Explain the following concepts: innovation, conceptual and theoretical evolution of the relationship between science, technology and innovation, ty...
Explain the following concepts: innovation, conceptual and theoretical evolution of the relationship between science, technology and innovation, types of innovation and applications.
RAM: In the mid-1960s, American engineer Robert H. Dennard (Carnegie Mellon University, IBM) invented dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). The Intel 1103, released in 1970, was the first DRAM chip to be commercialized.
Flash memory: Flash memory used for data storage was invented in the 1980s by Japanese Fujio Masuoka (Tohoku University, Japan), an engineer at Toshiba. Decades later, the technology would be popularized in solid-state drives (SSDs), memory cards, and USB flash drives.
Lithium-ion battery: British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham (University of Oxford, Exxon Research & Engineering Company) invented the lithium battery in the 1970s. In the following decade, research by scientists such as Moroccan Rachid Yazami (Grenoble INP - France), John Goodenough (Yale University, University of Chicago - USA) and Akira Yoshino (University of Lioto - Japan) led to the development of the lithium-ion battery, now popular in portable electronics and electric vehicles.
Bluetooth: In the mid-1990s, the Swedish company Ericsson began working on a radio technology for wireless communication between devices. In 1998, it joined IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba to found the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which would soon gain thousands of members and, the following year, release the first version of Bluetooth.
Wi-Fi: In the late 1960s, researchers at the University of Hawaii, led by Norman Abramson, began working on the pioneering Aloha wireless network system, which first went into operation in 1971. In 1988, NCR launched the WaveLAN wireless network technology, which in the 1990s would be renamed Wi-Fi. Vic Hayes (Delft University of Technology - Netherlands) is called by some the 'father of Wi-Fi'.
Digital camera: In 1975, American Steven Sasson (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), an engineer at Kodak, invented the first portable digital camera. In 1999, the Japanese company Kyocera launched the VP-210 Visual Phone, the first mobile phone with a built-in camera.
GPS: Originally developed for military use, the global positioning system was launched by the US Department of Defense in 1973 and began to be used for civilian purposes in the 1990s. The Benefon Esc!, launched in 1999, was the first mobile phone with GPS navigation.
Operating system: In the 1950s, General Motors began producing operating systems for use in its computers, manufactured by IBM. The Atlas computer, developed by the University of Manchester with Plessey and Ferranti companies,
RAM: In the mid-1960s, American engineer Robert H. Dennard (Carnegie Mellon University, IBM) invented dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). The Intel 1103, released in 1970, was the first DRAM chip to be commercialized.
Flash memory: Flash memory used for data storage was invented in the 1980s by Japanese Fujio Masuoka (Tohoku University, Japan), an engineer at Toshiba. Decades later, the technology would be popularized in solid-state drives (SSDs), memory cards, and USB flash drives.
Lithium-ion battery: British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham (University of Oxford, Exxon Research & Engineering Company) invented the lithium battery in the 1970s. In the following decade, research by scientists such as Moroccan Rachid Yazami (Grenoble INP - France), John Goodenough (Yale University, University of Chicago - USA) and Akira Yoshino (University of Lioto - Japan) led to the development of the lithium-ion battery, now popular in portable electronics and electric vehicles.
Bluetooth: In the mid-1990s, the Swedish company Ericsson began working on a radio technology for wireless communication between devices. In 1998, it joined IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba to found the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which would soon gain thousands of members and, the following year, release the first version of Bluetooth.
Wi-Fi: In the late 1960s, researchers at the University of Hawaii, led by Norman Abramson, began working on the pioneering Aloha wireless network system, which first went into operation in 1971. In 1988, NCR launched the WaveLAN wireless network technology, which in the 1990s would be renamed Wi-Fi. Vic Hayes (Delft University of Technology - Netherlands) is called by some the 'father of Wi-Fi'.
Digital camera: In 1975, American Steven Sasson (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), an engineer at Kodak, invented the first portable digital camera. In 1999, the Japanese company Kyocera launched the VP-210 Visual Phone, the first mobile phone with a built-in camera.
GPS: Originally developed for military use, the global positioning system was launched by the US Department of Defense in 1973 and began to be used for civilian purposes in the 1990s. The Benefon Esc!, launched in 1999, was the first mobile phone with GPS navigation.
Operating system: In the 1950s, General Motors began producing operating systems for use in its computers, manufactured by IBM. The Atlas computer, developed by the University of Manchester with Plessey and Ferranti companies,
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Ed 
Inovação é a criação de algo novo ou aprimoramento de algo já existente, que traz benefícios para a sociedade. A evolução conceitual e teórica da relação entre ciência, tecnologia e inovação se refere à compreensão de como esses três elementos se relacionam e se influenciam mutuamente. A ciência é a base para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, que por sua vez podem gerar inovações. Existem diferentes tipos de inovação, como a inovação de produto, processo, marketing e organizacional, que se referem a diferentes aspectos do negócio. As aplicações da inovação são diversas e podem ser encontradas em diferentes setores, como saúde, energia, transporte, entre outros.
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