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LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Lesson 7 – SILENT LETTERS
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
a) Study the cases of silent letters;
b) Study some dialectical phenomena – H-dropping accents, linking R, intrusive R, rhotic and non-rhotic accents.
 
 
 
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
SILENT LETTERS
Silent letters are those which do not represent any element; and they must not be sounded in the pronunciation of the words in which they occur.
There are two kinds of silent letters:
Auxiliary letters
Dummy letters
inert letters
empty letters
 
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
SILENT LETTERS
 
Auxiliary letters – in the digraphs: (see lesson 3)
CH – chin			BB - clubbed
SS - miss			EA - teach
EE – free			EY - key)
IE - piece			OA - road 
Dummy letters have no relation to neighboring letters and no correspondence in pronunciation: 
inert letters - in a cognate word: 
e.g. ⟨n⟩ in damn (cf. damnation)
empty letters which never have a sound
e.g. ⟨w⟩ in answer		⟨h⟩ in Sarah
⟨s⟩ in island			⟨b⟩ in subtle
⟨t⟩ in ballet
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
B is not pronounced when following M at the end of a word.
bomB
dumB
G before N
Gnome
K before N
Know
 
GH – before T
fiGHt
niGHt
LET’S ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING CASES
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
LET’S ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING CASES
L – before F, M,K, D.
haLf		caLm
foLk		wouLd
 
P - at the beginning of many words using the suffix "psych" and "pneu". 
Psychology		Pneumonia
 
U –before after G and before a vowel.
gUess		gUitar
 
H – after W
wHere
wHen
wHy
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
WHY DOES IT HAPPEN?
The magic -E helps to show long vowels 
kitE
dudE
banE
hopE
 
The final <fe> in giraffe gives a clue to the second-syllable stress, where 'giraf' might suggest initial-stress. 
Historical reasons: Knee, parlIament, iSland
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
LET’S PRONOUNCE
Salmon (L)
Aisle (S) 
Colonel (O) AE =/kornƏl/ BE = /konƏl/
Isthmus (TH)
 
ATTENTION: -D
handkerchief
sandwich
Wednesday
grandson
handsome
landscape
Windsor
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
H DROPPING ACCENT
H dropping is a linguistic term used to describe the omission of initial /h/ in words like in many British regions and in many dialects of English, such as Cockney and Estuary English (see lesson 1)
(h)ouse
(h)eat
(h)angover 
(h)ere
(h)ave
(h)im
(h)air 
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
LINKING R AND INTRUSIVE R
 LINKING R
In non-rhotic accents may be pronounced with [r] when they are closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound.
“her overactive dog”
 
INTRUSIVE R
When a word end in a non-stressed vowel, and this word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an [r] is inserted between them. The phrase tuna oil would be pronounced [‘tju:nər ɔ il]. 
 
Other recognizable examples are the Beatles singing: "I saw-r-a film today, oh boy" in the song "A Day in the Life", from their 1967 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, or at the Sanctus in the Catholic Mass: "Hosanna-r-in the highest". 
NOTE: The [r] is inserted to prevent two consecutive vowel sounds. 
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
RHOTIC AND NON-RHOTIC ACCENTS
 
Generally, accents can be grouped into what is called RHOTIC or NON-RHOTIC. 
 
A RHOTIC accent will say every /r/ that is written. 
Rebecca ran quickly through the flowers and around the river to catch Rover, her overactive dog.
 
NON-RHOTIC speakers say the /r/ sound ONLY if it is followed by a vowel sound.  
Rebecca Ran quickly thRough the flowers and aRound the River to catch Rover, heR oveRactive dog.
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
RHOTIC ACCENTS
 
Most varieties of American English (except for central and southern Alabama, Savannah, Georgia, and Norfolk, Virginia, parts of New England, especially Boston, as well as New York City and surrounding areas)
Barbados
Scotland 
Most of Ireland
Canada (except for small isolated areas in southwestern New Brunswick, parts of Newfoundland, and Lunenburg and Shelburne Counties, Nova Scotia)
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
Most accents of England
Most of New Zealand
Australia
South Africa
Most of the Caribbean
Wales
Hong Kong
Singapore
 
Practice Sentences (CAPITAL – PRONOUNCED / UNDERLINED – NOT PRONOUNCED)
Gordon and MaRy Really like RaspbeRRies with Rocky-Road ice-cReam.
The River Runs thRough the gReen valley under the dark blue skies.
CoveR your supper Rosy, your father worked hard to make it.
 
NON-RHOTIC ACCENTS 
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
What word has a silent letter?
a) comfort
b) man
c) net
d) select
e) talk
Considering a non-rhotic dialect what words have silent letters?
 
Lesson 7– Silent Letters 
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
a) Study the cases of silent letters;
b) Study some dialectical phenomena – H-dropping accents, linking R, intrusive R, rhotic and non-rhotic accents.