11A - adverbs (manner and modifiers)

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Casa de Cultura Britânica (CBB) - UFC
3rd semester
11A - Culture shock
Grammar Vocabulary Phonetics
adverbs (manner and
modifiers)
common adverbs connected speech
Grammar: adverbs (manner and modifiers)
Examples:
She wants to live independently.
Her children always speak politely.
She eats very quickly.
I work hard.
We speak English well.
● We use adverbs of manner to say how people do things.
● Adverbs usually go after the verb or verb phrase.
I speak English well. NOT I speak well English.
● We normally form adverbs by adding -ly to adjectives.
● Some adverbs are irregular. They can be the same as the adjective, e.g. fast,
hard, or a different word, e.g. well.
Adjective Adverb Spelling
slow
quick
bad
careful
slowly
quickly
badly
carefully
+ -ly
healthy
easy
healthily
easily
consonant + y: y + -ily
possible possibly le→ -ly
good
fast
hard
well
fast
hard
irregular
● Remember the difference between adjectives and adverbs.
I’m a careful driver. (careful is an adjective. It describes the noun, driver).
I drive carefully. (carefully is an adverb. It describes the verb, drive).
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● Very, quite, really, etc.
It isn’t expensive.
The exams are quite difficult.
She drives incredibly fast.
They speak really slowly.
● We use the adverbs very, quite, etc. to modify adjectives or other adverbs.
● They always go before the adjective or adverb.
● Words ending in -ly.
Be careful. Some words that end in -ly aren’t adverbs, e.g. friendly (= adjective).
He’s a friendly person.
Vocabulary: common adverbs
Drive dangerously
Speak foreign languages fluently
Treat tourists well
Talk loudly
Work hard
Take life seriously
Treat people in shops and restaurants politely
Dress well
Wait patiently in queues
Behave calmly in a crisis
Phonetics: connected speech
Speakers connect words when speaking naturally and it can be hard to understand the
individual words. When people speak naturally, they do not say a word, stop, and then
say the next word. Some two word groups are joined together to help with the rhythm.
The pronunciation of the end and the beginning of the words may change too. These
changes are part of ‘connected speech’.
To understand connected speech, you need to know the difference between vowels and
consonants. The 5 vowels are: a, e, i, o, u. Consonants are all the other letters of the
English alphabet. It will also be helpful to learn the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA),
so that you can learn the sounds. The IPA sounds and the English alphabet are not
always the same. Tophonetics is a great website that will change a word or sentence into
IPA. Learn more about the five main types of connected speech.
Catenation (linking words)
Linking consonant to vowel: connect the final consonant in the first word to the vowel
that starts the next word. This will make it sound like the second word starts with a
consonant.
For example:
I want this orange → thi sorange
This afternoon → thi safternoon
Cats or dogs? → Ca tsor dogs?
I want that orange → tha dorange
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Intrusion (adding an extra sound)
Linking vowel to vowel: when the first-word finishes in a vowel sound and the next word
starts with a vowel sound, connect the 2 words and add an extra sound. The three
sounds added are /w/, /r/ or /j/. /j/ sounds like the ‘y’ in yellow.
For example:
Extra /r/
I saw a movie → I saw ra movie
Law and order → Law rand order
Tuna oil → Tuna roil
Victoria and Albert museum → Victoria rand Albert museum
Extra /w/
Do it → Do wit
Go out → Go wout
True or false? → True wor false?
How are you? → How ware you?
Extra /j/
I agree → I jagree
He asked –→ He jasked
She answered →She janswered
Tea or coffee? → Tea jor coffee?
Elision (deleting a sound)
If the first word finishes in a consonant sound and the next word starts with a consonant
sound, the first sound disappears. This often happens with a /t/ or /d/ sound.
For example:
Next door → Nexdoor
Dad take → Datake
Most common → Moscommon
Used to → Useto
Assimilation (joining sounds to make a new sound)
Sometimes when two consonant sounds are joined, it is very difficult to pronounce the
new sound. A new sound is made instead. This often happens with /t/ and /j/ which make
/ʧ/. Note: ʧ = ch. It also happens with /d/ and /j/ which make /ʤ/. Note: ʤ = dg.
For example:
Don’t you — donʧu
Meet you — meeʧu
Did you — diʤu
Would you — wuʤu
Geminates (twin sounds)
These are like twins — two of the same consonant sounds back-to-back. When the
same letter ends a word and starts the next word, you should connect the two words in
your speech. In this connection, you will say only one sound of that letter.
For example:
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Social life → socialife
Pet turtle → Peturtle
I want to → I wanto