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LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Lesson 9 – PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH PHONOLOGY
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
The concepts of restricted phonemes, allophones and minimal pairs.
The difference between homonym (homophones and homographs = heteronym), capitonyms and polysemes.
The phonological differences between British and American Accents.
 
 
 
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 RESTRICTED PHONEMES
A restricted phoneme is a phoneme that can only occur in a certain environment: There are restrictions as to where it can occur. English has several restricted phonemes:
/ŋ/, as in sing, occurs only at the end of a syllable, never at the beginning;
/h/ occurs only before vowels and at the beginning of a syllable, never at the end;
In non-rhotic dialects, /r/ can only occur before a vowel, never at the end of a word or before a consonant.
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
In phonology, an allophone is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. For example, [pʰ] (as in pin) and [p] (as in spin) are allophones for the phoneme /p/ in the English language.
[p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/. 
[t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. 
 
The aspiration of the English /p/, /t/ and /k/, when occurring word-initially or at the beginning of stressed syllables, has no equivalent in Portuguese. 
pig [phIg] if pronounced as [pIg], without aspiration, could be perceived as big
tin [thIn] if pronounced as [tIn], without aspiration, could be perceived as din 
kit [khIt] if pronounced as [kIt], without aspiration, could be perceived as git
 
ALLOPHONES
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Do these words have different meanings, or are they variations of a word:
sue - zoo
pay - bay
belief - believe
toy - boy
These are minimal pairs - two words that are identical in every way except for one sound. That one sound creates a whole new word. Here are four golden rules for minimal pairs:
they must have the same number of sounds 
they must be identical in every sound except for one 
the sound that is different must be in the same position in each word 
the words must have different meanings 
MINIMAL PAIRS
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
HOMONYM
TRUE HOMONYM - the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings.
 
An example of a homonym is fluke. Fluke can mean:
A fish, and a flatworm. (O.E. floc "flatfish," related to O.N. floke "flatfish," flak "disk, floe")
The end parts of an anchor. (Low Ger. flügel "wing.")
A stroke of luck. (uncertain origin)
All three are separate lexemes with separate etymologies, but share the one form, fluke.
 
Other examples:
rose (flower) and rose (past tense of rise). 
stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (follow/harass a person) 
 
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
HOMOPHONES AND HOMOGRAPHS
HOMOPHONES = same sound, different spelling 
to, too, two
there, their, they’re
To read (to peruse) and reed (waterside plant)
 
HOMOGRAPHS = different sound, same spelling (Also called in English HETERONYM)
row (to argue or an argument) 
row (as in to row a boat or a row of seats - a pair of homophones).
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
A HETERONYM (HOMOGRAPH) CAN BE THE RESULT OF
NOUN - NOUN
bow /baw/(the front of a ship) and bow /bow/ (a type of knot).
VERB – NOUN
INTIMATE: Ron tried to intimate (ei) that Liz had an intimate (i)relationship with Ben. 
CONSOLE: I tried to conSOLE the controller as he stood at his CONsole. 
CONTEST: To conTEST the issue they held a CONtest. 
EXCUSE: Please excuse (Z SOUND) me while I think of an excuse (S SOUND). 
REFUSE: The city dump was so full, they had to refUSE (Z SOUND) to accept more REFuse (S SOUND). 
ABUSE: When people abuse (Z SOUND) drugs this is called drug abuse (S SOUND). 
USE: Please put my typewriter to use (S SOUND) because I never use it (Z SOUND). 
 
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
VERB – ADJECTIVE
CONTENT: John was CONtent that the conTENT of the box was undamaged. 
ABSENT: The boy was ABsent because he chose to abSENT from school 
PERFECT: The overture took years to perFECT, but eventually it was PERfect. 
ALTERNATE: They alternate (ei) between using the alternate (i) machine and the main one. 
DESOLATE: Extreme weather may desolate (ei) a place making it a desolate (i) place. 
SEPARATE: I want you to separate (ei) the cards into two separate (i) piles. 
A HETERONYM (HOMOGRAPH) CAN BE THE RESULT OF
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
DIFFERENCES IN PRONUNCIATION
WORDS IN ATE - If the word is a homograph (there is the same form for the adjective, noun and verb) the stress does not change, but the pronunciation does. 
ADJECTIVE OR NOUN (ate=It) VERB ( ate= ei)
 
WORDS WITH –S: The words differ by the pronunciation of the s. In one form (the verb) it is voiced like zzz, and in the other (the noun) it is voiceless like sss. More of these you will find: close, diffuse	
 
NOUN- VERB
NOUN - stressed on the first syllable. X VERB - stressed on the second.
 
ADJECTIVE - VERB
ADJECTIVE - stressed on the first syllable. X VERB - stressed on the second.
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
CAPITONYMS are words that share the same spelling but have different meanings when capitalized (and may or may not have different pronunciations). 
AUGUST: Eighth calendar month; august: Important. 
JOB: Author of a Biblical book; job: Employment. 
POLISH: Relating to Poland; polish: To make shine. 
SAID: Egyptian port; said: Spoken. 
TANG: Chinese dynasty; tang: Sharp Flavour. 
 
 
CAPITONYMS
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
POLYSEME = same sound, same spelling, different meaning
So, what’s the difference between homonym and polyseme?
 
HOMONYM = unrelated in origin (they have different origins, they come from different languages, or different words from the same language)
Skate (glide on ice) [From Dutch schaats, stilt, skate (taken as pl.), from Middle Dutch schaetse, from Old North French escache, stilt, perhaps of Germanic origin.]
Skate(a kind of fish) [From Middle English scate, from Old Norse skata.]
 
POLYSEME = related origin (they have the same origins, they come from the same language or the same word from the same language)
mouth (of a river) and mouth (of an animal). [From Old English mūth.]
POLYSEME
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Bank
The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from Old Italian banca, from Old High German banc, bank "bench, counter".
a financial institution
the building where a financial institution offers services
However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning. 
Probably in O.E. but not attested in surviving documents, from a Scandinavian source such as O.N. banki, O.Dan. banke "sandbank," from P.Gmc. *bangkon "slope," cognate with *bankiz "shelf.
 
POLYSEME
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
To check the etymology of the words:
http://etymonline.com
 
To see a list of polysemes, go to: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_polysemes
 
To see a list of homonyms and homophones, go to:
http://www.firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/other/homonyms/homonyms.htm
http://www.esldesk.com/common-errors-english
 
 
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
"England  and America are two countries separated by a common
language." (George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer - 1856-1950)
Differences in Pronunciation 
In British English, many vowels have different sounds. 
Stressed vowels are usually longer in American English. In packet, for example, the "a" is longer. 
In British English, the "a" in words like can't, class and fast is pronounced at the back of the mouth whereas in America English it's pronounced at the front of the mouth.
 
BRITISH X AMERICAN ENGLISH
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 "England  and America are two countries separated by a common language." (George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer - 1856-1950)
Differences in Pronunciation 
In British English the consonant /r/ is pronounced only before a vowel (for example in red and  bedroom). In all other cases the /r/ is silent, sounding more similar to the sound "ah" (for example in  car, learn, over). X In American English the /r/ is always pronounced wherever it appears in word.
In American English the "t" between vowels is pronounced as a soft "d" (/d/), so that writer and rider sound similar. British English speakers usually pronounce the "t" as /t/.
The pot is hot - In British English, the "o" in words like pot and hot is pronounced by rounding lips.
 
BRITISH X AMERICAN ENGLISH
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
1. Which word has the stress on the first syllable in American accent?
a) harass (BA – 1; AE – 2)
b) caffeine (BA – 1; AE – 2)
c) address (BA – 2; AE – 1)
d) transference (BA – 1; AE – 2)
e) subaltern (BA – 1; AE – 2)
 
2. Which word has the stress on the second syllable in British accent?
a) guru (BA – 2; AE – 1)
b) patina (BA – 1; AE – 2)
c) omega (BA – 1; AE – 2)
d) kilometer (BA – 1; AE – 2)
e) cannot (BA – 1; AE – 2)
 
LET’S PRACTICE
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
 
3. Which word has the stress on the second syllable in British accent?
a) adult (BA – 1; AE – 2)
b) ballet (BA – 1; AE – 2)
c) garage (BA – 1; AE – 2)
d) chalet (BA – 1; AE – 2)
e) liaison (BA – 2; AE – 1)
 
To see the pronunciation of these words: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_pronunciation_differences
 
LET’S PRACTICE
Lesson 9 – Peculiarities of English Phonology
LÍNGUA INGLESA FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA
Contents
The concepts of restricted phonemes, allophones and minimal pairs.
The difference between homonym (homophones and homographs = heteronym), capitonyms and polysemes.
The phonological differences between British and American Accents.
 
 
 
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