student_pilot_guide

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FAA-H-8083-27A 
Change 1 
STUDENT PILOT GUIDE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION 
STUDENT PILOT GUIDE 
2006 
Change 1 (February 2016) 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION 
Flight Standards Service 
FOREWORD 
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) invites you to join the general aviation community 
of pilots. It is a community of civil aviation operations other than those air carriers holding a 
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity. General aviation makes up approximately 96 
percent of U.S. aircraft and 60 percent of U.S. flight hours flown. General aviation is often 
misunderstood as only small, propeller-driven aircraft. A large jet or cargo plane operated under 
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91 can be a general aviation aircraft. 
This publication is intended to serve as a guide for prospective student pilots and for those 
already engaged in flight training. This guide presents in “how to” fashion, general procedures 
for obtaining FAA student pilot, sport pilot, recreational pilot, and private pilot certificates. 
There are many references to FAA Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) and through the 
FSDOs, contact is maintained between the FAA and the general aviation public. The FAA 
inspectors at your local FSDO are professionally trained and are prepared to advise and assist 
you toward reaching your goal as a pilot. 
FAA-H-8083-27A supersedes FAA-H-8083-27, Student Pilot Guide, dated 1999. 
This handbook may be purchased from the Superintendent of documents, U.S. Government 
Printing Office (GPO), Washington DC 20402-9325, or from GPO’s web site. 
http://bookstore.gpo.gov 
This handbook is also available for download, in pdf format, from the Regulatory Support 
Division’s web site. 
http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600 
This handbook is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation 
Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, 
OK 73125-0082. 
Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in e-mail form, to 
AFS630comments@faa.gov. 
We urge you to visit your local FSDO and feel free to ask for advice on any matters relating to 
general aviation. 
Welcome to aviation. 
/s/ 3/8/2006 
Joseph K. Tintera, Manager, 
Regulatory Support Division 
Flight Standards Service 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) i 
http://bookstore.gpo.gov/
http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600
mailto:AFS630comments@faa.gov
RECORD OF CHANGES 
Note: This handbook is no longer available from the Government Printing Office website. 
Furthermore, a PDF version of this handbook is available from the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/faa-h-8083-
27a.pdf. 
Change 1 (February 2016) 
• Revised formatting throughout document. 
• Revised the Table of Contents (page iv) to make it interactive. 
• Revised the paragraph under “Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs)” (page 1) to 
update the URL for the FSDO locator on the FAA website. 
• Revised the second paragraph under “Choosing a Flight School” (pages 1 & 2) to update 
information on how to find a flight school and commercial testing center. 
• Revised the first paragraph under “Preparing to Study for the Knowledge Test” (page 4) 
to update information on where to find training and testing materials. 
• Revised the first four paragraphs under “How to Obtain Study Materials” (page 5) to 
update the URLs and the available means for obtaining study materials. 
• Revised the paragraph under “Where to Take the Knowledge Test” (page 6) to update the 
URL for the Commercial Testing Center List on the FAA website. 
• Revised the last paragraph under “Practical Test Standards” (page 7) to update the URL 
for the Practical Test Standards page on the FAA website. 
• Revised the answer to question five under “Student Pilot Flight Training” (page 9) – 
change “dual” to “the required.” 
• Revised the answer to question eight under “Student Pilot Flight Training” (page 9) to 
update the URL for sport pilot information on the FAA website. 
• Revised the answer to question two under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and 
student pilot certificates” (page 11) to update the process on obtaining a student pilot 
certificate. 
• Revised the answer to question five under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and 
student pilot certificates” (page 11) to update the URL for sport pilot information on the 
FAA website. 
• Revised the question and answer to question seven under “Student Pilot Requirements: 
Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to remove discussion of medical 
certificates and update the information on the student pilot certificate. 
• Added question eight under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot 
certificates” (page 11) to address the time period in which a third-class medical certificate 
is valid. 
Change 1 (February 2016) ii 
http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/faa-h-8083-27a.pdf
http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/faa-h-8083-27a.pdf
• Removed questions 9 and 10 (original numbering) under “Student Pilot Requirements: 
Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12). 
• Added question 10 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot 
certificates” (page 12) to address endorsements for solo and cross-country flights on the 
new plastic student pilot certificate. 
• Revised the answer to question 11 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and 
student pilot certificates” (page 12) to specify that endorsements for each make and 
model aircraft are entered into the pilot logbook. 
• Revised the answer to question 14 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and 
student pilot certificates” (page 12) to update the information regarding student pilot 
certificate application and other processing fees. 
• Revised elements three and four in the answer to question three under “Sport Pilot, 
Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests” (page 17) to update the information 
on medical certificate and pilot log book requirements for taking the practical test. 
• Revised the answer to question four under “Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private 
Pilot Practical Tests” (page 17) to update the information on how to obtain practical test 
standards. 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) iii 
CONTENTS 
 
INTRODUCTION 
Role of the FAA ............................................................................................................................................ 1 
Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) ................................................................................................... 1 
Most Frequently Asked Questions ................................................................................................................ 1 
Choosing a Flight School .............................................................................................................................. 1 
The Role of the Instructor ............................................................................................................................. 2 
What Flight Training Requires ..................................................................................................................... 2 
Instructor and Student Relationship .............................................................................................................. 3 
Medical Requirements .................................................................................................................................. 3 
Knowledge Tests ...........................................................................................................................................4 
Preparing to Study for the Knowledge Test .................................................................................................. 4 
Study Materials ............................................................................................................................................. 4 
Suggested Study Materials ............................................................................................................................ 4 
How to Obtain Study Materials .................................................................................................................... 5 
How to Study for the Knowledge Test .......................................................................................................... 5 
Study Habits .................................................................................................................................................. 6 
When to Take the Knowledge Test ............................................................................................................... 6 
Where to Take the Knowledge Test .............................................................................................................. 6 
The Knowledge Test Content and Format .................................................................................................... 6 
Practical Test Standards ................................................................................................................................ 6 
MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 
General .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 
Student Pilot Flight Training ........................................................................................................................ 9 
Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and Student Pilot Certificates .......................................................... 11 
Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Knowledge Tests ........................................................... 14 
Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests ................................................................ 17 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) iv 
INTRODUCTION 
Before you begin flight training, it is important to have a basic understanding of the 
responsibilities, safety regulations, and issues applicable to such an endeavor. This includes the 
choice of a flight school, selected study materials, study habits, and the role of the instructor, 
student, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 
Role of the FAA 
Congress empowered the FAA to foster aviation safety by prescribing safety standards for civil 
aviation. This is accomplished through the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs). 
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 pertains to the certification of 
pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors. This prescribes the eligibility, aeronautical 
knowledge, flight proficiency, and experience required for each type of pilot certificate issued. 
Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) 
Throughout the world, the FAA has approximately 100 Flight Standards District Offices and 
International Field Offices, commonly referred to as “FSDOs” and “IFOs.” Through these 
offices, information and services are provided for the aviation community. In the U.S., FSDO 
phone numbers are listed in the blue pages of the telephone directory under United States 
Government Offices, Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. A listing 
of FSDOs by state/region is available on the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/field_offices/fsdo/. 
Most Frequently Asked Questions 
The Most Frequently Asked Questions section on page 8 of this guide, lists typical questions, 
with answers, asked by student pilots. If your question is not answered, we suggest that you 
contact your local FSDO. The FSDO will be able to furnish current information regarding 
changes in procedures or revisions to regulations. 
Choosing a Flight School 
Most airports have facilities for flight training conducted by flight schools or individual flight 
instructors. A school will usually provide a wide variety of training material, special facilities, 
and greater flexibility in scheduling. Many colleges and universities also provide flight training 
as a part of their curricula. 
There are two types of flight schools catering to primary general aviation needs. One is normally 
referred to as a certificated “part 141 school” and the other as a “part 61 school.” A part 141 
school has been granted an Air Agency Certificate by the FAA: The certificated schools may 
qualify for a ground school rating and a flight school rating. In addition, the school may be 
authorized to give their graduates practical (flight) tests and knowledge (computer administered 
written) tests. Information on flight schools is available on the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/schools/. 
Change 1 (February 2016) 1 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/schools/
A list of commercial airman knowledge testing centers is available on the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/media/test_centers.pdf. 
Enrollment in a certificated school usually ensures quality and continuity of training. These 
schools meet prescribed standards with respect to equipment, facilities, personnel, and curricula. 
Many excellent flight schools find it impractical to qualify for the FAA part 141 certificate and 
are referred to as part 61 schools. One difference between a part 141 school and a part 61 school 
is that fewer flight hours are required to qualify for a pilot certificate in a part 141 certificated 
school. The requirement for a private pilot certificate is 40 hours in a part 61 school and 35 hours 
in a part 141 certificated school. This difference may be insignificant for a private pilot 
certificate because the national average indicates most pilots require 60 to 75 hours of flight 
training. 
The FSDO will provide information on the location of pilot training facilities in your area. A 
current file is maintained on all schools within each FSDO’s district. You make the decision on 
where to obtain flight training. You may want to make a checklist of things to look for in a 
school. Talking to pilots and reading articles in flight magazines can help you in making your 
checklist and in the evaluation of a training facility. 
Your choice of a flight school might depend on whether you are planning to obtain a sport pilot 
certificate, recreational pilot certificate, private pilot certificate, or whether you intend to pursue 
a career as a professional pilot. Another consideration is whether you will train part time or full 
time. 
Do not make the mistake of making your determination based on financial concerns alone. The 
quality of training you receive is very important. Prior to making a final decision, visit the school 
you are considering, and talk with management, instructors, and students. Evaluate the items on 
the checklist you developed, and then take time to think things over before making your 
decision. 
Ground and flight training should be obtained as regularly and frequently as possible. This 
assures maximum retention of instruction and the achievement of requisite proficiency. 
The Role of the Instructor 
The student pilot’s training program depends upon the quality of the ground and flight training 
received. An instructor should possess an understanding of the learning process, a knowledge of 
the fundamentals of teaching, and the ability to communicate effectively with the student pilot. 
During the certification process, a flight instructor applicant is tested on a practical application of 
these skills in specific teaching situations. The quality of instruction, and the knowledge and 
skills acquired from your flight instructor will affectyour entire flying career whether you plan 
to pursue it as a vocation or an avocation. 
What Flight Training Requires 
A course of instruction should include the ground and flight training necessary to acquire the 
knowledge and skills required to safely and efficiently function as a certificated pilot. Whether 
you attend a part 141 or part 61 school or obtain the services of an individual flight instructor, 
the specific knowledge and skill areas for each category and class of aircraft are outlined in Title 
Change 1 (February 2016) 2 
14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Refer to 14 CFR part 61, subpart J for the 
requirements of a sport pilot certificate. Refer to 14 CFR part 61, subpart D for the requirements 
of a recreational pilot certificate. Refer to 14 CFR part 61, subpart E for the requirements of a 
private pilot certificate. 
Instructor and Student Relationship 
The FAA has adopted an operational training concept that places the full responsibility for 
student training on the flight instructor. In this role, the flight instructor assumes total 
responsibility for training you to meet the standards required for certification within an ever-
changing operating environment. 
Like anything else in life, the more you educated yourself and are aware of what is expected of 
you and others, the more control you have of your goal’s outcome. Research the avenues open to 
you. Get impartial opinions of the flight school and/or instructor you intend to employ. 
The flight instructor will provide you guidance, and arrange for your academic and flight training 
lessons. These lessons are presented in a logical manner to achieve desired goals. After each 
flight, the flight instructor will review the day’s lesson. This will be the time to clear up any 
questions. It is important that misconceptions be clarified while the subject is still fresh in mind. 
Medical Requirements 
Pilots, except those who fly gliders or free air balloons, must possess a valid medical certificate 
in order to exercise the privileges of their airman certificates. Sport pilots must possess either a 
valid third-class medical certificate or a valid driver’s license. 
The periodic medical examination required for medical certification is conducted by designated 
aviation medical examiners, who are physicians with a special interest in aviation safety and 
have training in aviation medicine. 
The standards for medical certification are contained in 14 CFR part 67. The requirements for 
obtaining medical certification are contained in 14CFR part 61. 
Prior to beginning flight training, a flight instructor should interview you about any health 
conditions and determine your goal as a pilot. Good advice would be to obtain the class of 
medical certificate required, for the certificate level you ultimately want, before beginning flight 
training. Finding out immediately whether you are medically qualified could save time and 
money.
If you do have physical limitations, such as impaired vision, loss of a limb, or hearing 
impairment it is possible you could be issued a medical certificate valid for “Student Pilot 
Privileges Only.” This kind of medical certificate will allow you to continue flight training and to 
prepare for the pilot certification practical test. During training, flight instructors should ensure 
that you can safely perform all required Tasks that pertain to the required standards. Special 
devices may be necessary to allow you to manipulate the flight controls. If you are unable to 
perform certain Tasks, you may have a limitation placed on your pilot certificate. For example, 
hearing impairment would require the limitation “Not Valid for Flight Requiring the Use of 
Radio.” Another limitation may allow the pilot to only operate a certain make and model 
Change 1 (February 2016) 3 
airplane, such as one without rudder pedals. 
Knowledge Tests 
Communication between individuals through the use of words is a complicated process. In 
addition to being an exercise in the application and use of aeronautical knowledge, a knowledge 
test is also an exercise in communication since it involves the use of written language. Since the 
tests involve written rather than spoken words, communication between the test writer and the 
person being tested may become a difficult matter if both parties do not exercise care. For this 
reason, considerable effort is expended to write each question in a clear, precise manner. 
Preparing to Study for the Knowledge Test 
Your instructor will direct you to the textbooks and other sources of training and testing 
materials that are available from the FAA’s Airman Testing website at 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/ 
Your instructor may use commercial publications as a source of study materials, and these 
materials may be desirable, especially for aircraft categories where government materials are 
limited. 
Study Materials 
The FAA develops and makes available to the public various sources of aeronautical 
information. Some of this information is free; other information is available at a nominal cost. Of 
particular interest and value to those persons getting started in flying are: FAA-H-8083-27A, 
Student Pilot Guide; FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s 
Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM); and Practical 
Test Standards (PTSs). In addition, many aviation publications are available from commercial 
sources. 
Suggested Study Materials 
• 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 67, and 91 
• Aeronautical Information Manual 
• AC 00-6, Aviation Weather 
• AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services 
• FAA-H-8083-1, Pilot’s Weight and Balance 
• FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook 
• FAA-H-8083-11, Balloon Flying Handbook 
• FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook 
• FAA-H-8083-21, Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 
• FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 
• FAA-S-8081-3, Recreational Pilot Practical Test Standards 
• FAA-S-8081-14, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airplane) 
• FAA-S-8081-29, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airplane, 
Change 1 (February 2016) 4 
• Gyroplane, Glider and Flight Instructor) 
• FAA-S-8081-30, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airship, 
• Balloon, and Flight Instructor) 
• FAA-S-8081-31, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Weight Shift 
• Control, Powered Parachute, and Flight Instructor) 
• FAA-S-8081-32, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (Powered 
• Parachute and Weight Shift Control) 
• www.faasafety.gov 
How to Obtain Study Materials 
The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and questions banks for 
all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from the FAA’s Airman Testing website at 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/. 
A listing of all current Advisory Circulars is available on the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.list. 
The Airport/Facility Directory and Aeronautical Charts are available on the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dafd/search/. 
The National Transportation Safety Board Regulation part 830 is available on the U.S. 
Government Printing Office’s website at http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title49/49cfr830_main_02.tpl. 
Most airport fixed base operators and flight schools carry a variety of Government publications 
and charts, as well as commercially published materials. 
How to Study for the Knowledge Test 
You should follow your instructor’s advice on what and when to study. You should recognize the 
advantages of planning a definite study program and following it as closely as possible. 
Haphazard or disorganized study habits usually result in an unsatisfactory score on the 
knowledge test. 
The ideal study program is to enroll in a formal ground school course. This offers the advantages 
of a school with professional instructors,as well as facilities and training aids designed for pilot 
instruction. Many of these schools use audiovisual aids to supplement classroom instruction or 
provide individual computer-based instruction. 
For the applicant who is unable to attend a school, the self-study method can be satisfactory, 
provided the proper study materials are obtained, and a reasonable amount of time is devoted to 
study. The applicant should establish realistic periodic goals, and equally important, a target date 
for completion. Self-discipline is important because it is too easy to “put off” the study period for 
some other activity. 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) 5 
http://www.faasafety.gov/
http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.list
http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dafd/search/
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title49/49cfr830_main_02.tpl
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title49/49cfr830_main_02.tpl
Study Habits 
The use of a training syllabus is an effective way for the flight instructor to lead you through the 
proper steps in learning to fly safely. 
When beginning flight training, the development of good study habits includes the practice of 
visualizing the flight instructor’s explanation plus those of the textbook. 
Study habits should include time spent with cockpit familiarization. This includes reviewing 
checklists, identifying controls, and learning the cockpit arrangement. 
When to Take the Knowledge Test 
Experience has shown that the knowledge test is more meaningful to the applicant, and is more 
likely to result in a satisfactory grade, if it is taken after beginning the flight portion of the 
training. For optimum benefit, it is recommended that the knowledge test be taken after the 
student has completed a solo cross-country flight. The operational knowledge gained by this 
experience can be used to the student’s advantage in the knowledge test. Your instructor will be 
the best indicator of your preparedness for the test. 
Where to Take the Knowledge Test 
FAA-Designated Computer Testing Centers have been certificated to administer FAA 
knowledge tests. Applicants will be charged a fee for the administration of FAA knowledge tests. 
Test registration numbers and a complete list of test centers can be downloaded from the FAA’s 
website at http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/media/test_centers.pdf or you may contact 
your local FSDO to obtain information concerning an FAA-Designated Computer Testing Center 
in your area. 
Note: If you are enrolled in a part 141 school with test examining authority, the school will 
administer the knowledge test during the curriculum. 
The Knowledge Test Content and Format 
The knowledge test contains questions of the objective, multiple-choice type. This testing 
method conserves the applicant’s time, eliminates any element of individual judgment in 
determining grades, and saves time in scoring. 
Practical Test Standards 
The flight proficiency maneuvers listed in 14 CFR part 61 are the standard skill requirements for 
certification. They are outlined in the practical test standards (PTSs) as “Areas of Operation.” 
These Areas of Operation are phases of the practical test arranged in a logical sequence within 
the standard. They begin with “Preflight Preparation” and end with “Postflight Procedures.” 
Roman numerals preceding each Area of Operation relate to the corresponding Areas of 
Operation contained in the regulation. 
Each Area of Operation contains “Tasks,” which are comprised of knowledge areas, flight 
procedures, and/or flight maneuvers appropriate to the Area of Operation. You are required to 
demonstrate knowledge and proficiency in all Tasks for the original-issuance of all pilot 
certificates. 
Change 1 (February 2016) 6 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/media/test_centers.pdf
You should obtain a copy of the practical test standard appropriate to the pilot certificate that you 
plan to acquire. This will enable you to know exactly what is expected on the practical test. 
Practical test standards can be obtained from the FAA’s Airman Testing website at 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/test_standards/. 
Change 1 (February 2016) 7 
MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 
General 
1. Q: Is it difficult to fly an aircraft? 
A: No. It is not particularly difficult. As a beginning student pilot, you will do most of the 
actual flying (handling the controls of the aircraft). 
2. Q: When may I begin to fly? 
A: Immediately. However, you will need to apply for certain certificates, as described in this 
guide, in preparation for solo flight. 
3. Q: Is flying safe? 
A: A well-built and maintained aircraft, flown by a competent and prudent pilot, makes 
flying as safe or safer than many other forms of transportation. 
4. Q: If engine failure occurs, what will happen? 
A: Modern aircraft engines are very reliable, and complete engine failure is a rare 
occurrence. If the improbable does happen, you will not “fall out of the sky.” Just do 
what the instructor had you practice during lessons— select a good landing area and 
land. 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) 8 
Student Pilot Flight Training 
1. Q: What are the eligibility requirements for a student pilot? 
A: The specific aeronautical experience requirements are outlined in 14CFR part 61. For 
the student pilot certificate requirements, refer to subpart C section 83. 
2. Q: Where can I obtain my ground and flight school training? 
A: Most airport operators can furnish this information, or you may contact the nearest 
FSDO. 
3. Q: Is there a set number of flight instructional hours I will receive before I solo? 
A: No. The instructor will not allow you to solo until you have learned to perform certain 
maneuvers. These maneuvers include safe takeoffs and landings. You must be able to 
maintain positive control of the aircraft at all times and to use good judgment. 
4. Q: What should I know about Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations(14 CFR) prior to 
my first solo? 
A: Your flight instructor will determine that you are familiar with appropriate portions of 14 
CFR part 61, the general and visual flight rules of 14 CFR part 91, and will administer 
and grade a pre-solo written test prior to solo endorsement. The pre-solo written test will 
also include questions on the flight characteristics and operational limitations of the 
make and model aircraft to be flown. 
5. Q: What does an appropriate logbook endorsement for solo mean? 
A: It means a verification by an authorized flight instructor showing that on the date 
specified, the student was given the required instruction and found competent to make 
solo flights. 
6. Q: When is the first solo endorsement required? 
A: A student pilot must have a first solo endorsement dated within 90 days prior to any solo 
flight. 
7. Q: What is the difference between a recreational pilot certificate and a private pilot 
certificate? 
A: The recreational pilot has fewer privileges than the private pilot. The holder of a 
recreational pilot certificate is allowed to fly an aircraft within 50 nautical miles from the 
airport where instruction was received and cannot operate in airspace where 
communications with air traffic control are required. Since qualification training in these 
areas is not required, a person should be able to obtain a recreational pilot certificate in 
fewer flight hours than required for a private pilot certificate. All privileges and 
limitations of the recreational pilot certificate are listed in 14 CFR part 61, section 101. 
8. Q: Where can I get information about the Sport Pilot Program? 
Change 1 (February 2016) 9 
A: Sport pilot enthusiasts may find information on the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/airmen_certification/sport_pilot/. 
9. Q: Does a student pilot automatically have the privilege of cross-country flying aftersoloing? 
A: No. An instructor must have reviewed the pilot’s preflight planning and preparation for 
solo cross-country flight and determine that the flight can be made safely under the 
known circumstances and conditions. The instructor must endorse the student pilot’s 
logbook prior to each cross- country flight, stating the pilot is considered competent to 
make the flight. Under certain conditions, an instructor may authorize repeated solo 
flights over a given route. 
10. Q: As a student pilot, am I permitted to carry passengers prior to receipt of my recreational 
pilot certificate or private pilot certificate? 
A: No. 
11. Q: Must I have a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) radiotelephone operator’s 
permit to operate an aircraft radio transmitter? 
A: No. 
12. Q: For the purpose of obtaining an additional certificate or rating, may the holder of a 
recreational pilot certificate act as pilot in command on flights: (1) between sunset and 
sunrise; and (2) in airspace which requires communication with air traffic control? 
A: Yes, provided an authorized flight instructor has given the recreational pilot the required 
ground and flight training in these areas, and endorsed the pilot’s logbook. The 
recreational pilot will be required to carry the logbook with the required endorsements 
on such flights. 
13. Q: How can the holder of a sport or recreational pilot certificate ensure that no inadvertent 
entry is made into airspace requiring communication with air traffic control? 
A: The pilot must select readily identifiable landmarks that are well beyond the boundaries 
of the airspace requiring communication with air traffic control. During training, 
instruction in identification of airspace requiring communication with air traffic control 
will be provided. 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) 10 
Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and Student Pilot Certificates 
1. Q: When do I need a student pilot certificate? 
A: Prior to solo flight. 
2. Q: How do I obtain a student pilot certificate? 
A: An application for a student pilot certificate may be processed by an FAA Inspector or 
Technician, an FAA- Designated Pilot Examiner, a Certificated Flight Instructor, or an 
Airman Certification Representative (ACR) associated with a part 141 flight school. The 
authorized person will submit the application to the Airman Certification Branch in 
Oklahoma City, OK. Once the application is processed, the student pilot certificate will 
be mailed to the address provided on the application. The applicant will receive the 
student pilot certificate by mail at the address provided on the application. 
3. Q: If I only want to be a sport pilot how do I obtain a student pilot certificate? 
A: Sport pilot applicants who intend to fly without attaining a medical, but who will fly on 
the basis of a valid driver’s license will make application in the same manner as an 
applicant for any other certificate. 
4. Q: If I have had a medical certificate denied can I just get a sport pilot certificate and fly on 
the basis of my driver’s license? 
A: No, The only way to fly as a sport pilot on the basis of a driver’s license in lieu of a 
medical certificate is if your last FAA-medical was not denied. 
5. Q: Where can I get more information about the sport pilot arena? 
A: Sport pilot enthusiasts may find information on the FAA’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/airmen_certification/sport_pilot/. 
6. Q: What are the requirements for a student pilot certificate? 
A: To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, a person must: 
(1) be at least 16 years of age, except for the operation of a glider or balloon, in which 
case the applicant must be at least 14 years of age; and 
(2) be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. 
7. Q: How long is my student pilot certificate valid? 
A: The student pilot certificate are no longer issued with an expiration date. Any previously 
issued student pilot certificates will remain valid until the expiration date on the 
certificate. 
8. Q: How long is my third-class medical certificate valid? 
A: A third-class medical certificate is valid for 60 months if you haven’t reached your 40th 
birthday by the issue date. If issued after age 40, it is valid for 24 months. 
Change 1 (February 2016) 11 
http://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/airmen_certification/sport_pilot/
9. Q: Can my student pilot certificate be renewed? 
A: No. However, there is no longer an expiration date for a student pilot certificate. If a 
student pilot still has a paper certificate, the student may submit an application can to be 
issued a new one. 
10. Q: Now that the plastic student pilot certificate is being issued, how will my instructor 
endorse me for solo and cross country flights?? 
A: All required endorsements from an authorized instructor are now required to be entered 
into the student pilot’s logbook. 
11. Q: If I solo in more than one make and model aircraft, must I have an endorsement for each? 
A: Yes. Your flight instructor must make this endorsement prior to the first solo flight in 
each make and model aircraft in your pilot logbook. 
12. Q: Does the endorsement to solo permit me to make solo cross-country flights? 
A: No. Your flight instructor must specifically endorse your logbook to permit cross-country 
flights. 
13. Q: Must I carry my student pilot certificate when I am piloting an aircraft in solo flight? 
A: Yes. The certificate should be in your physical possession or readily accessible. 
14. Q: Is there a charge for the student pilot certificate? 
A: When the student pilot certificate application is processed by a FSDO there is no charge. 
An FAA-Designated Pilot Examiner, a Certified Flight Instructor, and an Airman 
Certification Representative associated with a part 141 flight school are allowed to 
charge a reasonable fee for processing the application for student pilot certificates, and 
processing the necessary reports.. 
15. Q: When do I need a medical certificate? 
A: Except for sport pilot applicants, you will need a medical certificate prior to solo flight if 
you are operating an airplane, helicopter, gyroplane, or airship. It is suggested you 
obtain your medical certificate prior to beginning flight training. This will assure you are 
aware of any condition that could prevent you from obtaining a medical certificate prior 
to making a financial investment in flight training. 
16. Q: If required, how do I get a medical certificate? 
A: By passing a physical examination administered by a doctor who is an FAA-Authorized 
Aviation Medical Examiner. 
17. Q: Where do I get my medical certificate? 
A: From any FAA-Authorized Aviation Medical Examiner. There are numerous doctors who 
are FAA-Authorized Aviation Medical Examiners. 
Change 1 (February 2016) 12 
18. Q: Where can I get a list of FAA-Authorized Aviation Medical Examiners? 
A: The FAA lists a directory on the Internet on the Civil Aeromedical Institute’s website at 
http://www.faa.gov/pilots/amelocator/. 
19. Q: When required, what class of medical certificate must a student pilot have? 
A: Third-class, although any class will suffice. Medical certificates are designated as first-
class, second-class, or third-class. Generally, the first-class is designed for the airline 
transport pilot; the second-class for the commercial pilot; and the third-class for the 
student, recreational, and private pilot. 
20. Q: If I have a physical disability, is there any provision for obtaining a medical certificate? 
A: Yes. Medical certificates can be issued in many cases where physical disabilities are 
involved. Depending upon the certificate held and the nature of the disability, operating 
limitations may be imposed. If you have any questions, contact an FAA-Authorized 
Aviation Medical Examiner prior to beginning flight training. 
21. Q: Must I have my medical certificate, when I am piloting an aircraft in solo flight? 
A:Yes. The certificate should be in your physical possession or readily accessible. 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) 13 
http://www.faa.gov/pilots/amelocator/
Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Knowledge Tests 
1. Q: What is the age requirement to take the sport pilot, recreational pilot, or private pilot 
knowledge test? 
A: An applicant must be at least 15 years of age to take the test, although applicants for the 
balloon or glider tests must be 14 years of age. Prior to taking the knowledge test, an 
applicant shall be asked to present a birth certificate or other official documentation as 
evidence of meeting the age requirement. 
2. Q: What aircraft can I fly as a sport pilot? 
A: You are limited to flying an aircraft that meets the definition of a light- sport aircraft 
(LSA). An LSA is any certificated aircraft that meets the following performance 
parameters: 
• 1,320 pounds Maximum Gross Weight (1,430 pounds for seaplanes) 
• 45 knots (51 mph) Max Landing Configuration Stall 
• 120 knots (138 mph) Max. Straight & Level 
• Single or Two seat Aircraft 
• Fixed Pitch or Ground Adjustable Propeller 
• Fixed Landing Gear (except for amphibious aircraft) 
3. Q: What are the restrictions on a sport pilot? 
A: Sport pilots cannot make flights: 
• at night; 
• in controlled airspace unless you receive training and a logbook endorsement; 
• outside the U.S. without advance permission from that country(ies); 
• for the purpose of sight-seeing with passengers for charity fundraisers; 
• above 10,000' MSL; 
• when the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles; 
• unless you can see the surface of the Earth for flight reference; 
• in LSA with a maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power (V ) of 
greater than 87 knots (100 mph), unless you receive training and a logbook 
endorsement; 
• if the operating limitations issued with the aircraft do not permit that activity; 
• contrary to any limitation listed on the pilot’s certificate, U.S. driver’s license, FAA 
medical certificate, or logbook endorsement(s); and 
• while carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire (no commercial 
operations). 
4. Q: How should I prepare for the knowledge test? 
A: To adequately prepare for the knowledge test, your instructor should review with you: 
(1) 14 CFR part 61, section 97 (if preparing for the recreational pilot knowledge test); 
Change 1 (February 2016) 14 
(2) 14 CFR part 61, section 105 (if preparing for the private pilot knowledge test); or 
(3) 14 CFR part 61, section 309 (if preparing for the sport pilot knowledge test). 
The regulations require an applicant to have logged ground training from an authorized 
instructor, or to present evidence of having satisfactorily completed a course of 
instruction or home-study course in the knowledge areas appropriate to the category and 
class aircraft for the rating sought. 
5. Q: What document or documents must I present prior to taking a knowledge test? 
A: An applicant for a knowledge test must present appropriate personal identification. The 
identification must include a photograph of the applicant, the applicant’s signature, and 
the applicant’s actual residential address (if different from the mailing address). This 
information may be presented in more than one form. The applicant must also present 
one of the following: 
(1) A certificate of graduation from an FAA-approved pilot school or pilot training 
course appropriate to the certificate or rating sought, or a statement of 
accomplishment from the school certifying the satisfactory completion of the 
ground-school portion of such a course. 
(2) A written statement or logbook endorsement from an FAA-Certificated Ground or 
Flight Instructor, certifying that the applicant has satisfactorily completed an 
applicable ground training or home-study course and is prepared for the 
knowledge test. 
(3) A certificate of graduation or statement of accomplishment from a ground-school 
course appropriate to the certificate or rating sought conducted by an agency, such 
as a high school, college, adult education program, the Civil Air Patrol, or an 
ROTC Flight Training Program. 
(4) A certificate of graduation from a home-study course developed by the aeronautical 
enterprise providing the study material. The certificate of graduation must 
correspond to the FAA knowledge test for the certificate or rating sought. The 
aeronautical enterprise providing the course of study must also supply a 
comprehensive knowledge test, which can be scored as evidence that the student 
has completed the course of study. When the student satisfactorily completes the 
knowledge test, it is sent to the course provider for scoring by an FAA-Certificated 
Ground or Flight Instructor. The instructor personally evaluates the test and attests 
to the student’s knowledge of the subjects presented in the course. Upon 
satisfactory completion, a graduation certificate is sent to the student. 
(5) In the event of retesting after a failure, the applicant must present the unsatisfactory 
Airman Test Report. If the applicant elects to retest for a higher score, the 
satisfactory Airman Test Report must be surrendered to the test administrator. 
6. Q: If I fail the knowledge test, is there any way to determine the areas in which I need 
additional work, so I can study for a retest? 
A: Yes. You will receive an Airman Test Report from the testing center. The test report will 
contain your test score and will also list topic and content descriptions for the areas in 
Change 1 (February 2016) 15 
which you were deficient. 
7. Q: If I pass the knowledge test, will I receive the same information concerning areas in 
which I need additional work as I would if I failed the test? 
A: Yes. (Refer to the previous answer.) 
8. Q: How long is a satisfactorily completed knowledge test valid? 
A: 2 years. A satisfactorily completed knowledge test expires at the end of the day of the 
24th month after the month in which it was taken. If a practical test is not satisfactorily 
completed during that period, another knowledge test must be taken. 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) 16 
Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests 
1. Q: Prior to taking the practical test, what aeronautical experience must I have? 
A: The specific aeronautical experience requirements are outlined in 14 CFR part 61. 
(1) 14 CFR 61, subpart J, section 313 for the sport pilot certificate requirements. 
(2) 14 CFR part 61, subpart D, section 99 for the recreational pilot certificate 
requirements. 
(3) 14 CFR part 61, subpart E, section 109 for the private pilot certificate 
requirements. 
2. Q: Must I provide the aircraft for my practical test? 
A: Yes. An applicant must provide an airworthy aircraft with equipment relevant to the 
Areas of Operation required for the practical test. 
3. Q: What papers and documents must I present prior to my practical test? 
A: The applicant will be asked to present: 
(1) FAA Form 8710-1(8710.11 for sport pilot applicants), Application for an Airman 
Certificate and/or Rating, with the flight instructor ’s recommendation; 
(2) an Airman Test Report with a satisfactory grade; 
(3) a medical certificate (not required for glider or balloon), and a student pilot 
certificate (Driver’s license or medical certificate for sport pilot applicants); 
(4) the pilot log book records endorsed for solo, solo cross-country (airplane and 
rotorcraft) and for the make and model aircraft to be used for the practical test ; 
and 
(5) a graduation certificate from an FAA-approved school (if applicable). The 
applicant will be asked to produce and explain the: 
(1) aircraft’s registration certificate; 
(2) aircraft’s airworthiness certificate; 
(3) aircraft’s operating limitations or FAA-approved aircraft flight manual (if 
required); 
(4) aircraft equipment list; 
(5) required weight and balance data; 
(6) maintenance records; and 
(7) applicableAirworthiness Directives. 
4. Q: What pilot maneuvers are required on the practical test, and how will my performance of 
these operations be evaluated? 
A: If a detailed explanation of the required pilot maneuvers and performance standards is 
desired, refer to either the sport pilot, recreational pilot, or private pilot practical test 
standards. The practical test standards may be downloaded free of charge from the 
Airman Testing website at http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/test_standards/. 
 
Change 1 (February 2016) 17 
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/test_standards/
5. Q: What is the minimum age requirement for a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot 
certificate, or private pilot certificate? 
A: An applicant must be 17 years of age. Although, applicants for the private pilot glider or 
free balloon rating may be 16 years of age. 
6. Q: When can I take the sport pilot, recreational pilot, or private pilot practical test? 
A: 14 CFR part 61 establishes the ground school and flight experience requirements for the 
recreational pilot certificate and private pilot certificate. However, your flight instructor 
can best determine when your qualified for the practical test. Your instructor should take 
you through a practice practical test. 
7. Q: Where can I take the practical test? 
A: Due to the varied responsibilities of the FSDOs, practical tests are given by pilot 
examiners designated by FSDOs. You should schedule your practical test by an 
appointment to avoid conflicts and wasted time. A list of examiner names can be obtained 
from your local FSDO. 
8. Q: Is there any charge for taking the practical test? 
A: Since an FAA-Designated Pilot Examiner serves without pay from the government for 
conducting practical tests and processing the necessary reports, the FAA-Designated 
Pilot Examiner is allowed to charge a reasonable fee. However, there is no charge for 
the practical test when conducted by an FAA Inspector. 
9. Q: May I exercise the privileges of my pilot certificate immediately after passing my 
practical test or must I wait until I receive the actual pilot certificate? 
A: Yes. After satisfactory completion of the private pilot practical test, the examiner will 
issue you a temporary airman certificate. This is a valid certificate that authorizes you to 
exercise the privileges of a private pilot with appropriate ratings and/or limitations. This 
is an interim certificate issued subject to the approval of the Federal Aviation 
Administration pending the issuance of your permanent certificate. You normally will 
receive your permanent certificate within 120 days. 
10. Q: Is there a charge for the pilot certificate? 
A: No. There is no charge for any original certificate issued by the FAA: However, fees will 
be charged by the FAA-Authorized Aviation Medical Examiner for the medical 
examination and by the FAA-Designated Pilot Examiner for conducting the practical test. 
The FAA does charge to replace any pilot or medical certificate. 
Change 1 (February 2016) 18 
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	FAA-H-8083-27A 
	Change 1 
	STUDENT PILOT GUIDE 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 
	FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION 
	STUDENT PILOT GUIDE 
	2006 
	Change 1 (February 2016) 
	U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 
	FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION 
	Flight Standards Service 
	FOREWORD 
	The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) invites you to join the general aviation community of pilots. It is a community of civil aviation operations other than those air carriers holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity. General aviation makes up approximately 96 percent of U.S. aircraft and 60 percent of U.S. flight hours flown. General aviation is often misunderstood as only small, propeller-driven aircraft. A large jet or cargo plane operated under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regul
	This publication is intended to serve as a guide for prospective student pilots and for those already engaged in flight training. This guide presents in “how to” fashion, general procedures for obtaining FAA student pilot, sport pilot, recreational pilot, and private pilot certificates. 
	There are many references to FAA Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) and through the FSDOs, contact is maintained between the FAA and the general aviation public. The FAA inspectors at your local FSDO are professionally trained and are prepared to advise and assist you toward reaching your goal as a pilot. 
	FAA-H-8083-27A supersedes FAA-H-8083-27, Student Pilot Guide, dated 1999. 
	This handbook may be purchased from the Superintendent of documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington DC 20402-9325, or from GPO’s web site. 
	 
	http://bookstore.gpo.gov
	This handbook is also available for download, in pdf format, from the Regulatory Support Division’s web site. 
	 
	http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600
	This handbook is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125-0082. 
	Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in e-mail form, to 
	AFS630comments@faa.gov.
	We urge you to visit your local FSDO and feel free to ask for advice on any matters relating to general aviation. 
	Welcome to aviation. 
	/s/ 3/8/2006 
	Joseph K. Tintera, Manager, 
	Regulatory Support Division 
	Flight Standards Service 
	 
	RECORD OF CHANGES 
	Note: This handbook is no longer available from the Government Printing Office website. Furthermore, a PDF version of this handbook is available from the FAA’s website at . 
	http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/faa-h-8083-27a.pdf
	Change 1 (February 2016) 
	• Revised formatting throughout document. 
	• Revised formatting throughout document. 
	• Revised formatting throughout document. 
	• Revised the Table of Contents (page iv) to make it interactive. 
	• Revised the Table of Contents (page iv) to make it interactive. 
	• Revised the paragraph under “Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs)” (page 1) to update the URL for the FSDO locator on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the paragraph under “Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs)” (page 1) to update the URL for the FSDO locator on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the second paragraph under “Choosing a Flight School” (pages 1 & 2) to update information on how to find a flight school and commercial testing center. 
	• Revised the second paragraph under “Choosing a Flight School” (pages 1 & 2) to update information on how to find a flight school and commercial testing center. 
	• Revised the first paragraph under “Preparing to Study for the Knowledge Test” (page 4) to update information on where to find training and testing materials. 
	• Revised the first paragraph under “Preparing to Study for the Knowledge Test” (page 4) to update information on where to find training and testing materials. 
	• Revised the first four paragraphs under “How to Obtain Study Materials” (page 5) to update the URLs and the available means for obtaining study materials. 
	• Revised the first four paragraphs under “How to Obtain Study Materials” (page 5) to update the URLs and the available means for obtaining study materials. 
	• Revised the paragraph under “Where to Take the Knowledge Test” (page 6) to update the URL for the Commercial Testing Center List on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the paragraph under “Where to Take the Knowledge Test” (page 6) to update the URL for the Commercial Testing Center List on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the last paragraph under “Practical Test Standards” (page 7) to update the URL for the Practical Test Standards page on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the last paragraph under “Practical Test Standards” (page 7) to update the URL for the Practical Test Standards page onthe FAA website. 
	• Revised the answer to question five under “Student Pilot Flight Training” (page 9) – change “dual” to “the required.” 
	• Revised the answer to question five under “Student Pilot Flight Training” (page 9) – change “dual” to “the required.” 
	• Revised the answer to question eight under “Student Pilot Flight Training” (page 9) to update the URL for sport pilot information on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the answer to question eight under “Student Pilot Flight Training” (page 9) to update the URL for sport pilot information on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the answer to question two under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to update the process on obtaining a student pilot certificate. 
	• Revised the answer to question two under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to update the process on obtaining a student pilot certificate. 
	• Revised the answer to question five under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to update the URL for sport pilot information on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the answer to question five under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to update the URL for sport pilot information on the FAA website. 
	• Revised the question and answer to question seven under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to remove discussion of medical certificates and update the information on the student pilot certificate. 
	• Revised the question and answer to question seven under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to remove discussion of medical certificates and update the information on the student pilot certificate. 
	• Added question eight under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to address the time period in which a third-class medical certificate is valid. 
	• Added question eight under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 11) to address the time period in which a third-class medical certificate is valid. 
	• Removed questions 9 and 10 (original numbering) under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12). 
	• Removed questions 9 and 10 (original numbering) under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12). 
	• Removed questions 9 and 10 (original numbering) under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12). 
	• Added question 10 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12) to address endorsements for solo and cross-country flights on the new plastic student pilot certificate. 
	• Added question 10 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12) to address endorsements for solo and cross-country flights on the new plastic student pilot certificate. 
	• Revised the answer to question 11 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12) to specify that endorsements for each make and model aircraft are entered into the pilot logbook. 
	• Revised the answer to question 11 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12) to specify that endorsements for each make and model aircraft are entered into the pilot logbook. 
	• Revised the answer to question 14 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12) to update the information regarding student pilot certificate application and other processing fees. 
	• Revised the answer to question 14 under “Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and student pilot certificates” (page 12) to update the information regarding student pilot certificate application and other processing fees. 
	• Revised elements three and four in the answer to question three under “Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests” (page 17) to update the information on medical certificate and pilot log book requirements for taking the practical test. 
	• Revised elements three and four in the answer to question three under “Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests” (page 17) to update the information on medical certificate and pilot log book requirements for taking the practical test. 
	• Revised the answer to question four under “Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests” (page 17) to update the information on how to obtain practical test standards. 
	• Revised the answer to question four under “Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests” (page 17) to update the information on how to obtain practical test standards. 
	 
	CONTENTS 
	 
	 
	 
	INTRODUCTION
	 
	Role of the FAA ............................................................................................................................................ 1
	 
	Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) ................................................................................................... 1
	 
	Most Frequently Asked Questions ................................................................................................................ 1
	 
	Choosing a Flight School .............................................................................................................................. 1
	 
	The Role of the Instructor ............................................................................................................................. 2
	 
	What Flight Training Requires ..................................................................................................................... 2
	 
	Instructor and Student Relationship .............................................................................................................. 3
	 
	Medical Requirements .................................................................................................................................. 3
	 
	Knowledge Tests ........................................................................................................................................... 4
	 
	Preparing to Study for the Knowledge Test .................................................................................................. 4
	 
	Study Materials ............................................................................................................................................. 4
	 
	Suggested Study Materials ............................................................................................................................ 4
	 
	How to Obtain Study Materials .................................................................................................................... 5
	 
	How to Study for the Knowledge Test .......................................................................................................... 5
	 
	Study Habits .................................................................................................................................................. 6
	 
	When to Take the Knowledge Test ............................................................................................................... 6
	 
	Where to Take the Knowledge Test .............................................................................................................. 6
	 
	The Knowledge Test Content and Format .................................................................................................... 6
	 
	Practical Test Standards ................................................................................................................................ 6
	 
	MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
	 
	General ..........................................................................................................................................................8
	 
	Student Pilot Flight Training ........................................................................................................................ 9
	 
	Student Pilot Requirements: Medical and Student Pilot Certificates .......................................................... 11
	 
	Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Knowledge Tests ........................................................... 14
	 
	Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot Practical Tests ................................................................ 17
	 
	INTRODUCTION 
	Before you begin flight training, it is important to have a basic understanding of the responsibilities, safety regulations, and issues applicable to such an endeavor. This includes the choice of a flight school, selected study materials, study habits, and the role of the instructor, student, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 
	Role of the FAA 
	Congress empowered the FAA to foster aviation safety by prescribing safety standards for civil aviation. This is accomplished through the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs). 
	Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 pertains to the certification of pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors. This prescribes the eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and experience required for each type of pilot certificate issued. 
	Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) 
	Throughout the world, the FAA has approximately 100 Flight Standards District Offices and International Field Offices, commonly referred to as “FSDOs” and “IFOs.” Through these offices, information and services are provided for the aviation community. In the U.S., FSDO phone numbers are listed in the blue pages of the telephone directory under United States Government Offices, Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. A listing of FSDOs by state/region is available on the FAA’s website 
	Most Frequently Asked Questions 
	The Most Frequently Asked Questions section on page 8 of this guide, lists typical questions, with answers, asked by student pilots. If your question is not answered, we suggest that you contact your local FSDO. The FSDO will be able to furnish current information regarding changes in procedures or revisions to regulations. 
	Choosing a Flight School 
	Most airports have facilities for flight training conducted by flight schools or individual flight instructors. A school will usually provide a wide variety of training material, special facilities, and greater flexibility in scheduling. Many colleges and universities also provide flight training as a part of their curricula. 
	There are two types of flight schools catering to primary general aviation needs. One is normally referred to as a certificated “part 141 school” and the other as a “part 61 school.” A part 141 school has been granted an Air Agency Certificate by the FAA: The certificated schools may qualify for a ground school rating and a flight school rating. In addition, the school may be authorized to give their graduates practical (flight) tests and knowledge (computer administered written) tests. Information on fligh
	http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/schools/
	A list of commercial airman knowledge testing centers is available on the FAA’s website at http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/media/test_centers.pdf. 
	Enrollment in a certificated school usually ensures quality and continuity of training. These schools meet prescribed standards with respect to equipment, facilities, personnel, and curricula. Many excellent flight schools find it impractical to qualify for the FAA part 141 certificate and are referred to as part 61 schools. One difference between a part 141 school and a part 61 school is that fewer flight hours are required to qualify for a pilot certificate in a part 141 certificated school. The requireme
	The FSDO will provide information on the location of pilot training facilities in your area. A current file is maintained on all schools within each FSDO’s district. You make the decision on where to obtain flight training. You may want to make a checklist of things to look for in a school. Talking to pilots and reading articles in flight magazines can help you in making your checklist and in the evaluation of a training facility. 
	Your choice of a flight school might depend on whether you are planning to obtain a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, private pilot certificate, or whether you intend to pursue a career as a professional pilot. Another consideration is whether you will train part time or full time. 
	Do not make the mistake of making your determination based on financial concerns alone. The quality of training you receive is very important. Prior to making a final decision, visit the school you are considering, and talk with management, instructors, and students. Evaluate the items on the checklist you developed, and then take time to think things over before making your decision. 
	Ground and flight training should be obtained as regularly and frequently as possible. This assures maximum retention of instruction and the achievement of requisite proficiency. 
	The Role of the Instructor 
	The student pilot’s training program depends upon the quality of the ground and flight training received. An instructor should possess an understanding of the learning process, a knowledge of the fundamentals of teaching, and the ability to communicate effectively with the student pilot. During the certification process, a flight instructor applicant is tested on a practical application of these skills in specific teaching situations. The quality of instruction, and the knowledge and skills acquired from yo
	What Flight Training Requires 
	A course of instruction should include the ground and flight training necessary to acquire the knowledge and skills required to safely and efficiently function as a certificated pilot. Whether you attend a part 141 or part 61 school or obtain the services of an individual flight instructor, the specific knowledge and skill areas for each category and class of aircraft are outlined in Title 
	14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Refer to 14 CFR part 61, subpart J for the requirements of a sport pilot certificate. Refer to 14 CFR part 61, subpart D for the requirements of a recreational pilot certificate. Refer to 14 CFR part 61, subpart E for the requirements of a private pilot certificate. 
	Instructor and Student Relationship 
	The FAA has adopted an operational training concept that places the full responsibility for student training on the flight instructor. In this role, the flight instructor assumes total responsibility for training you to meet the standards required for certification within an ever-changing operating environment. 
	Like anything else in life, the more you educated yourself and are aware of what is expected of you and others, the more control you have of your goal’s outcome. Research the avenues open to you. Get impartial opinions of the flight school and/or instructor you intend to employ. 
	The flight instructor will provide you guidance, and arrange for your academic and flight training lessons. These lessons are presented in a logical manner to achieve desired goals. After each flight, the flight instructor will review the day’s lesson. This will be the time to clear up any questions. It is important that misconceptions be clarified while the subject is still fresh in mind. 
	Medical Requirements 
	Pilots, except those who fly gliders or free air balloons, must possess a valid medical certificate in order to exercise the privileges of their airman certificates. Sport pilots must possess either a valid third-class medical certificate or a valid driver’s license. 
	The periodic medical examination required for medical certification is conducted by designated aviation medical examiners, who are physicians with a special interest in aviation safety and havetraining in aviation medicine. 
	The standards for medical certification are contained in 14 CFR part 67. The requirements for obtaining medical certification are contained in 14CFR part 61. 
	Prior to beginning flight training, a flight instructor should interview you about any health conditions and determine your goal as a pilot. Good advice would be to obtain the class of medical certificate required, for the certificate level you ultimately want, before beginning flight training. Finding out immediately whether you are medically qualified could save time and money.
	If you do have physical limitations, such as impaired vision, loss of a limb, or hearing impairment it is possible you could be issued a medical certificate valid for “Student Pilot Privileges Only.” This kind of medical certificate will allow you to continue flight training and to prepare for the pilot certification practical test. During training, flight instructors should ensure that you can safely perform all required Tasks that pertain to the required standards. Special devices may be necessary to allo
	airplane, such as one without rudder pedals. 
	Knowledge Tests 
	Communication between individuals through the use of words is a complicated process. In addition to being an exercise in the application and use of aeronautical knowledge, a knowledge test is also an exercise in communication since it involves the use of written language. Since the tests involve written rather than spoken words, communication between the test writer and the person being tested may become a difficult matter if both parties do not exercise care. For this reason, considerable effort is expende
	Preparing to Study for the Knowledge Test 
	Your instructor will direct you to the textbooks and other sources of training and testing materials that are available from the FAA’s Airman Testing website at http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/ 
	Your instructor may use commercial publications as a source of study materials, and these materials may be desirable, especially for aircraft categories where government materials are limited. 
	Study Materials 
	The FAA develops and makes available to the public various sources of aeronautical information. Some of this information is free; other information is available at a nominal cost. Of particular interest and value to those persons getting started in flying are: FAA-H-8083-27A, Student Pilot Guide; FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook; FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM); and Practical Test Standards (PTSs). In addition, many aviation publications
	Suggested Study Materials 
	• 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 67, and 91 
	• 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 67, and 91 
	• 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 67, and 91 
	• Aeronautical Information Manual 
	• Aeronautical Information Manual 
	• AC 00-6, Aviation Weather 
	• AC 00-6, Aviation Weather 
	• AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services 
	• AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services 
	• FAA-H-8083-1, Pilot’s Weight and Balance 
	• FAA-H-8083-1, Pilot’s Weight and Balance 
	• FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-11, Balloon Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-11, Balloon Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-21, Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-21, Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 
	• FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 
	• FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 
	• FAA-S-8081-3, Recreational Pilot Practical Test Standards 
	• FAA-S-8081-3, Recreational Pilot Practical Test Standards 
	• FAA-S-8081-14, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airplane) 
	• FAA-S-8081-14, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airplane) 
	• FAA-S-8081-29, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airplane, 
	• FAA-S-8081-29, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airplane, 
	• Gyroplane, Glider and Flight Instructor) 
	• Gyroplane, Glider and Flight Instructor) 
	• Gyroplane, Glider and Flight Instructor) 
	• FAA-S-8081-30, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airship, 
	• FAA-S-8081-30, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Airship, 
	• Balloon, and Flight Instructor) 
	• Balloon, and Flight Instructor) 
	• FAA-S-8081-31, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Weight Shift 
	• FAA-S-8081-31, Sport Pilot Practical Test Standards (Weight Shift 
	• Control, Powered Parachute, and Flight Instructor) 
	• Control, Powered Parachute, and Flight Instructor) 
	• FAA-S-8081-32, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (Powered 
	• FAA-S-8081-32, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (Powered 
	• Parachute and Weight Shift Control) 
	• Parachute and Weight Shift Control) 
	 
	 
	• www.faasafety.gov
	How to Obtain Study Materials 
	The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and questions banks for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from the FAA’s Airman Testing website at http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/. 
	A listing of all current Advisory Circulars is available on the FAA’s website at . 
	http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.list
	The Airport/Facility Directory and Aeronautical Charts are available on the FAA’s website at . 
	http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dafd/search/
	The National Transportation Safety Board Regulation part 830 is available on the U.S. Government Printing Office’s website at . 
	http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title49/49cfr830_main_02.tpl
	Most airport fixed base operators and flight schools carry a variety of Government publications and charts, as well as commercially published materials. 
	How to Study for the Knowledge Test 
	You should follow your instructor’s advice on what and when to study. You should recognize the advantages of planning a definite study program and following it as closely as possible. Haphazard or disorganized study habits usually result in an unsatisfactory score on the knowledge test. 
	The ideal study program is to enroll in a formal ground school course. This offers the advantages of a school with professional instructors, as well as facilities and training aids designed for pilot instruction. Many of these schools use audiovisual aids to supplement classroom instruction or provide individual computer-based instruction. 
	For the applicant who is unable to attend a school, the self-study method can be satisfactory, provided the proper study materials are obtained, and a reasonable amount of time is devoted to study. The applicant should establish realistic periodic goals, and equally important, a target date for completion. Self-discipline is important because it is too easy to “put off” the study period for some other activity. 
	 
	Study Habits 
	The use of a training syllabus is an effective way for the flight instructor to lead you through the proper steps in learning to fly safely. 
	When beginning flight training, the development of good study habits includes the practice of visualizing the flight instructor’s explanation plus those of the textbook. 
	Study habits should include time spent with cockpit familiarization. This includes reviewing checklists, identifying controls, and learning the cockpit arrangement. 
	When to Take the Knowledge Test 
	Experience has shown that the knowledge test is more meaningful to the applicant, and is more likely to result in a satisfactory grade, if it is taken after beginning the flight portion of the training. For optimum benefit, it is recommended that the knowledge test be taken after the student has completed a solo cross-country flight. The operational knowledge gained by this experience can be used to the student’s advantage in the knowledge test. Your instructor will be the best indicator of your preparednes
	Where to Take the Knowledge Test 
	FAA-Designated Computer Testing Centers have been certificated to administer