ECLI 02

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ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Aula 2:Estudos culturais em língua inglesa
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
In this class, you will be able to:
be familiar with the classical/founding ideas of Marx and Durkheim. 
discuss the importance of the ideas of Marx and Durkheim under the perspective of culture and identity related to modern sociology.
apply functionalist and Marxist ideas to the modern world.
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	Introduction:
	Hi, students.
	In this class, the students will be able to evaluate the ideas of Marxism and functionalism from an “action” standpoint. They should have knowledge of the contribution made by Max Weber to the understanding of culture and identity. Students should understand the ideas of “action” sociology . Finally students should understand how action sociology has influenced the contemporary development of sociology as a whole.
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
 Marx´s theories about society
	Marx's theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, argue that all society progresses through the dialectic of class struggle. He was heavily critical of the current socio-economic form of society, capitalism, which he called the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie," believing it to be run by the wealthy middle and upper classes purely for their own benefit, and predicted that it would inevitably produce internal tensions which  
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system, socialism. Under socialism, he argued that society would be governed by the working class in what he called the "dictatorship of the proletariat." He believed that socialism would eventually be replaced by a stateless, classless society called pure communism. 
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	While Marx remained a relatively unknown figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on socialist movements shortly after his death. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and in a 1999 BBC poll was voted the "thinker of the millennium" by people from around the world. 
Let´s watch the video about Karl Marx and Capitalism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2AZAbg1rLw – Clássicos da Sociologia – Karl Marx De 00:00 até 13:00
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	Emile Durkheim and society
	Emile Durkheim followed Auguste Comte in viewing society as a reality in its own right and in identifying patterns to the experiences of individuals which exist independently (Hess, Markson, & Stein, 1989). Durkheim theorized that segmentary societies are held together by mechanical solidarity in which repressive laws are created, tolerated, and essentially derived from necessity (Durkheim, 1964). The totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society forms a determinant system which has its own life and can be, according to Durkheim (1964), a collective or common conscience. 
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	It is this common conscious, maintained by punishment and by structures against prescribed behaviors in both the public and the private sectors, which creates mechanical solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is achieved via repressive law which integrates society to a degree which is dependent upon the greater or lesser extent of the social life which the common conscience embraces or regulates (Durkheim, 1964). The process can be transformed into modern as opposed to segmentary societies that are held together by organic solidarity. 
hp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6BY6LtK9xQ – Clássicos da Sociologia- Emile Durkheim 9:19 	
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Weber and society
Max Weber (1864-1920) helped us to understand the nature of society.
	He disagreed with the approach of Marx, but in different ways than Durkheim did.
	Rather than deny the importance of material factors, as with Marx, and rather than deny the notion of social facts external to individuals, as with Durkheim, he added that we should look at ideas, especially the meanings we put onto things, and the role of changes of ideas that contribute to society and to social changes.
	In his interest in the meanings people put to things, Weber used the German word, "verstehen," to discuss our deeper understanding of those meanings.
	
	
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	Since culture is based on symbols, and symbols must have meanings in order to be symbols, then our understanding of them is an essential element of understanding society. 
	To oppose the approach of Marx in the understanding of the industrial revolution, Weber suggested that first came a radical change of ideas.
	This was manifested in the Protestant Reformation, and the preaching of protestant leaders, especially John Calvin, in opposition to the prevailing thoughts and practices of the Catholic church at the time.
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
A third contribution of Weber was about the social nature of inequality.
Marx had emphasised relations to production.
Without denying the importance of wealth,Weber added prestige, the value judgements people make about each other, and which contribute to their social class.Again, Weber’s main concern was with ideas.
Weber saw society as having several layers, not only two, and that factors other than the material were important.Between the three of them, Marx, Durkheim and Weber, we now see social inequality as having three major elements, wealth, power and prestige.
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Let´s watch the video about Weber 04:05 até 14:25
Functionalism
The functionalist approach was implicit in the thought of the original sociological positivist,Auguste Comte, who stressed the need for cohesion after the social malaise of the French Revolution. It was later presented in the work of Émile Durkheim, who developed a full theory of organic solidarity, again informed by positivism, or the quest for "social facts". Functionalism shares a history and theoretical affinity with the empirical method.  
Tema da Apresentação
 Lesson 2- Classical views about culture and identity	 
ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
	social structure. One has an identity, an “internalized positional designation” (Stryker, 1980, p. 60), for 
	each of the different positions or role relationships the person holds in society. Thus, self as father is an 
	identity, as is self as colleague, self as friend, and self as any of the other myriad of possibilities corresponding to the various roles one may play. The identities are the meanings one has as a group member, as a role-holder, or as a person. What does it mean to be a father, or a colleague, or a friend? These meanings are the content of the identities. 
Watch the video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTvrRqPUMHE
Tema da Apresentação