbs after have in your notebook.
A Be, bring, be. X B Be, bring, go.
 6 What is common to all three statements in activity 4? Answer in your notebook.
A They are all in the Simple Past Tense. They describe actions that started in a specifi c time 
in the past and that fi nished in the past.
B They all refer to something that happened or started in the past and still have effects or 
consequences from them in the present. So, they are all in the Present Perfect Tense. X
 7 Read and choose the correct option to complete the text from the box, then write the missing 
examples. Use your notebook.
III
I, II and III.
Past; present; auxiliary.
THE PRESENT PERFECT
The Present Perfect is used to talk about situations from the past / future that still 
have an effect or consequences occurring in the past / present. The verb have is an 
auxiliary / main verb in the Present Perfect Tense.
The Present Perfect is formed with:
Subject + have/has + verb in the past participle + complement.
Examples: It has brought hundreds of visitors.
• 
The negative form of the Present Perfect is formed with:
Subject + have/has + not + verb in the past participle + complement.
Examples: Copenhagen transformation has not (hasn’t) been easy.
• 
The interrogative form of the Present Perfect is formed with:
Have/has + subject + verb in the past participle + complement?
Examples: Has Copenhagen transformation been easy?
• Have grassroots efforts like the Graffi tour been a vital part of Medellín’s transformation?
• Has Copenhagen transformation been easy?
• Has it brought hundreds of visitors?
• Have grassroots efforts like the Graffi tour been a vital part of Medellín’s transformation?
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