potencia eletroquimico

Prévia do material em texto

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
Petr Vanýsek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25°C), and at a pressure
of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table� 1 � is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes
those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In
Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction
potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential
and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures
have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional
revisions.
Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy� = � 2,2⇥-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en� = � ethylenediamine; phen � =� 1,10-phenanthroline.
REFERENCES
1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.
2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.
3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1—21, 1989.
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing
Reaction E°/V
Ac3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Ac –2.20
Ag+ + e� ⇥ � Ag 0.7996
Ag2+ + e � ⇥ � Ag+ 1.980
Ag(ac) + e� ⇥ � Ag + (ac)– 0.643
AgBr + e � ⇥ � Ag + Br– 0.07133
AgBrO3 + e� ⇥ � Ag + BrO3– 0.546
Ag2C2O4 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + C2O42– 0.4647
AgCl + e� ⇥ � Ag + Cl– 0.22233
AgCN + e � ⇥ � Ag + CN– –0.017
Ag2CO3 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Ag + CO32– 0.47
Ag2CrO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + CrO42– 0.4470
AgF + e� ⇥ � Ag + F– 0.779
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e � ⇥ � 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.1478
AgI + e� ⇥ � Ag + I– –0.15224
AgIO3 + e� ⇥ � Ag + IO3– 0.354
Ag2MoO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + MoO42– 0.4573
AgNO2 + e � ⇥ � Ag + 2 NO2– 0.564
Ag2O + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + 2 OH– 0.342
Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 AgO + 2 OH– 0.739
Ag3+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Ag+ 1.9
Ag3+ + e � ⇥ � Ag2+ 1.8
Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e� ⇥ � 2 Ag + 2 H2O 1.802
2 AgO + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Ag2O + 2 OH– 0.607
AgOCN + e � ⇥ � Ag + OCN– 0.41
Ag2S + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Ag + S2– –0.691
Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + H2S –0.0366
AgSCN + e � ⇥ � Ag + SCN– 0.08951
Ag2SeO3 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + SeO42– 0.3629
Ag2SO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + SO42– 0.654
Ag2WO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Ag + WO42– 0.4660
Al3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Al –1.662
Al(OH)3 + 3 e� ⇥ � Al + 3 OH– –2.31
Al(OH)4– + 3 e � ⇥ � Al + 4 OH– –2.328
H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � Al + 4 OH– –2.33
AlF63– + 3 e� ⇥ � Al + 6 F– –2.069
Am4+ + e� ⇥ � Am3+ 2.60
Am2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Am –1.9
Am3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Am –2.048
Am3+ + e� ⇥ � Am2+ –2.3
As + 3 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � AsH3 –0.608
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � 2 As + 3 H2O 0.234
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � As + 2 H2O 0.248
AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � As + 4 OH– –0.68
H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–⇥ � � HAsO2 + 2 H2O 0.560
AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � AsO2– + 4 OH– –0.71
At2 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 At– 0.3
Au+ + e� ⇥ � Au 1.692
Au3+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Au+ 1.401
Au3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Au 1.498
Au2+ + e –⇥ � � Au+ 1.8
AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Au+ + H2O 1.32
AuBr2– + e� ⇥ � Au + 2 Br– 0.959
AuBr4– + 3 e� ⇥ � Au + 4 Br– 0.854
AuCl4– + 3 e � ⇥ � Au + 4 Cl– 1.002
Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Au + 3 H2O 1.45
H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e � ⇥ � BH4– + 8 OH– –1.24
H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � B + 4 OH– –1.79
H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � B + 3 H2O –0.8698
B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e � ⇥ � BH4– + 3 H2O –0.481
Ba2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ba –2.912
Ba2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ba(Hg) –1.570
Ba(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Ba + 2 OH– –2.99
Be2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Be –1.847
Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � 2 Be + 6 OH– –2.63
Reaction E°/V
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � hydroquinone 0.6992
Bi+ + e � ⇥ � Bi 0.5
Bi3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Bi 0.308
Bi3+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Bi+ 0.2
Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � BiH3 –0.8
BiCl4– + 3 e� ⇥ � Bi + 4 Cl– 0.16
Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e� ⇥ � 2 Bi + 6 OH– –0.46
Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O 1.593
BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Bi + H2O 0.320
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Bi + Cl– + H2O 0.1583
Bk4+ + e� ⇥ � Bk3+ 1.67
Bk2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Bk –1.6
Bk3+ + e� ⇥ � Bk2+ –2.8
Br2(aq) + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Br– 1.0873
Br2(l) + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Br– 1.066
HBrO + H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Br– + H2O 1.331
HBrO + H+ + e � ⇥ � 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 1.574
HBrO + H+ + e � ⇥ � 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O 1.596
BrO– + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � Br– + 2 OH– 0.761
BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e � ⇥ � 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O 1.482
BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � Br– + 3 H2O 1.423
BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e � ⇥ � Br– + 6 OH– 0.61
(CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 HCN 0.373
2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � (CN)2 + 2 H2O 0.330
(CNS)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 CNS– 0.77
CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � HCOOH –0.199
Ca+ + e� ⇥ � Ca –3.80
Ca2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ca –2.868
Ca(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Ca + 2 OH– –3.02
Calomel electrode,� 1 molal KCl 0.2800
Calomel electrode,� 1 molar KCl (NCE) 0.2801
Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl 0.3337
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) 0.2412
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) 0.2360
Cd2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Cd –0.4030
Cd2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Cd(Hg) –0.3521
Cd(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– –0.809
CdSO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � Cd + SO42– –0.246
Cd(OH)42– + 2 e � ⇥ � Cd + 4 OH– –0.658
CdO + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Cd + 2 OH– –0.783
Ce3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Ce –2.336
Ce3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Ce(Hg) –1.4373
Ce4+ + e� ⇥ � Ce3+ 1.72
CeOH3+ + H+ + e� ⇥ � Ce3+ + H2O 1.715
Cf4+ + e � ⇥ � Cf3+ 3.3
Cf3+ + e � ⇥ � Cf2+ –1.6
Cf3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Cf –1.94
Cf2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Cf –2.12
Cl2(g) + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Cl– 1.35827
HClO + H + + e � ⇥ � 1/2 Cl2 + H2O 1.611
HClO + H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Cl– + H2O 1.482
ClO– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Cl– + 2 OH– 0.81
ClO2 + H+ + e � ⇥ � HClO2 1.277
HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � HClO + H2O 1.645
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O 1.628
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Cl– + 2 H2O 1.570
ClO2– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � ClO– + 2 OH– 0.66
ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � Cl– + 4 OH– 0.76
ClO2(aq) + e � ⇥ � ClO2– 0.954
ClO3– + 2 H+ + e � ⇥ � ClO2 + H2O 1.152
ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � HClO2 + H2O 1.214
ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e � ⇥ � 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O 1.47
ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � Cl– + 3 H2O 1.451
ClO3– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � ClO2– + 2 OH– 0.33
ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e � ⇥ � Cl– + 6 OH– 0.62
ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � ClO3– H2O 1.189
ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e � ⇥ � 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O 1.39
ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e � ⇥ � Cl– + 4 H2O 1.389
ClO4– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � ClO3– + 2 OH– 0.36
Cm4+ + e� ⇥ � Cm3+ 3.0
Cm3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Cm –2.04
Co2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Co –0.28
Co3+ + e� ⇥ � Co2+ 1.92
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e � ⇥ � [Co(NH3)6]2+ 0.108
Co(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Co + 2 OH– –0.73
Co(OH)3 + e� ⇥ � Co(OH)2 + OH– 0.17
Cr2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Cr –0.913
Cr3+ + e � ⇥ � Cr2+ –0.407
Cr3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Cr –0.744
Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 1.232
CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � Cr + 4 OH– –1.2
HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Cr3+ + 4 H2O 1.350
CrO2 + 4 H+ + e� ⇥ � Cr3+ + 2H2O 1.48
Cr(V) + e � ⇥ � Cr(IV) 1.34
CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– –0.13
Cr(OH)3 + 3 e� ⇥ � Cr + 3 OH– –1.48
Cs+ + e� ⇥ � Cs –3.026
Cu+ + e � ⇥ � Cu 0.521
Cu2+ + e� ⇥ � Cu+ 0.153
Cu2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Cu 0.3419
Cu2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Cu(Hg) 0.345
Cu3+ + e� ⇥ � Cu2+ 2.4
Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e � ⇥ � 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O 2.0
Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e � ⇥ � [Cu(CN)2]– 1.103
CuI2– + e� ⇥ � Cu + 2 I– 0.00
Cu2O + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Cu + 2 OH– –0.360
Cu(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Cu + 2 OH– –0.222
2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e � ⇥ � Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O –0.080
2 D+ + 2 e� ⇥ � D2 –0.013
Dy2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Dy –2.2
Dy3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Dy –2.295
Dy3+ + e � ⇥ � Dy2+ –2.6
Er2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Er –2.0
Er3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Er –2.331
Er3+ + e� ⇥ � Er2+ –3.0
Es3+ + e � ⇥ � Es2+ –1.3
Es3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Es –1.91
Es2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Es –2.23
Eu2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Eu –2.812
Eu3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Eu –1.991
Reaction E°/VReaction E°/V
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLCELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Eu3+ + e� ⇥ � Eu2+ –0.36
F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 HF 3.053
F2 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 F– 2.866
F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � H2O + 2 F– 2.153
Fe2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Fe –0.447
Fe3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Fe –0.037
Fe3+ + e � ⇥ � Fe2+ 0.771
2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � Fe2O3 + 5 H2O 2.09
HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � FeOOH + 2 H2O 2.08
HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.07
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 FeOH+ + H2O 0.16
[Fe(CN)6]3– + e� ⇥ � [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.358
FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Fe3+ + 4 H2O 2.20
[Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e� ⇥ � Fe(bipy)2]2+ 0.78
[Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e� ⇥ � Fe(bipy)3]2+ 1.03
Fe(OH)3 + e� ⇥ � Fe(OH)2 + OH– –0.56
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e� ⇥ � [Fe(phen)3]2+ 1.147
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e� ⇥ � [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) 1.06
[Ferricinium]+ + e � ⇥ � ferrocene 0.400
Fm3++ e� ⇥ � Fm2+ –1.1
Fm3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Fm –1.89
Fm2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Fm –2.30
Fr+ + e � ⇥ � Fr –2.9
Ga3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Ga –0.549
Ga+ + e � ⇥ � Ga –0.2
GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Ga + H2O –0.498
H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � Ga + 4 OH– –1.219
Gd3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Gd –2.279
Ge2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Ge 0.24
Ge4+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Ge 0.124
Ge4+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Ge2+ 0.00
GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � GeO + H2O –0.118
H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Ge + 3 H2O –0.182
2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2 0.00000
H2 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 H– –2.23
HO2 + H+ + e� ⇥ � H2O2 1.495
2 H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � H2 + 2 OH– –0.8277
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 H2O 1.776
Hf4+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Hf –1.55
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Hf + H2O –1.724
HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Hf + 2 H2O –1.505
HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � Hf + 4 OH– –2.50
Hg2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Hg 0.851
2 Hg2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Hg22+ 0.920
Hg22+ + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Hg 0.7973
Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Hg + 2(ac)– 0.51163
Hg2Br2 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Hg + 2 Br– 0.13923
Hg2Cl2 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Hg + 2 Cl– 0.26808
Hg2HPO4 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Hg + HPO42– 0.6359
Hg2I2 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Hg + 2 I– –0.0405
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Hg + 2 OH– 0.123
HgO + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Hg + 2 OH– 0.0977
Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Hg + 2 H2O 1.034
Hg2SO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Hg + SO42– 0.6125
Ho2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Ho –2.1
Ho3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Ho –2.33
Ho3+ + e � ⇥ � Ho2+ –2.8
I2 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 I– 0.5355
I3– + 2 e� ⇥ � 3 I– 0.536
H3IO62– + 2 e� ⇥ � IO–3 + 3 OH– 0.7
H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � IO3– + 3 H2O 1.601
2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � I2 + 2 H2O 1.439
HIO + H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � I– + H2O 0.987
IO– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � I– + 2 OH– 0.485
2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e � ⇥ � I2 + 6 H2O 1.195
IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � I– + 3 H2O 1.085
IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � IO– + 4 OH– 0.15
IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e� ⇥ � IO– + 6 OH– 0.26
In+ + e� ⇥ � In –0.14
In2+ + e� ⇥ � In+ –0.40
In3+ + e� ⇥ � In2+ –0.49
In3+ + 2 e� ⇥ � In+ –0.443
In3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � In –0.3382
In(OH)3 + 3 e� ⇥ � In + 3 OH– –0.99
In(OH)4– + 3 e� ⇥ � In + 4 OH– –1.007
In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e � ⇥ � 2 In + 6 OH– –1.034
Ir3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Ir 1.156
[IrCl6]2– + e� ⇥ � [IrCl6]3– 0.8665
[IrCl6]3– + 3 e� ⇥ � Ir + 6 Cl– 0.77
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e� ⇥ � 2 Ir + 6 OH– 0.098
K+ + e� ⇥ � K –2.931
La3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � La –2.379
La(OH)3 + 3 e � ⇥ � La + 3 OH– –2.90
Li+ + e � ⇥ � Li –3.0401
Lr3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Lr –1.96
Lu3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Lu –2.28
Md3+ + e� ⇥ � Md2+ –0.1
Md3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Md –1.65
Md2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Md –2.40
Mg+ + e� ⇥ � Mg –2.70
Mg2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Mg –2.372
Mg(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Mg + 2 OH– –2.690
Mn2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Mn –1.185
Mn3+ + 3e ⇥ � � Mn2+ 1.5415
MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Mn2+ + 2 H2O 1.224
MnO4– + e � ⇥ � MnO42– 0.558
MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � MnO2 + 2 H2O 1.679
MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e� ⇥ � Mn2+ + 4 H2O 1.507
MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e� ⇥ � MnO2 + 4 OH– 0.595
MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � MnO2 + 4 OH– 0.60
Mn(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Mn + 2 OH– –1.56
Mn(OH)3 + e� ⇥ � Mn(OH)2 + OH– 0.15
Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e� ⇥ � 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O 1.485
Mo3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Mo –0.200
MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Mo + 4 H2O –0.152
H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e � ⇥ � 7 Mo + 24 H2O 0.082
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � Mo + 3 H2O 0.075
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � 2 NH4OH 0.092
3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 HN3 –3.09
N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 NH4+ 1.275
Reaction E°/VReaction E°/V
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � N2 + H2O 1.766
H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � N2 + 2 H2O 2.65
N2O4 + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 NO2– 0.867
N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 NHO2 1.065
N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � 2 NO + 2 H2O 1.035
2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � N2H5+ + 2 H2O 1.42
2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � N2O + H2O 1.591
2 NO + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � N2O + 2 OH– 0.76
HNO2 + H+ + e � ⇥ � NO + H2O 0.983
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 0.86
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � N2O + 3 H2O 1.297
NO2– + H2O + e� ⇥ � NO + 2 OH– –0.46
2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � N2O22– + 4 OH– –0.18
2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � N2O + 6 OH– 0.15
NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � HNO2 + H2O 0.934
NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � NO + 2 H2O 0.957
2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � N2O4 + 2 H2O 0.803
NO3– + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � NO2– + 2 OH– 0.01
2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � N2O4 + 4 OH– –0.85
Na+ + e � ⇥ � Na –2.71
Nb3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Nb –1.099
NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � NbO + H2O –0.646
NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Nb + 2 H2O –0.690
NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Nb + H2O –0.733
Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e� ⇥ � 2 Nb + 5 H2O –0.644
Nd3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Nd –2.323
Nd2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Nd –2.1
Nd3+ + e � ⇥ � Nd2+ –2.7
Ni2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Ni –0.257
Ni(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Ni + 2 OH– –0.72
NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ni2+ + 2 H2O 1.678
NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– –0.490
No3+ + e � ⇥ � No2+ 1.4
No3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � No –1.20
No2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � No –2.50
Np3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Np –1.856
Np4+ + e � ⇥ � Np3+ 0.147
NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e� ⇥ � Np(OH)3 –0.962
O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � H2O2 0.695
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � 2 H2O 1.229
O2 + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � HO2– + OH– –0.076
O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � H2O2 + 2 OH– –0.146
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � 4 OH– 0.401
O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � O2 + H2O 2.076
O3 + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � O2 + 2 OH– 1.24
O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � H2O 2.421
OH + e � ⇥ � OH– 2.02
HO2– + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � 3 OH– 0.878
OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e� ⇥ � Os + 4 H2O 0.838
OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � OsO2 + 2 H2O 1.02
[Os(bipy)2]3+ + e� ⇥ � [Os(bipy)2]2+ 0.81
[Os(bipy)3]3+ + e� ⇥ � [Os(bipy)3]2+ 0.80
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � PH3(g) –0.111
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � PH3(g) –0.063
P + 3 H2O + 3 e� ⇥ � PH3(g) + 3 OH– –0.87
H2P2– + e � ⇥ � P + 2 OH– –1.82
H3PO2 + H+ + e � ⇥ � P + 2 H2O –0.508
H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � H3PO2 + H2O –0.499
H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � P + 3 H2O –0.454
HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � H2PO2– + 3 OH– –1.65
HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � P + 5 OH– –1.71
H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � H3PO3 + H2O –0.276
PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � HPO32– + 3 OH– –1.05
Pa3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Pa –1.34
Pa4+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Pa –1.49
Pa4+ + e � ⇥ � Pa3+ –1.9
Pb2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pb –0.1262
Pb2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pb(Hg) –0.1205
PbBr2 + 2 e � ⇥ � Pb + 2 Br– –0.284
PbCl2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Pb + 2 Cl– –0.2675
PbF2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Pb + 2 F– –0.3444
PbHPO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � Pb + HPO42– –0.465
PbI2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Pb + 2 I– –0.365
PbO + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Pb + 2 OH– –0.580
PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pb2+ + 2 H2O 1.455
HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Pb + 3 OH– –0.537
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � PbO + 2 OH– 0.247
PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1.6913
PbSO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � Pb + SO42– –0.3588
PbSO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � Pb(Hg) + SO42– –0.3505
Pd2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pd 0.951
[PdCl4]2– + 2 e� ⇥ � Pd + 4 Cl– 0.591
[PdCl6]2– + 2 e� ⇥ � [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 1.288
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Pd + 2 OH– 0.07
Pm2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pm –2.2
Pm3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Pm –2.30
Pm3+ + e� ⇥ � Pm2+ –2.6
Po4+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Po2+ 0.9
Po4+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Po 0.76
Pr4+ + e� ⇥ � Pr3+ 3.2
Pr2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pr –2.0
Pr3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Pr –2.353
Pr3+ + e� ⇥ � Pr2+ –3.1
Pt2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pt 1.18
[PtCl4]2– + 2 e� ⇥ � Pt + 4 Cl– 0.755
[PtCl6]2– + 2 e� ⇥ � [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 0.68
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Pt + 2 OH– 0.14
PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � PtO2 + H2O 1.7
PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pt(OH)22+ + H2O 1.5
PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Pt + H2O 1.2
PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � PtO + H2O 1.01
PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Pt + 2 H2O 1.00
Pu3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Pu –2.031
Pu4+ + e� ⇥ � Pu3+ 1.006
Pu5+ + e� ⇥ � Pu4+ 1.099
PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Pu(OH)4 1.325
PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e � ⇥ � PuO2OH + H2O 1.062
Ra2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ra –2.8
Rb+ + e � ⇥ � Rb –2.98
Re3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Re 0.300
Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � ReO2 + 2 H2O 0.510
ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Re + 2 H2O 0.2513
ReO4– + 2 H+ + e � ⇥ � ReO3 + H2O 0.768
ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e � ⇥ � Re + 8 OH– –0.584
ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e � ⇥ � Re + 4 H2O 0.368
Rh+ + e � ⇥ � Rh 0.600
Rh+ + 2e⇥ � � Rh 0.600
Rh3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Rh 0.758
[RhCl6]3– + 3 e� ⇥ � Rh + 6 Cl– 0.431
RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Rh + H2O 0.83
Ru2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Ru 0.455
Ru3+ + e � ⇥ � Ru2+ 0.2487
RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ru2+ + 2 H2O 1.120
RuO4– + e � ⇥ � RuO42– 0.59
RuO4 + e � ⇥ � RuO4– 1.00
RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O 1.40
RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e� ⇥ � Ru + 4 H2O 1.038
[Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–⇥ � � [Ru(bipy)3]2+ 1.24
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–⇥ � � [Ru(H2O)6]2+ 0.23
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–⇥ � � [Ru(NH3)6]2+ 0.10
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e –⇥ � � [Ru(en)3]2+ 0.210
[Ru(CN)6]3– + e–⇥ � � [Ru(CN)6]4– 0.86
S + 2 e� ⇥ � S2– –0.47627
S + 2H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2S(aq) 0.142
S + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � SH– + OH– –0.478
2 S + 2 e� ⇥ � S22– –0.42836
S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 H2SO3 0.564
S2O82– + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 SO42– 2.010
S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 HSO4– 2.123
S4O62– + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 S2O32– 0.08
2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � HS2O4– + 2 H2O –0.056
H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � S + 3 H2O 0.449
2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � S2O42– + 4 OH– –1.12
2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � S2O32– + 6 OH– –0.571
SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2SO3 + H2O 0.172
2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � S2O62– + H2O –0.22
SO42– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � SO32– + 2 OH– –0.93
Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � SbH3 –0.510
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � 2 Sb + 3 H2O 0.152
Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Sb2O3 + 2 H2O 0.671
Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Sb2O3 + 2 H2O 0.649
Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O 0.581
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Sb + 2 H2O 0.212
SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e � ⇥ � Sb + 4 OH– –0.66
SbO3– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � SbO2– + 2 OH– –0.59
Sc3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Sc –2.077
Se + 2 e� ⇥ � Se2– –0.924
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2Se(aq) –0.399
H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Se + 3 H2O 0.74
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2Se –0.082
SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � Se + 6 OH– –0.366
SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � H2SeO3 + H2O 1.151
SeO42– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � SeO32– + 2 OH– 0.05
SiF62– + 4 e � ⇥ � Si + 6 F– –1.24
SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Si + H2O –0.8
SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Si + 2 H2O 0.857
SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � Si + 6 OH– –1.697
Sm3+ + e� ⇥ � Sm2+ –1.55
Sm3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Sm –2.304
Sm2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Sm –2.68
Sn2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Sn –0.1375
Sn4+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Sn2+ 0.151
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Sn2+ + 3 H2O 0.142
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–⇥ � � Sn2+ + 2 H2O –0.094
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � Sn + 2 H2O –0.117
SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � SnOH+ + H2O –0.194
SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � Sn + 4 OH– –0.945
HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Sn + 3 OH– –0.909
Sn(OH)62– + 2 e � ⇥ � HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O –0.93
Sr+ + e � ⇥ � Sr –4.10
Sr2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Sr –2.899
Sr2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Sr(Hg) –1.793
Sr(OH)2 + 2 e � ⇥ � Sr + 2 OH– –2.88
Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e � ⇥ � 2 Ta + 5 H2O –0.750
Ta3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Ta –0.6
Tc2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Tc 0.400
TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � TcO2 + 2 H2O 0.782
Tc3+ + e� ⇥ � Tc2+ 0.3
TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e � ⇥ � Tc + 4 H2O 0.472
Tb4+ + e� ⇥ � Tb3+ 3.1
Tb3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Tb –2.28
Te + 2 e � ⇥ � Te2– –1.143
Te + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2Te –0.793
Te4+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Te 0.568
TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Te + 2 H2O 0.593
TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � Te + 6 OH– –0.57
TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e � ⇥ � Te + 4 H2O 0.472
H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � TeO2 + 4 H2O 1.02
Th4+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Th –1.899
ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Th + 2 H2O –1.789
Th(OH)4 + 4 e� ⇥ � Th + 4 OH– –2.48
Ti2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ti –1.630
Ti3+ + e� ⇥ � Ti2+ –0.9
TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Ti2+ + 2 H2O –0.502
Ti3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Ti –1.37
TiOH3+ + H+ + e � ⇥ � Ti3+ + H2O –0.055
Tl+ + e � ⇥ � Tl –0.336
Tl+ + e � ⇥ � Tl(Hg) –0.3338
Tl3+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Tl+ 1.252
Tl3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Tl 0.741
TlBr + e� ⇥ � Tl + Br– –0.658
TlCl + e � ⇥ � Tl + Cl– –0.5568
TlI + e � ⇥ � Tl + I– –0.752
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– 0.02
TlOH + e� ⇥ � Tl + OH– –0.34
Tl(OH)3 + 2 e � ⇥ � TlOH + 2 OH– –0.05
Tl2SO4 + 2 e � ⇥ � Tl + SO42– –0.4360
Tm3+ + e� ⇥ � Tm2+ –2.2
Tm3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Tm –2.319
Tm2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Tm –2.4
Reaction E°/VReaction E°/V
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)
U3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � U –1.798
U4+ + e� ⇥ � U3+ –0.607
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e � ⇥ � U4+ + 2 H2O 0.612
UO22+ + e � ⇥ � UO+2 0.062
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � U4+ + 2 H2O 0.327
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � U + 2 H2O –1.444
V2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � V –1.175
V3+ + e� ⇥ � V2+ –0.255
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e � ⇥ � V3+ + H2O 0.337
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e � ⇥ � VO2+ + H2O 0.991
V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O 0.957
V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e� ⇥ � 2 V + 5 H2O –0.242
V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e� ⇥ � VO2+ + 3 H2O 1.00
V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e � ⇥ � V + 4 H2O –0.254
[V(phen)3]3+ + e� ⇥ � [V(phen)3]2+ 0.14
W3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � W 0.1
W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 WO2 + H2O –0.031
WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e � ⇥ � W + 2 H2O –0.119
WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � W + 3 H2O –0.090
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � WO2 + H2O 0.036
2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � W2O5 + H2O –0.029
H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � XeO3 + 3 H2O 2.42
XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � Xe + 3 H2O 2.10
XeF + e� ⇥ � Xe + F– 3.4
Y3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Y –2.372
Yb3+ + e � ⇥ � Yb2+ –1.05
Yb3+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Yb –2.19
Yb2+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Yb –2.76
Zn2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Zn –0.7618
Zn2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Zn(Hg) –0.7628
ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � Zn + 4 OH– –1.215
ZnSO4 ⇤ 7 H2O + 2 e � = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O –0.7993
 (Saturated ZnSO4)
ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Zn + H2O –0.497
Zn(OH)42– + 2 e� ⇥ � Zn + 4 OH– –1.199
Zn(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Zn + 2 OH– –1.249
ZnO + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � Zn + 2 OH– –1.260
ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Zr + 2 H2O –1.553
ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � Zr + 4 OH– –2.36
Zr4+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Zr –1.45
TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
Reaction E°/V
2 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2 0.00000
CuI2– + e� ⇥ � Cu + 2 I– 0.00
Ge4+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ge2+ 0.00
NO3– + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � NO2– + 2 OH– 0.01
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– 0.02
SeO42– + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � SeO32– + 2 OH– 0.05
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � WO2 + H2O 0.036
UO22+ + e � = UO2+ 0.062
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Pd + 2 OH– 0.07
AgBr + e � ⇥ � Ag + Br– 0.07133
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � Mo + 3 H2O 0.075
S4O62– + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 S2O32– 0.08
H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e � ⇥ � 7 Mo + 24 H2O 0.082
AgSCN + e � ⇥ � Ag + SCN– 0.8951
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � 2 NH4OH 0.092
HgO + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � Hg + 2 OH– 0.0977
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e � ⇥ � 2 Ir + 6 OH– 0.098
2 NO + 2 e � ⇥ � N2O22– 0.10
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e � ⇥ � [Ru(NH3)6]2+ 0.10
W3+ + 3 e� ⇥ � W 0.1
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e � ⇥ � [Co(NH3)6]2+ 0.108
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e� ⇥ � 2 Hg + 2 OH– 0.123
Ge4+ + 4 e� ⇥ � Ge 0.124
Hg2Br2 + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 Hg + 2 Br– 0.13923
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e� ⇥ � Pt + 2 OH– 0.14
[V(phen)3]3+ + e� ⇥ � [V(phen)3]2+ 0.14
S + 2H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2S(aq) 0.142
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � Sn2+ + 3 H2O 0.142
Np4+ + e � ⇥ � Np3+ 0.147
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e � ⇥ � 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– 0.1478
IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e� ⇥ � IO– + 4 OH– 0.15
Mn(OH)3 + e� ⇥ � Mn(OH)2 + OH– 0.15
2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e � ⇥ � N2O + 6 OH– 0.15
Sn4+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Sn2+ 0.151
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e� ⇥ � 2 Sb + 3 H2O 0.152
Cu2+ + e� ⇥ � Cu+ 0.153
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e� ⇥ � Bi + Cl– + H2O 0.1583
BiCl4– + 3 e� ⇥ � Bi + 4 Cl– 0.16
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e � ⇥ � 2 FeOH+ + H2O 0.16
Co(OH)3 + e� ⇥ � Co(OH)2 + OH– 0.17
SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e� ⇥ � H2SO3 + H2O 0.172
Bi3+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Bi+ 0.2
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e� ⇥ � [Ru(en)3]2+ 0.210
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � Sb + 2 H2O 0.212
AgCl + e� ⇥ � Ag + Cl– 0.22233
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e � ⇥ � [Ru(H2O)6]2+ 0.23
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e � ⇥ � 2 As + 3 H2O 0.234
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) 0.2360
Ge2+ + 2 e� ⇥ � Ge 0.24
Ru3+ + e� ⇥ � Ru2+ 0.24
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl 0.2412
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e � ⇥ � PbO + 2 OH– 0.247
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e � ⇥ � As + 2 H2O 0.248
Ru3+ + e� ⇥ � Ru2+ 0.2487
Reaction E°/V Reaction E°/V
Reaction E°/V
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 
5-90
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OFAQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI
The molar conductivity � of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary
unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., ⇥-1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25°C as a function of the
concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of � for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical
representations may be found in the reference.
REFERENCE
Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.-
Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970.
c/mol L–1 HF HCl HBr HI
Inf. dil. 405.1 426.1 427.7 426.4
0.0001 424.5 425.9 424.6
0.0005 422.6 424.3 423.0
0.001 421.2 422.9 421.7
0.005 128.1 415.7 417.6 416.4
0.01 96.1 411.9 413.7 412.8
0.05 50.1 398.9 400.4 400.8
0.10 39.1 391.1 391.9 394.0
0.5 26.3 360.7 361.9 369.8
1.0 24.3 332.2 334.5 343.9
1.5 305.8 307.6 316.4
2.0 281.4 281.7 288.9
2.5 258.9 257.8 262.5
3.0 237.6 236.8 237.9
3.5 218.3 217.5 215.4
4.0 200.0 199.4 195.1
4.5 183.1 182.4 176.8
5.0 167.4 166.5 160.4
5.5 152.9 151.8 145.5
6.0 139.7 138.2 131.7
6.5 127.7 125.7 118.6
7.0 116.9 114.2 105.7
7.5 107.0 103.8
8.0 98.2 94.4
8.5 90.3 85.8
9.0 83.1
9.5 76.6
10.0 70.7
c/mol L–1 HF HCl HBr HI
c/mol L–1 –20°C –10°C 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C
HCl
0.5 228.7 283.0 336.4 386.8 436.9 482.4
1.0 211.7 261.6 312.2 359.0 402.9 445.3
1.5 196.2 241.5 287.5 331.1 371.6 410.8
2.0 182.0 222.7 262.9 303.3 342.4 378.2
2.5 131.7 168.5 205.1 239.8 277.0 315.2 347.6
3.0 120.8 154.6 188.5 219.3 253.3 289.3 319.0
3.5 85.5 111.3 139.6 172.2 201.6 232.9 263.9 292.1
4.0 79.3 102.7 129.2 158.1 185.6 214.2 242.2 268.2
4.5 73.7 94.9 119.5 145.4 170.6 196.6 222.5 246.7
5.0 68.5 87.8 110.3 133.5 156.6 180.2 204.1 226.5
5.5 63.6 81.1 101.7 122.5 143.6 165.0 187.1 207.7
6.0 58.9 74.9 93.7 112.3 131.5 151.0 171.3 190.3
6.5 54.4 69.1 86.2 103.0 120.4 138.2 156.9 174.3
7.0 50.2 63.7 79.3 94.4 110.2 126.4 143.3 159.7
7.5 46.3 58.6 73.0 86.5 100.9 115.7 131.6 146.2
8.0 42.7 54.0 67.1 79.4 92.4 106.1 120.6 134.0
8.5 39.4 49.8 61.7 72.9 84.7 97.3 110.7 123.0
9.0 36.4 45.9 56.8 67.1 77.8 89.4 101.7 112.9
9.5 33.6 42.3 52.3 61.8 71.5 82.3 93.6 103.9
10.0 31.2 39.1 48.2 57.0 65.8 75.9 86.3 95.7
10.5 28.9 36.1 44.5 52.7 60.7 70.1 79.6 88.4
11.0 26.8 33.4 41.1 48.8 56.1 64.9 73.6 81.7
11.5 24.9 31.0 38.0 45.3 51.9 60.1 68.0 75.6
12.0 23.1 28.7 35.3 42.0 48.0 55.6 62.8 70.0
12.5 21.4 26.7 32.7 39.0 44.4 51.4 57.9 64.8
5-91
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued)
c/mol L–1 –20°C –10°C 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C
HBr
0.5 240.9 295.9 347.0 398.9 453.6 496.8
1.0 229.6 276.0 329.0 380.4 418.6 465.2
1.5 209.5 254.9 298.9 340.6 381.8 421.4
2.0 150.8 188.6 231.3 271.8 314.1 350.5 387.4
2.5 136.8 171.7 208.3 244.8 281.7 316.0 349.1
3.0 125.7 157.2 189.5 222.2 255.0 287.8 318.6
3.5 116.1 144.1 174.6 203.2 234.4 263.7 291.9
4.0 84.0 107.5 132.3 160.2 186.8 214.2 239.7 266.9
4.5 78.0 99.0 123.0 146.4 171.2 195.1 218.8 242.6
5.0 72.3 91.4 112.6 134.0 155.7 178.2 199.6 221.3
5.5 67.0 84.2 103.1 122.7 142.1 162.8 181.4 201.8
6.0 61.8 77.2 94.3 112.0 129.6 148.0 165.4 183.4
6.5 56.8 70.7 86.0 102.0 118.0 134.1 150.5 166.3
7.0 51.9 64.6 78.4 92.6 107.1 121.4 136.3 150.8
�⇥�⇥
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⇣⌘↵�✓✏⌃ � ⌥ /↵↵⌥ k⌥ � ↵��⌃ ⌥ ��⌥ ⇧��✏⌥ ⇧✏⌥ �✏⇧�⌃ ⌥ ⌘⇡⌥ ⇥ ⌧*-⌥ ' �✓⌥ ⌫✏�✓��⇧⇣ ↵↵⌥ �⇢� ↵⌥ �⌘ ⌥ m'�⇣✓⇠�
⇤⌅�⌥ ⌃ ⌃ ⇧⌃ � ✏⇣�⌥ ⌘⇡⌥ 0�✏✏��⌅⌥ 1� ⌥ 2� ��⌥ ⇧⌃ ⌥ ����⇣⇧ ��◆�
��⌘���⌃↵�⇤
⇥ � 1�! ⌥ 3� "� ! ⌥ 0⌘⇣⌅! ⌥ 1� 4� ! ⌥ ✏◆⌥ 2� ��! ⌥ 0�1� ! ⌥ �⇥ ⇤ ⌅⇧⌃⇥ ⇤ ⌥� ⌦⇥ ⇤ ↵�⌃ ⇥ ⇤ � ���⇥ ⇤ ✏⇧⇣⌘�✓⌦ � ⌥ �5! ⌥ ⇥ �⇥ ! ⌥ ⇥ ��⇥ �
)� 1�! ⌥ 3� "� ! ⌥ 0⌘⇣⌅! ⌥ 1� 4� ! ⌥ 4�✏ ! ⌥ 6� ! ⌥ 7⌘↵↵ ✏◆! ⌥ 8�/� ! ⌥ 9�⌅ ⌃:! ⌥ ;� ! ⌥ /�� ! ⌥ ;� ! ⌥ ✏◆⌥ ⇤⌘✓��! ⌥ /� ! ⌥ �⇥ ⇤ ⌅⇧⌃⇥ ⇤ ⌥� ⌦⇥ ⇤ ↵�⌃ ⇥ ⇤ � ���⇥ ⇤ ✏⇧⇣⌘�✓⌦⇥ ⌥ �� ◆ ⌥ )-⇥ ! ⌥ ⇥ ��-�
⌥ ⌥ ⌥ ⌥ ⌥ ⌥ + � 2� ��! ⌥ 0�1� ! ⌥ 0⌘⇣⌅! ⌥ 1� 4� ! ⌥ 1�! ⌥ 3� "� ! ⌥ ✏◆⌥ <���: ✏⌃�! ⌥ 2� /� ! ⌥ ��⇧ ⇤ ⌫⇠⇠⌦⇥ ⇤ ⇡⌘⇧⇢⇥ ⌥ =+ ! ⌥ ⇥ => + ! ⌥ )⌧⌧⇥ �
⇠⇡⇢ k�⇤ ⌧⇥⇠
 ��⌫↵ ⇡�⇡⇠ ⌧ ⌦↵� ⇡�⇠ ⌧ ⌦↵� ⇠ �⇡ ⌧ ⌦↵� ��� ↵�� !"#� $
⌧ ⌥ ==)� �) ⌥ = ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ 5� > # ⌥ 5+ ⌥ ->> ⌥ ⌧� #>
# ⌥ > �⌧� �5 ⌥ > ⌥ ⇥ > + � =⌧ ⌥ =)⌥ ⌧+⌧ ⌥ ⌧� 5>
⇥ ⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ ⌧⇥ + � �# ⌥ � ⌥ )�⇥ � =) ⌥ >⌧⌥ >-- ⌥ ⌧� =�
⇥ # ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ ⇥ -⇥ � -# ⌥ ⇥ ⌧⌥ -+=� ⇥ ⌥ > � ⌥ �⌧⌧ ⌥ ⌧� > �
⇥ > ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ )⇥ � � �+ ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ ⌥ ⇥ -⌧� 5 ⌥ ?* ⌥ ⌧� �#
)⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ )=+ � ⌧+ ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ ⌥ 5⇥ # � � ⌥ �� ⌥ ⇥ =⌧ ⌥ ⌧� ��
)# ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ -⌧> � )+ ⌥ ⇥ ) ⌥ > )-� 5 ⌥ ⇥ ⌧> ⌥ 5)⌧ ⌥ ⇥ � ⇥ ⌧
+⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ #-5� 5+ ⌥ ⇥ -⌥ ⌧#�� ) ⌥ ⇥ ⇥ > ⌥ )-⌧ ⌥ ⇥ � )⌧
+# ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ 5>=� =� ⌥ ⇥ # ⌥ + ⇥ 5� ⌧ ⌥ ⇥ )= ⌥ �=⌧ ⌥ ⇥ � + ⌧
-⌧ ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ > + ⇥ � )= ⌥ ⇥ 5 ⌥ #�⇥ � ⌧ ⌥ ⇥ + = ⌥ > ⇥ ⌧ ⌥ ⇥ � -⌧
-# ⌥ ⇥ ⌥ �=5� 5) ⌥ ⇥ = ⌥ > >⌧� 5 ⌥ ⇥ -= ⌥ =)⌧ ⌥ ⇥ � # ⇥
#⌧ ⌥ ) ⌥ ⇥ )+ � -+ ⌥ ⇥ � ⌥ ⇥ >⌧� � ⌥ ⇥ #= ⌥ 5=⌧ ⌥ ⇥ � 5⇥
5-92
EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Petr Vanýsek
Concentration (mol/L)
Infinite
Compound dilution 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1
�° �
AgNO3 133.29 131.29 130.45 127.14 124.70 121.35 115.18 109.09
1/2BaCl2 139.91 135.89 134.27 127.96 123.88 119.03 111.42 105.14
1/2CaCl2 135.77 131.86 130.30 124.19 120.30 115.59 108.42 102.41
1/2Ca(OH)2 258 — — 233 226 214 — —
1/2CuSO4 133.6 121.6 115.20 94.02 83.08 72.16 59.02 50.55
HCl 425.95 422.53 421.15 415.59 411.80 407.04 398.89 391.13
KBr 151.9 149.8 148.9 146.02 143.36 140.41 135.61 131.32
KCl 149.79 147.74 146.88 143.48 141.20 138.27 133.30 128.90
KClO4 139.97 138.69 137.80 134.09 131.39 127.86 121.56 115.14
1/3K3Fe(CN)6 174.5 166.4 163.1 150.7 — — — —
1/4K4Fe(CN)6 184 — 167.16 146.02 134.76 122.76 107.65 97.82
KHCO3 117.94 116.04 115.28 112.18 110.03 107.17 — —
KI 150.31 148.2 143.32 144.30 142.11 139.38 134.90 131.05
KIO4 127.86 125.74 124.88 121.18 118.45 114.08 106.67 98.2
KNO3 144.89 142.70 141.77 138.41 132.75 132.34 126.25 120.34
KMnO4 134.8 132.7 131.9 — 126.5 — — 113
KOH 271.5 — 234 230 228 — 219 213
KReO4 128.20 126.03 125.12 121.31 118.49 114.49 106.40 97.40
1/3LaCl3 145.9 139.6 137.0 127.5 121.8 115.3 106.2 99.1
LiCl 114.97 113.09 112.34 109.35 107.27 104.60 100.06 95.81
LiClO4 105.93 104.13 103.39 100.52 98.56 96.13 92.15 88.52
1/2MgCl2 129.34 125.55 124.15 118.25 114.49 109.99 103.03 97.05
NH4Cl 149.6 147.5 146.7 134.4 141.21 138.25 133.22 128.69
NaCl 126.39 124.44 123.68 120.59 118.45 115.70 111.01 106.69
NaClO4 117.42 115.58 114.82 111.70 109.54 106.91 102.35 98.38
NaI 126.88 125.30 124.19 121.19 119.18 116.64 112.73 108.73
NaOOCCH3 91.0 89.2 88.5 85.68 83.72 81.20 76.88 72.76
NaOH 247.7 245.5 244.6 240.7 237.9 — — —
Na picrate 80.45 78.7 78.6 75.7 73.7 — 66.3 61.8
1/2Na2SO4 129.8 125.68 124.09 117.09 112.38 106.73 97.70 89.94
1/2SrCl2 135.73 131.84 130.27 124.18 120.23 115.48 108.20 102.14
1/2ZnSO4 132.7 121.3 114.47 95.44 84.87 74.20 61.17 52.61
This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity � at 25°C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/
L. The units of � are 10–4 m2 S mol–1.
For very dilute solutions,the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the Debye-
Hückel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as
� = �° – (A + B�°)c1/2
For a solution at 25°C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. �° can be found from the next table, “Ionic
Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution”. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION
Petr Vanýsek
This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity � for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25°C. It also
lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to � through the equation
where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp;
for typical ions, � and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25°C.
The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D– values of the constituent ions by the relation
For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity ⇤°, which is
the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as
where �+ and �– are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is
⇤° = ⌅+�+ + ⌅⌥�⌥
where ⌅+ and ⌅⌥ refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution.
REFERENCES
1. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2—226.
2. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959.
3. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
4. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952.
5. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.
� D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
Inorganic Cations
Ag+ 61.9 1.648
1/3Al3+ 61 0.541
1/2Ba2+ 63.6 0.847
1/2Be2+ 45 0.599
1/2Ca2+ 59.47 0.792
1/2Cd2+ 54 0.719
1/3Ce3+ 69.8 0.620
1/2Co2+ 55 0.732
1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 101.9 0.904
1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 74.7 0.663
1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 69 0.306
1/3Cr3+ 67 0.595
Cs+ 77.2 2.056
1/2Cu2+ 53.6 0.714
D+ 249.9 6.655
1/3Dy3+ 65.6 0.582
1/3Er3+ 65.9 0.585
1/3Eu3+ 67.8 0.602
1/2Fe2+ 54 0.719
1/3Fe3+ 68 0.604
1/3Gd3+ 67.3 0.597
H+ 349.65 9.311
1/2Hg2+ 68.6 0.913
1/2Hg2+ 63.6 0.847
� D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
1/3Ho3+ 66.3 0.589
K+ 73.48 1.957
1/3La3+ 69.7 0.619
Li+ 38.66 1.029
1/2Mg2+ 53.0 0.706
1/2Mn2+ 53.5 0.712
NH4+ 73.5 1.957
N2H5+ 59 1.571
Na+ 50.08 1.334
1/3Nd3+ 69.4 0.616
1/2Ni2+ 49.6 0.661
1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 52 0.346
1/2Pb2+ 71 0.945
1/3Pr3+ 69.5 0.617
1/2Ra2+ 66.8 0.889
Rb+ 77.8 2.072
1/3Sc3+ 64.7 0.574
1/3Sm3+ 68.5 0.608
1/2Sr2+ 59.4 0.791
Tl+ 74.7 1.989
1/3Tm3+ 65.4 0.581
1/2UO22+ 32 0.426
1/3Y3+ 62 0.550
1/3Yb3+ 65.6 0.582
1/2Zn2+ 52.8 0.703
⇤° = ++� �–
D
z z D D
z D z Dsalt
=
+( )
+
+ +
+ +
– –
– –
D RT F z= ( )( )/ /2 �
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)
� D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
� D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
Inorganic Anions
Au(CN)2- 50 1.331
Au(CN)4- 36 0.959
B(C6H5)4- 21 0.559
Br- 78.1 2.080
Br3- 43 1.145
BrO3- 55.7 1.483
CN- 78 2.077
CNO- 64.6 1.720
1/2CO32- 69.3 0.923
Cl- 76.31 2.032
ClO2- 52 1.385
ClO3- 64.6 1.720
ClO4- 67.3 1.792
1/3[Co(CN)6]3- 98.9 0.878
1/2CrO42- 85 1.132
F- 55.4 1.475
1/4[Fe(CN)6]4- 110.4 0.735
1/3[Fe(CN)6]3- 100.9 0.896
H2AsO4- 34 0.905
HCO3- 44.5 1.185
HF2- 75 1.997
1/2HPO42- 57 0.759
H2PO4- 36 0.959
H2PO2- 46 1.225
HS- 65 1.731
HSO3- 58 1.545
HSO4- 52 1.385
H2SbO4- 31 0.825
I- 76.8 2.045
IO3- 40.5 1.078
IO4- 54.5 1.451
MnO4- 61.3 1.632
1/2MoO42- 74.5 1.984
N(CN)2- 54.5 1.451
NO2- 71.8 1.912
NO3- 71.42 1.902
NH2SO3- 48.3 1.286
N3- 69 1.837
OCN- 64.6 1.720
OD- 119 3.169
OH- 198 5.273
PF6- 56.9 1.515
1/2PO3F2- 63.3 0.843
1/3PO43- 92.8 0.824
1/4P2O74- 96 0.639
1/3P3O93- 83.6 0.742
1/5P3O105- 109 0.581
ReO4- 54.9 1.462
SCN- 66 1.758
1/2SO32- 72 0.959
1/2SO42- 80.0 1.065
1/2S2O32- 85.0 1.132
1/2S2O42- 66.5 0.885
1/2S2O62- 93 1.238
1/2S2O82- 86 1.145
Sb(OH)6- 31.9 0.849
SeCN- 64.7 1.723
1/2SeO42- 75.7 1.008
1/2WO42- 69 0.919
Organic Cations
Benzyltrimethylammonium+ 34.6 0.921
Isobutylammonium+ 38 1.012
Butyltrimethylammonium+ 33.6 0.895
Decylpyridinium+ 29.5 0.786
Decyltrimethylammonium+ 24.4 0.650
Diethylammonium+ 42.0 1.118
Dimethylammonium+ 51.8 1.379
Dipropylammonium+ 30.1 0.802
Dodecylammonium+ 23.8 0.634
Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ 22.6 0.602
Ethanolammonium+ 42.2 1.124
Ethylammonium+ 47.2 1.257
Ethyltrimethylammonium+ 40.5 1.078
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+ 20.9 0.557
Hexyltrimethylammonium+ 29.6 0.788
Histidyl+ 23.0 0.612
Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+ 39.4 1.049
Methylammonium+ 58.7 1.563
Octadecylpyridinium+ 20 0.533
Octadecyltributylammonium+ 16.6 0.442
Octadecyltriethylammonium+ 17.9 0.477
Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ 19.9 0.530
Octadecyltripropylammonium+ 17.2 0.458
Octyltrimethylammonium+ 26.5 0.706
Pentylammonium+ 37 0.985
Piperidinium+ 37.2 0.991
Propylammonium+ 40.8 1.086
Pyrilammonium+ 24.3 0.647
Tetrabutylammonium+ 19.5 0.519
Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+ 21.5 0.573
Tetraethylammonium+ 32.6 0.868
Tetramethylammonium+ 44.9 1.196
Tetraisopentylammonium+ 17.9 0.477
Tetrapentylammmonium+ 17.5 0.466
Tetrapropylammonium+ 23.4 0.623
Triethylammonium+ 34.3 0.913
Triethylsulfonium+ 36.1 0.961
Trimethylammonium+ 47.23 1.258
Trimethylhexylammonium+ 34.6 0.921
Trimethylsulfonium+ 51.4 1.369
Tripropylammonium+ 26.1 0.695
Organic Anions
Acetate- 40.9 1.089
p-Anisate- 29.0 0.772
1/2Azelate2- 40.6 0.541
Benzoate- 32.4 0.863
Bromoacetate- 39.2 1.044
Bromobenzoate- 30 0.799
Butyrate- 32.6 0.868
Chloroacetate- 39.8 1.060
m-Chlorobenzoate- 31 0.825
o-Chlorobenzoate- 30.2 0.804
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC 
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)
� D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
� D
Ion 10-4 m2 S mol-1 10-5 cm2 s-1
1/3Citrate3- 70.2 0.623
Crotonate- 33.2 0.884
Cyanoacetate- 43.4 1.156
Cyclohexane carboxylate- 28.7 0.764
1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2- 53.4 0.711
Decylsulfate- 26 0.692
Dichloroacetate- 38.3 1.020
1/2Diethylbarbiturate2- 26.3 0.350
Dihydrogencitrate- 30 0.799
1/2Dimethylmalonate2- 49.4 0.658
3,5-Dinitrobenzoate- 28.3 0.754
Dodecylsulfate- 24 0.639
Ethylmalonate- 49.3 1.313
Ethylsulfate- 39.6 1.055
Fluoroacetate- 44.4 1.182
Fluorobenzoate- 33 0.879
Formate- 54.6 1.454
1/2Fumarate2- 61.8 0.823
1/2Glutarate2- 52.6 0.700
Hydrogenoxalate- 40.2 1.070
Isovalerate- 32.7 0.871
Iodoacetate- 40.6 1.081
Lactate- 38.8 1.033
1/2Malate2- 58.8 0.783
1/2Maleate2- 61.9 0.824
1/2Malonate2- 63.5 0.845
Methylsulfate- 48.8 1.299
Naphthylacetate- 28.4 0.756
1/2Oxalate2- 74.11 0.987
Octylsulfate- 29 0.772
Phenylacetate- 30.6 0.815
1/2o-Phthalate2- 52.3 0.696
1/2m-Phthalate2- 54.7 0.728
Picrate- 30.37 0.809
Pivalate- 31.9 0.849
Propionate- 35.8 0.953
Propylsulfate- 37.1 0.988
Salicylate- 36 0.959
1/2Suberate2- 36 0.479
1/2Succinate2- 58.8 0.783
p-Sulfonate 29.3 0.780
1/2Tartarate2- 59.6 0.794
Trichloroacetate- 35 0.932
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC