Sim Sintatica II

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In oral language, people tend to use more coordinating conjunctions than transition words. Based on it, choose the best conjunction to replace the transition word in the following sentence: The Sun is a big star. However, there are much bigger stars in the Universe.
		
	
	Nor
	 
	But
	
	And
	
	So
	
	For
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:08:17
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: However refers to the idea of contrast, which means that the second clause introduces an idea that contradicts the expectation of the first one. The coordinating conjunction which has similar meaning is but. The others convey either addition (and, nor), cause (for) or result (so).
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Coordination is a syntactic process that organizes constituents of the same category or same function. Based on it, in which option are the noun phrases [my mother] and [my father] organized through the process of coordination?
		
	
	My mother gave a gift to my father in his birthday.
	
	My father gave my mother a beautiful necklace.
	
	My father kissed my mother in front of my friends.
	 
	My mother and my father are my best friends.
	
	My mother loves my father since childhood.
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:59:23
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: Coordinate clauses are usually linked by coordinators. The only sentence which exemplifies such use is My mother and my father are my best friends, in which the noun phrases are linked by the coordinator and. The other sentences show examples in which the noun phrases either occupy the subject position, being placed before the verb, or the object position, complementing the verb phrase.
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Read the text below:
There are now more overweight than underweight people in the world.
 
London - More than 640 million people [1]globally now weigh in as [2]obese and the world has more overweight than underweight people, according to an [3]analysis of global trends in body mass index (BMI).
A startling increase [4]in rates of obesity in the past 40 years means the number of people with a BMI of more than 30 has risen from 105 million in 1975 to 641 million, the study found. More than one in 10 men and one in seven women are obese.(DAVID GRAY. Reuters. There Are Now More Overweight Than Underweight People in the World. 2016. Available at: https://www.newsweek.com/world-obesity-641-million-overweight-underweight-442874. Accessed  August,31, 2021)
The highlighted elements [1], [2], [3] and [4] are examples of which types of PHRASES respectively?
		
	
	[1] = noun phrase; [2] = adverbial phrase; [3] = adjective phrase; [4] = verb phrase
	
	[1] = noun phrase; [2] = verb phrase; [3] = adverbial phrase; [4] = noun phrase
	 
	[1] = adverbial phrase; [2] = adjective phrase; [3] = noun phrase; [4] = prepositional phrase
	
	[1] = adjective phrase; [2] = noun phrase; [3] = adverbial phrase; [4] = verb phrase
	
	[1] = prepositional phrase; [2] = noun phrase; [3] = verb phrase; [4] = adjective frase
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 21:11:10
	
	Explicação:
[1] = adverbial phrase; [2] = adjective phrase; [3] = noun phrase; [4] = prepositional phrase (CORRECT). The head of each phrase is what must be used to label the type of phrase in use. Consequently, globally is an adverb (the -ly suffix used to form adverbs from adjectives), obese is an adjective because characterizes the noun people previously mentioned, analysis is a noun, since it is preceded by the article an and the structure in rates is composed of a preposition + complement, which is the structure of a prepositional phrase.
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Read the text below:
Virologist at Columbia University Angela Rasmussen suggests avoiding public transportation, if possible, especially if crowded.
"Any type of public transportation that has a lot of people crowded together in an enclosed, poorly ventilated space is an environment with increased transmission risk," Rasmussen tells Newsweek. "This especially applies to packed subway cars or public buses."
Feinberg says there is not an issue with ventilation within subway cars; in fact, MTA's numbers surpass the recommendation promoted by the CDC. [1] Though there are no standards for subway cars, the MTA has adapted the guidelines for the air exchange rates for health care facilities. She says that [2] while the recommendation from the CDC is 10 times per hour, the subway's numbers are upwards of 16 or 18 times per hour. "It doesn't mean we are perfect, we are always looking for what else we can do," Feinberg says."But we are in a pretty good place there."
The issue of crowding, though, is really up to the rider, Feinberg adds.
Patience is key, the virologist explains. [3] If a train pulls up that is too crowded to allow for appropriate social distancing, then wait for the next one.
(SCHONFELD, Alexandra. How Safe Is the New York City Subway Right Now? 2020. Newsweek Magazine. Available at: https://www.newsweek.com/how-safe-new-york-city-subway-right-now-1521844. Accessed  August31st , 2021)
What is the function of the Adverbial Clauses [1], [2], and [3] respectively?
		
	
	Manner, Contrast, Place
	
	Place, Condition, Reason
	 
	Contrast, Time, Condition
	
	Time, Place, Manner
	
	Reason, Purpose, Result
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:32:19
	
	Explicação:
Contrast, Time, Condition (CORRECT). The subordinator THOUGH is used to convey CONTRAST. Subordinator WHILE refers to TIME and the subordinator IF is used to indicate CONDITION. None of the subordinators used in the highlighted clauses indicate Time, Place, or Manner. None of the subordinators used in the highlighted clauses indicate Reason, Purpose, or Result.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Mark the alternative presenting a relative pronoun that could replace which.
Not all things which are old get replaced with new.
		
	
	Why
	
	Whose
	
	Who
	
	Whom
	 
	That
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:27:35
	
	Explicação:
When the referent is non-human, which or that should be preferred. Therefore, only  that  is the correct alternative.  Who  and  whom  refer to humans, while  why  refers to cause and  whose  to possession. Since this is a restrictive relative clause  which  and  that  are interchangeable.
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Mark the option that best classifies the syntactic function of the underlined noun phrases within the main clauses and within the restrictive relative clauses present in the following excerpts:
I - The effort was backed up by a team of scientists [that conducted new ocean research].
 
II - a marine scientist [who served as a science advisor to the Canada delegation] talked about the scientific process.
III - 9 out of 10 people breathe air [that contains high levels of pollutants].
		
	
	I. Object/ subject; II. Subject/ subject. III. Object/ object.
	
	I. Object/ object. II. Object/ object. III. Subject/ Agent of the passive.
	
	I. Subject/ subject. II. Object/ subject. III. Object/ object.
	
	I. Subject/ subject. II. Object/ subject. III. Subject/ subject.
	 
	I. Agent of the passive voice/ subject; II. Subject/ subject; III. Object/ subject.
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 21:05:24
	
	Explicação:
I." A team of scientists" is the agent of the passive voice. You should notice that noun phrases fulfilling this role are often introduced by the preposition "by". However, the same noun phrase is the subject of the verb "conducted". After all, who conducted new ocean research? A team of scientists.  II. The noun phrase "a marine scientist" plays the role of subject in both clauses: it is the subject of the verb "served" and also the subject of the verb ¿talked¿. III. The head noun is the object of the verb ¿breathe¿. What do 9 out of 10 people breathe? ¿Air¿. At the same time, it is the subject of the verb of the restrictive relative clause. What contains high level of pollutants? "Air". The correct alternative is then:"I. Agent of the passive voice/ subject; II. Subject/ subject; III. Object/ subject".
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	In 2014, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published a document with guidelines for a more sustainable use of plastic. You can find in the excerpt below a clause defining the sort of world the project is willing to build. After reading it, choose the option that best rephrases it.
"The Plastic Disclosure Project asks organisations to measure, manage, disclose and benefit from more sustainable use of plastic. It seeks a world in which plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment".
		
	
	It seeks a world in that plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world how plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	 
	It seeks a world where plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world that plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world when plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:34:59
	
	Explicação:
Where is the relative adverb that best conveys the meaning of place present in in which. "In which" can convey different meanings such as place, time and manner. In the excerpt, though, place is being conveyed. In order to rewrite the sentence while still retaining its original meaning, "where" should be used. The only correct option is hence: "It seeks a world where plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment". The other options convey either time (when), manner (how) or present relative pronouns (that).
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	In the excerpt below, we could delete that are  because:In Europe, you can always return items that are no longer required back to the point of purchase.
		
	
	The relative pronoun introduces omissible information in the main clause.
	
	The relative pronoun plays the role of subject in the restrictive relative clause.
	
	The relative pronoun restricts or defines the concept of  items.
	
	The relative pronoun plays the role of object in the restrictive relative clause.
	 
	The relative pronoun followed by verb to be can be deleted, according to what Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999) call the  relative pronoun + be deletion rule.
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:46:16
	
	Explicação:
According to Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman, whenever the relative pronoun is followed by verb to be they can be deleted altogether. That is what the authors call the  relative pronoun + be deletion rule. The only correct option is then: The relative pronoun followed by verb to be can be deleted, according to what Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999) call the  relative pronoun + be deletion rule . When the relative pronoun plays the role of object in the restrictive relative clause, only the relative pronoun can be omitted. When the relative pronoun plays the role of subject in the restrictive relative clause it cannot be omitted and the same applies to when it introduces omissible information in the main clause. The fact that the clause is a nonrestrictive relative clause does not refer to a situation in which the relative pronoun and the verb to be can be omitted.
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	In formal writing we find conditional clauses marked by inversion, as in:
		
	
	If your attitude was nice, I would be more helpful.
	
	I would be more helpful, If it were not for your attitude.
	
	If it were not for your attitude, I would be more helpful.
	 
	I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude.
	
	I would love it if you were nice.
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:36:19
	
	Explicação:
Even though all options show conditional clauses, the sentence "I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude" is the only one in which a verb-subject inversion occurs. Inversions in conditional clauses occur only when IF is omitted. Notice that this is the only sentence in which IF is not present.
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	English Word order has been described as fixed. It is true that the placement of elements is strictly regulated in this language and that variations of the canonical SVO Word order are possible. Yet there are other sorts of rare word order variation in this language due mainly to fronting and its discourse functions. What are some of these discourse functions?
i) repetition.
ii) expressing contrast.
iii) enabling particular elements to gain emphasis.
iv) organizing information flow to achieve cohesion.
		
	
	Options i) and ii) are correct.
	
	Options i), ii) and iii) are correct.
	 
	Options ii), iii) and iv) are correct.
	
	Only option ii) is correct.
	
	Options iii) and iv) are the only ones correct.
	Respondido em 06/09/2022 20:37:34
	
	Explicação:
Some of the discourse functions of fronting include: expressing contrast, adding emphasis to certain elements, and organizing information flow. Fronting may be an efficient cohesive mechanism and it has no relation whatsoever to repetition. Therefore, option i) is the only incorrect information, meaning that ii), iii) and iv) are correct.
	Like simple conjunctions, correlative conjunctions in complex coordination can also express different meanings. Based on it, what is the meaning expressed by the correlative conjunction either...or in the following sentence: Maria has eaten either rice or pasta?
		
	
	Time
	 
	Alternative
	
	Concession
	
	Addition
	
	Purpose
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:20:03
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: The pairs of correlative conjunctions are the following: both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, either...or, which convey addition, exclusion, alternatives. In the sentence Maria has eaten either rice or pasta the conjunctions are used to present alternatives, options; therefore, the idea of alternative (one or another) is being conveyed.
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Coordination is a syntactic process that organizes constituents of the same category or same function. Based on it, in which option are the noun phrases [my mother] and [my father] organized through the process of coordination?
		
	
	My mother loves my father since childhood.
	 
	My mother and my father are my best friends.
	
	My father kissed my mother in front of my friends.
	
	My father gave my mother a beautiful necklace.
	
	My mother gave a gift to my father in his birthday.
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:20:16
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: Coordinate clauses are usually linked by coordinators. The only sentence which exemplifies such use is My mother and my father are my best friends, in which the noun phrases are linked by the coordinator and. The other sentences show examples in which the noun phrases either occupy the subject position, being placed before the verb, or the object position, complementing the verb phrase.
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	READ THE TEXT BELOW:
 
Where do these tales come from? Why do they have such a grip on us? Why do we always seem to need them? What we want is to know more about ourselves by knowing something more about fairy tales. We want to fathom their mysterious hold on us. Perhaps this is why there are literally hundreds of scholarly books and essays about the tales, and why there are more serious studies which insist on making a distinction between the oral folk tale and the literary fairy tale. Distinction is what preserves the unique socio-historical nature of genres. It is distinction that exposes the magic of a genre, WHILE IT ALLOWS US, at the same time, to preserve and cultivate it so that it willcontinue to flourish. (ZIPES, Jack. The Oxford Companion to Folk and Fairy Tales. Oxford: OUP, 2002)
What is the function of the highlighted Adverbial Clause in the text?
		
	
	Place
	 
	Time
	
	Purpose
	
	Manner
	
	Reason
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:22:44
	
	Explicação:
TIME (CORRECT) - The Subordinator WHILE belongs to the category of conjunctions used in Adverbial Clauses to express TIME. AS IF and AS THOUGH are examples of subordinators which indicate MANNER. Subordinators WHERE, WHEREVER are the ones which indicate PLACE. BECAUSE, SINCE and AS are examples of subordinators which indicate REASON, and, finally, IN ORDER THAT and SO THAT are examples of subordinators which indicate PURPOSE.
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Read the text below:
 
The Scandinavian influence was the earliest, and arguably one of the strongest external forces that went into the making of modern English. Consequently, knowledge of the Icelandic language is of utmost importance. Not only does Icelandic supply a linguistic basis for such a study, but it also provides the source of a great deal of the necessary information for the understanding of medieval British history. Old Icelandic literature, both in poetry and prose, presents a wealth of interesting material, which in some respects stands unrivalled among the literatures of medieval Europe, and without which, one's knowledge of the ancient North would certainly be limited.
(Adapted from ZOËGA, Geir T. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Concise-Dictionary-of-Old-Icelandic-Zo%C3%ABga/6f0f8c31249e4c6bf97026fd1b76f4bfd2b500dc. Accessed Sept 3rd, 2021.) How many sentences are there in the text above?
		
	 
	4
	
	3
	
	5
	
	1
	
	2
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:24:10
	
	Explicação:
4 (CORRECT) - By definition, a sentence starts with a capital letter and ends either with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark. In the text above, there are four periods (= full stops), so the text has four sentences. The other options either show a number that is inferior to the total of sentences or superior to 4, which is the correct answer.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Not all relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. It is not infrequent to come across clauses in which the relative pronoun is not present. There are, however, rules to omit the pronouns. Mark the option in which the relative pronoun can be omitted:
		
	
	 How often do we think about repair and maintenance of computers, phones, or other devices [that have some damage or are slightly worn?].
	
	These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people [that rely on them].
	
	 9 out of 10 people breathe air [that contains high levels of pollutants].
	
	Extreme sea level events [that previously occurred once in 100 years] could happen every year by the end of this century.
	 
	 We are also pretty comfortable doing this with technology products [which we repair when damaged].
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:26:34
	
	Explicação:
We often delete the relative pronoun when it functions as the object of the restrictive relative clause. Except for  We are also pretty comfortable doing this with technology products [which we repair when damaged], all the alternatives present relative pronouns playing the role of subject in the restrictive relative clause. Since the subject of the relative clause in question  we  does not coincide with the noun the relative pronoun refers to, the relative pronoun can be omitted.
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Analyze the following excerpt and choose the option that best explains the relationship between the relative clause and its antecedent.
 
An official with the California Air Resources Board, [which oversees the state's carbon-offset program], declined to comment on CarbonPlan's findings.
Source: Forests Used as Carbon Offsets Are Going Up in Wildfire Flames - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
		
	
	The relative adverbial explains how its referent, "the California Air Resources Board", intends to reduce carbon emissions.
	 
	The nonrestrictive relative clause provides omissible information on the function of its referent, "the California Air Resources Board".
	
	The nonrestrictive relative clause contains essential information to define its referent "official", explaining his duties.
	
	The restrictive relative clause refines its referent "official", explaining his duties.
	
	The restrictive relative clause provides omissible information on the function of its referent, "the California Air Resources Board".
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:29:54
	
	Explicação:
The use of the relative pronoun "which" is indicative of the fact that the referent of the relative clause is non-human, in this case, "the California Air Resources Board". Besides, the use of comma or dash to set apart the relative clause from the main clause is a distinctive trait of nonrestrictive relative clauses. Nonrestrictive relative clauses provide additional information, that is, information that is omissible. The only correct option is thus: The nonrestrictive relative clause provides omissible information on the function of its referent, "the California Air Resources Board".
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	In 2014, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published a document with guidelines for a more sustainable use of plastic. You can find in the excerpt below a clause defining the sort of world the project is willing to build. After reading it, choose the option that best rephrases it.
"The Plastic Disclosure Project asks organisations to measure, manage, disclose and benefit from more sustainable use of plastic. It seeks a world in which plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment".
		
	
	It seeks a world that plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world how plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world in that plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	 
	It seeks a world where plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world when plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:30:23
	
	Explicação:
Where is the relative adverb that best conveys the meaning of place present in in which. "In which" can convey different meanings such as place, time and manner. In the excerpt, though, place is being conveyed. In order to rewrite the sentence while still retaining its original meaning, "where" should be used. The only correct option is hence: "It seeks a world where plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment". The other options convey either time (when), manner (how) or present relative pronouns (that).
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Mark the alternative presenting a relative pronoun that could replace which.
Not all things which are old get replaced with new.
		
	
	Why
	 
	That
	
	Whom
	
	Whose
	
	Who
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:34:38
	
	Explicação:
When the referent is non-human, which or that should be preferred. Therefore, only  that  is the correct alternative.  Who  and  whom  refer to humans, while  why  refers to cause and  whose  to possession. Since this is a restrictive relative clause  which  and  that  are interchangeable.
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	In formal writing we find conditional clauses marked by inversion, as in:
		
	
	If it were not for your attitude, I would be more helpful.
	 
	I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude.
	
	I would be more helpful,If it were not for your attitude.
	
	I would love it if you were nice.
	
	If your attitude was nice, I would be more helpful.
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:38:46
	
	Explicação:
Even though all options show conditional clauses, the sentence "I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude" is the only one in which a verb-subject inversion occurs. Inversions in conditional clauses occur only when IF is omitted. Notice that this is the only sentence in which IF is not present.
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	English Word order has been described as fixed. It is true that the placement of elements is strictly regulated in this language and that variations of the canonical SVO Word order are possible. Yet there are other sorts of rare word order variation in this language due mainly to fronting and its discourse functions. What are some of these discourse functions?
i) repetition.
ii) expressing contrast.
iii) enabling particular elements to gain emphasis.
iv) organizing information flow to achieve cohesion.
		
	 
	Options ii), iii) and iv) are correct.
	
	Only option ii) is correct.
	
	Options iii) and iv) are the only ones correct.
	
	Options i) and ii) are correct.
	
	Options i), ii) and iii) are correct.
	Respondido em 08/09/2022 19:39:15
	
	Explicação:
Some of the discourse functions of fronting include: expressing contrast, adding emphasis to certain elements, and organizing information flow. Fronting may be an efficient cohesive mechanism and it has no relation whatsoever to repetition. Therefore, option i) is the only incorrect information, meaning that ii), iii) and iv) are correct.