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Literatura 
Inglesa I
Hélcio Lanzoni
Revisão 2
King Arthur: Fact and Legend
The big question is: Was 
Arthur a true, historical 
character or only a hero of 
fiction? This debate has 
lasted for centuries.
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A very important 
characteristic of 
Arthur's life is his skills 
as a general and 
knight, but he is also 
known as a leader and 
a fair ruler. 
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The Historical Arthur
Maybe we can find a historical basis to the 
character; it is clear that he would have achieved 
great popularity as a warrior battling the Germanic 
invaders of the late fifth and early sixth centuries.
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The old stories tell that 
after the death of King 
Uther there was no king 
ruling all of England. 
Then, Merlin put a sword in 
a stone, saying that 
whoever took it out would 
be king. 
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The Legend of Arthur
Thomas Malory
First published in 1485 
by William Caxton, Le 
Morte d'Arthur is today 
perhaps the best-known 
work of Arthurian 
literature in English. 
Many modern Arthurian 
writers have used Malory 
as their principal source
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Thomas Malory
Le Morte d'Arthur tells the 
story of King Arthur and 
his Knights at the Round 
Table. 
Arthur, who is son of King 
Uther Pendragon but was 
raised by another family, 
takes his rightful place as 
king when, as a boy, he is 
able to pull the sword 
called Excalibur from the 
stone.
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Although he rules 
wisely and is 
counseled by Merlin 
the magician, Arthur 
makes enemies from 
other kingdoms and is 
often at war.
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The Tudors 
Their name remaining at the evidence of European 
history, the Tudors are the most famous royal 
dynasty in England. The Tudors wouldn’t feature in 
the media, like movies and TV series, without 
something to hold people’s attention. 
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That was a time in history when all the National 
States and countries were defining themselves as 
Modern States. One of the characteristics of this 
era is the separation between 
political power and religious power. 
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Elizabethan Era
The Elizabethan Era is 
a period during which 
Queen Elizabeth I ruled 
over England and 
promoted economic, 
religious and political 
reforms in her country.
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John Donne (1572-1631)
John Donne is known as 
the founder of the 
Metaphysical Poets, a 
term created by Samuel 
Johnson, an 
eighteenth-century 
English essayist, poet, 
and philosopher. 
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Renaissance
During the Renaissance 
(between the 14th and 17th 
centuries), there is a return to 
the idea of Man as the center 
of the universe, as it was in 
ancient Greece. 
This change in the way we 
see the world is called 
Anthropocentrism. 
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• Until 449 ► Celtish
• 450 to 1100 A.D. ► Old English
• 1100 to 1500 ► Middle English
• 1500 to 1800 ► Early Modern English
• 1800 until today ► Late Modern English
Thomas More (1478-1535)
Thomas More was a 
supporter of the 
Humanist movement. 
More opposed the 
change to what was 
called the Reformation 
in England – a position 
that led to his execution. 
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Despite his short career, 
Christopher Marlowe's 
produced “The Tragic 
History of Doctor Faustus”, 
considered one of the most 
controversial and 
well-known plays.
His sudden death still 
remains misterious and 
unresolved.
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Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
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“Doctor Faustus”
The Tragical History of 
Doctor Faustus is the 
Marlowe's most famous 
play, which is 
acknowledged as the first 
dramatized version of the 
legend of Faustus.
It is the story of a man who 
sells his soul to the devil in 
exchange for knowledge 
and power.
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William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
The most famous 
English 
poet and dramatist.
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Shakespeare lived in the 
Elizabethan era.
Queen Elizabeth I ruled 
over England and promoted 
economical, political, 
religious reforms and great 
cultural improvement.
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Elizabethan Era
• Shakespeare was probably influenced by 
the political situation.
• Many of his plays deal with political power, 
state, thrones, kings, queens, princess and 
noblemen.
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• Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 
1564.
• He married Anne Hathaway, had three children 
and moved to London alone.
• He worked as an actor before becoming a 
playwright.
• He composed dramas 
for the stage.
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Shakespeare’s main concern was his audience, 
live people who were there, paying attention, 
getting involved by the play. They were the reason 
of his art, which was made for them. 
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The Globe Theater
The Globe Theatre is one of most famous 
playhouse’s of all time as well as the theater 
where most Shakespeare’s plays were performed. 
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Built from oak , this great theater used to be the 
most important play house in old London. 
With a capacity of 3000 people, Shakespeare was 
a co-owner of the Globe Theatre.
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The theater looked pretty much like a 
modern-day football stadium, because a small 
straw roof covered just part of the area, leaving 
the center uncovered.
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The Globe Theater Fire
In 1613 occurred a tragedy 
in the playhouse: after firing 
a cannon during the play 
Henry VIII, the straw roof 
caught fire and the 
playhouse burned 
completely. 
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He dedicated himself to write 
plays: historical plays, 
comedies and tragedies. 
His career developed and 
some critics divide his 
production in five phases. 
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Shakespeare Works
• Histories, different types of 
comedies and tragedies.
• A lot of rhymed lines.
• No great complexity of 
imagery.
• Some famous works: 
Richard III, Romeo and 
Juliet.
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PHASE 1
• More mature style.
• More concentrated 
imagery.
• Mixture of comedies and 
‘history’.
• Some famous works: A 
Midsummer Night’s 
Dream, The Merchant of 
Venice.
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PHASE 2
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• The plays were difficult 
to interpret.
• Somber in tone.
• Some famous works: 
Hamlet, Trolius and 
Cressida.
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PHASE 3
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• The great tragedies.
• Unlike the Greek tragedy 
or earlier tragedy.
• Full developed style.
• Some famous works: 
Othello, Macbeth, King 
Lear.
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PHASE 4
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• Romances and 
reconcilliation plays.
• Little or partial realism of 
the tragedies.
• Tragedy transformed into 
reconcilliation of the 
oposing elements.
• Some famous works: 
Pericles, The Tempest.
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PHASE 5
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