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LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Lesson 8 – STRESS AND INTONATION
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
a) Stress (propriety that a vowel or a syllable has to be said with a higher or a lower intensity), its occurrences and manifestations.
 
b) Intonation (cadence that the speech assumes emphasizing the aim of the speaker while carrying out the communicative process), its occurrences and manifestations.
 
 
 
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS
Stress is the relative force with which a sound or syllable is spoken. The emphasis placed on the sound or syllable spoken most forcefully in a word or phrase. 
There are a couple of rules to know what the stressed syllable is. 
Let’s have a look at them.  
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS – GENERAL CASES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS – GENERAL CASES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
1. ENDINGS ANE, ENE, INE, IDE, ITE, OID, OSE, ULE E UTE
STRESS – GENERAL CASES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
2. ENDINGS AL, AR, ANT, ENT, ANCE, ENCE, IS, ON, OUS, UM, - NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
3. When there are two like consonant letters within a word, the syllable before the double consonants is usually accented. Examples: beGINner, LETter. 
STRESS – GENERAL CASES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
4. VERBS IN -ATE
Verbs with 2 syllables = stress the syllable before the last 
STAte	- INflate
 
Verbs with more than 2 syllables = stress two syllables before the last 
OPerate		DESignate		LIberate		
If the word is a homograph (there is the same form for the adjective, noun and verb) the stress does not change, but the pronunciation does.
Adjective or noun (ate=It) 	verb ( ate= ei)
 ádvocate(kIt) ADVOCATE 	ádvocate (keit)
ággregate(gIt)		 AGGREGATE		ággregate (geit)
álternate(nIt) 	 ALTERNATE	 	álternate(neit)	
 
STRESS – GENERAL CASES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
5. HOMOGRAPHS - Nouns are stressed on the FIRST syllable and verbs on the SECOND one. 
 Verbs				Nouns	
cónflict (controversy)		conflíct (to clash)
cóntent(subject, matter)	contént (to satisfy)
cóntes 	(competition)		contést (to dispute or challenge)	
 6. In general, when a SUFFIX is added to a word, the new form is stressed on the same syllable as was the basic word: aBANdon aBANdonment - HAPpy HAPpiness 
 
Exceptions: the words ending in -TION, -SION, -IC, -ICAL, -ITY, and -GRAPHY - they receive the accent in the syllable preceding the suffix. (following the rules of the suffix)
conTRIbute contriBUtion - biOlogy bioLOgical 
STRESS – GENERAL CASES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
SPECIAL ATTENTION
When there are two like consonant letters within a word, the syllable before the double consonants is usually accented. 
COLleague
 
The syllable before the last is heavy (a heavy syllable is the one that ends in a consonant) - this is the stressed)
con-DOL-ence
 
Most 2-syllable nouns - second syllable
DE-tail (BE) – long sound
det-AIL (AE) – short sound
STRESS – GENERAL CASES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS – COMPOUND WORDS
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS – COMPOUND WORDS
NOTE:* If the "unstressed" part of the noun+noun compound is more than one syllable, it will have some word stress.  However, the first part of the compound will get even more stress. Example: AIR conDITioner (conditioner has a stressed syllable, but not so strong as AIR)
 
** If the phrasal verbs have a noun counterpart, however, it gets the stress on the first part. 
E.g.: to TURN off X a turnoff (a deflection, a deviation)
 
 
NOTE: TELEVISION
Words ending in -sion – second syllable - teleVIsion
For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part - TELEvision
Oxford Advanced Dictionary: TELEvision
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
DON’T CONFUSE COMPOUND NOUN AND PHRASES
A - I was born in that GREEN HOUSE.
B - We grow tomatoes in that GREENHOUSE.
 
In letter A it means “a house which is green”. It is a PHRASE. The main stress in on the last element.
I was born in that GREEN HOUSE.
 
In letter B it means “a place for growing plants”. It is a COMPOUND NOUN. The main stress is on the first element.
We grow tomatoes in that GREENHOUSE.
 
NOTE 2: Place names, such as Oxford Circus, Waterloo Bridge, Paddington Station, Lexington Avenue, New York etc. are usually PHRASES. 
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
DON’T CONFUSE COMPOUND NOUN AND PHRASES
 EXAMPLE
Would you prefer to visit the White House or Buckingham Palace?
White House = Compound noun (stressed word – White)
Buckingham Palace? = Phrase (stressed word – palace)
 
We live in Cambridge Avenue, which is just off the High Street.
Cambridge Avenue = Phrase (stressed word – avenue)
High Street = Compound noun (stressed word – high)
 
They own a cotton factory and several steel mills in South America.
cotton factory = Compound noun (stressed word – cotton)
steel mills = Compound noun (stressed word – steel)
South America = Phrase (stressed word – America)
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS WITHIN THE SENTENCE (CONTENT AND FUNCTION WORDS)
The words are divided into two classes:
CONTENT WORDS - Words which have meaning in themselves.
FUNCTION WORDS - words which have little or no meaning other than the grammatical idea they express.
 
CONTENT WORDS are stressed, but FUNCTION WORDS are left unstressed.
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS WITHIN THE SENTENCE (CONTENT AND FUNCTION WORDS)
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS WITHIN THE SENTENCE (CONTENT AND FUNCTION WORDS)
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
STRESS WITHIN THE SENTENCE (CONTENT AND FUNCTION WORDS)
 Note: The same lexical word can function as either content or function word depending on it's function in an utterance. "I have come to see you" 
"have" is a function word (auxiliary verb) - UNSTRESSED
"I have three apples" - "have" is a content word (full verb) - STRESSED
 
"One has one's principles" 	
"one" is a function word (pronoun) - UNSTRESSED
"I have one apple" 
"one" is a content word (numeral) - STRESSED
 
"I have no more money" 
"no" is a function word (a negative particle) - UNSTRESSED
"No. I am not coming" 
"no" is a content word (Yes/No answer) - STRESSED
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
In any clause there is only one tonic syllable - tonic syllable, notice, not stressed syllable.
A tonic syllable is not just stressed. It also involves a change of intonation to emphasize the intention of the speaker: a) "I'm not going": meaning [1] = Not "ME", but perhaps "YOU", "SHE" or "HE".
"I'm not going": meaning [2] = I reFUSE to go.
"I'm not going": meaning [3] = I'm not GOing... I'm COMing BACK!
 b) I'm going to London for a holiday [so don't try to stop me]. I'm going to London for a holiday [not Paris]. 
 
STRESS SYLLABLE x TONIC SYLLABLE
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
NOTE: If no stressed syllable in a tone group is more important than any other, then the tonic syllable is found in the last stressed word.
I’m going to town to buy some fruit and vegetables.
 
The underlined syllables are the stressed, considering the content words. In the last word “vegetables”, the syllable VEG is both the stressed and the tonic syllable.
 
STRESS SYLLABLE x TONIC SYLLABLE
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 Intonation
is the tune of what you say. More specifically, it is the combination of musical tones on which we pronounce the syllables that make up our speech. 
 
PHRASES ENDING WITH A FALLING PITCH
1. Declarative statements. 
Examples: Linda is my sister . 
He is not going . 
 
2. Questions that require more than YES/NO response (such question words include who, what, why, where, which, how)begin with an interrogative word (question words).
Examples: What’s this? (It’s a book.)
 Where is my book? (It’s here.)
 
 
INTONATION OR PITCH
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
PHRASES ENDING WITH A RISING PITCH
1. Questions that ask for a Yes /No response (such questions include can, do, will, would, may, is, etc.) 
Examples: Will you stay (No, I can’t.) 				
	Can you help me? Has he written you? 
 
2. Statements that express doubt or uncertainty
Examples:	I’m not positive. I think he’s coming.
 
3. Commands
Show me your finger.
Pay attention to your teacher.
INTONATION OR PITCH
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
INTONATION IN SENTENCES WITH TWO OR MORE PHRASES
1. Declarative sentences with two or more phrases
2. Questions presenting two or more choices
Keep your voice level – before the connecting word and lower it at the end. 
Examples: I must buy coffee, tea, and milk. 
Would you like cake, or pie?
 
3. YES/NO questions with two or more phrases
Keep your voice level before the connecting word, and use a rising pitch at the end of your question.
Example: Will you come if I drive you?
 
4. Embedded wh- questions – rising pitch
He wants to know how far it is to Boston. / I’m not sure what the professor’s name is.
INTONATION OR PITCH
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
TAG QUESTIONS INTONATION
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 1. Where is the stress?
In the words UNDER-STAND, CRIT-I-CAL, OLD-FASH-IONED, what are the stressed syllables?
a) under, crit, fash
b) stand, crit, fash
c) stand, crit, old
d) under, crit, old
e) stand, cal, fash
 
UNDERSTAND - For compound verbs, the stress is on the second part
CRITICAL - The syllable before the last is light (a light syllable is the one that ends in a vowel) - the stress is two syllables before the last) 
CRIT- I – CAL or CRI – TI- CAL 
OLD-FASHIONED - For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part
EXAMPLES
Lesson 8 – Stress and Intonation
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
a) Stress (propriety that a vowel or a syllable has to be said with a higher or a lower intensity), its occurrences and manifestations.
 
b) Intonation (cadence that the speech assumes emphasizing the aim of the speaker while carrying out the communicative process), its occurrences and manifestations.