LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS SINTÁTICOS E SEMÂNTICOS simulado 2

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Disc.: LÍNGUA INGLESA ASPECTOS SINTÁTICOS E SEMÂNTICOS   
Aluno(a): FERNANDA DE OLIVEIRA VIANA MACHADO 202001150481
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The statements below refer to lexical relations. Read them and choose the correct alternative: 
I. Homographs are groups of words that have the same pronunciation or the same writing but have different
meanings. 
II. This semantic category of words is called homophony, when the words share the same spoken sounding or
homography, when they share the same spelling.
III. This semantic category of words is called homonymy, when the words share the same spoken sounding or
homophony, when they share the same spelling.
IV. Homonyms are groups of words that have the same pronunciation or the same writing but have different
meanings. 
Statements I, II and III are correct.
Statements I and II are correct.
 Statements II and IV are correct.
Statements II and III are correct.
Statements III and IV are correct.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:36:58
Explicação:
Homonyms are groups of words with the same pronunciation/spelling but different meanings. The homonyms can be
either homophones (same sounding) or homographs (same writing).
Acerto: 0,2  / 0,2
Read the de�nition below:
This type of ambiguity that occurs when the link among the elements within a sentence is not clear, establishing
multiple possibilities of reading for the sentence.
Which of the different types of ambiguity is described in the de�nition above?
Pragmatic Ambiguity.
Syntactic ambiguity.
Semantic Ambiguity.
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 Scope ambiguity.
Lexical ambiguity.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:37:20
Explicação:
The type of ambiguity caused by the confusing interplay of the constitutive elements of a sentence is known as
syntactic ambiguity. This type of ambiguity occurs in utterances formed by complex and somehow ill-composed
syntactic structures. In sentences constructed by many phrases and syntactic elements, the link among those items
can become confusing, creating a sense of ambiguity within the message.
Acerto: 0,2  / 0,2
Read the excerpt bellow:
"A new study published in the journal Science shows de�nitive evidence of organic matter on the surface of
Mars. The data was collected by NASA's nuclear-powered rover Curiosity. It con�rms earlier �ndings that the
Red Planet once contained carbon-based compounds. These compounds - also called organic molecules - are
essential ingredients for life as scientists understand it.
The organic molecules were found in Mars's Gale Crater, a large area that may have been a watery lake over
three billion years ago. The rover encountered traces of the molecule in rocks extracted from the area. The
rocks also contain sulfur, which scientists speculate helped preserve the organics even when the rocks were
exposed to the harsh radiation on the surface of the planet.
Scientists are quick to state that the presence of these organic molecules is not suf�cient evidence for ancient
life on Mars, as the molecules could have been formed by non-living processes. But it's still one of the most
astonishing discoveries, which could lead to future revelations. Especially when one considers the other
startling �nd that Curiosity uncovered around �ve years ago."
Retrieved from: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/c1-reading/life-on-mars.
The semantic nature of the subject is related to the verb concerning its dynamic or nondynamic feature. The
subject of the sentence "The data was collected by NASA's nuclear-powered rover Curiosity" presents the
following features:
[-passiveness]/[+activity].
[+passiveness]/[+activity].
 [+passiveness]/[-volition].
[+volition]/[+activity].
[-passiveness]/[+volition].
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:38:14
Explicação:
The subject "The data" presents the features [+passiveness], which means that it is a patient, it suffers the action; [-
volition], which implies non-intentionality; and [-activity], which means that it does not practices anything.
Acerto: 0,2  / 0,2
Lexical transfers from L1 to L2 can have either a positive or a negative effect on learning a foreign language.
What is a lexical error?
It is what we call the dif�culty ESL learners have with writing.
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It is a syntax problem teachers have to solve.
 It is when students consider only the literal meaning of the word.
It is when people have problems with the listening skill.
It is a mistake with adjectives.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:38:47
Explicação:
Lexical errors may impair listening but that is not the only skill that is hindered. Also, mistakes are not connected to
adjectives or EFL writing. It could be a problem approached by the teacher, but not in syntax, in semantics. Lexical
errors happen when students only know one meaning of the word, its literal meaning, for instance. It is then it is the
incorrect translation from L1 to L2.
Acerto: 0,2  / 0,2
Considering natural languages' tendency towards polysemy, many are the semantic processes that contribute to
make languages progressively more polysemic. Read the statements below and choose the correct alternative: 
I. One of those processes is specialization, which consists in the incrementation of one word's meaning through
its use in a more specialized and technical environment.
II. Another important process is the in�uence of foreign languages, which occurs when imported foreign words
in�uence domestic lexical items.
III. Finally, when a word has its meaning incremented by some speci�c metaphorical use, this phenomenon is
called rami�cation.
Statements II and III are correct.
Statements I, II and III are correct.
Only statement II is correct.
Statements I and II are correct.
 Statements I and III are correct.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:39:15
Explicação:
The employment of a word in a specialized environment that results in a gain in meaning is called specialization. The
in�uence of foreign languages also increments semantically the words of a language while the connotative and
metaphorical use is another process of semantic expansion of the words. 
Acerto: 0,2  / 0,2
The notion of scope relation is closely linked with the idea of semantic scope, that is the zone of reach within
which a certain element has semantic in�uence. 
Bearing this idea in mind, assess the following statements and the relationship between them:
I. Scope relations are also intimate to the idea of ambiguity. 
BECAUSE
II. Both presume the existence of more than one possible reading to a certain utterance.
 I and II are correct and, II correctly justi�es I.
I and II are correct but II does not justify I.
Only I is correct.
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Only II is correct.
I and II are incorrect.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:39:43
Explicação:
Semantic scope is the semantic zone of reach of a certain element while ambiguity is closely related to scope relation
due to the fact both notions presume the existence of multiple readings within the same utterance.
Acerto: 0,0  / 0,2
Read the excerpt below:
"An American or British person might be looking their client in the eye to show that they are paying full
attention to what is being said, but if that client is from Japan or Korea, they might �nd the direct eye contact
awkward or even disrespectful. In parts of South America and Africa, prolonged eye contact could also be seen
as challenging authority. In the Middle East, eye contact acrossgenders is considered inappropriate, although
eye contact within a gender could signify honesty and truthfulness.
Having an increased awareness of the possible differences in expectations and behaviour can help us avoid
cases of miscommunication, but it is vital that we also remember that cultural stereotypes can be detrimental to
building good business relationships. Although national cultures could play a part in shaping the way we behave
and think, we are also largely in�uenced by the region we come from, the communities we associate with, our
age and gender, our corporate culture and our individual experiences of the world. The knowledge of the
potential differences should therefore be something we keep at the back of our minds, rather than something
that we use to pigeonhole the individuals of an entire nation."
Retrieved from: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/reading/c1-reading/cultural-behaviour-in-
business.
Verbs establish dynamic or static relations with the other elements of the sentence. There are two major types
of sentences: dynamic and stative. Dynamic sentences may be further divided into three categories: active,
processive and active-processive. The sentence "An American or British person might be looking their client in
the eye" exempli�es the following category:
 stative.
nondynamic.
processive.
active-processive.
 active.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:40:13
Explicação:
In this sentence, the verb "look" implies an action with an intention of someone to look something. Therefore, it is an
active sentence. Active sentences are composed of action verbs. Consequently, they require a subject that does
something. Therefore, since the subject does something in the sentence, it exempli�es an active sentence.
Acerto: 0,2  / 0,2
Calques are, in a way, transfers. Choose the option that presents a syntactic calques.
Brussel sprouts.
Actually, I don't want to go.
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Let's take the bus.
I missed the plane.
 Coconut little candy.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:40:17
Explicação:
"Brussel sprouts" is the correct word for "couve de bruxelas"; "Actually, I don't want to go" is used correctly, meaning
"Na verdade, não quero ir"; "Let's take the bus" means "Vamos pegar o ônibus", and the verb used is correct; "I missed
the plane" is correct for "Eu perdi o avião" using the correct verb. However, "coconut little candy" is the de�nition of a
kind of candy that does not exist in the English language but is poorly translated. And the original would probably be
"Docinho de côco".
Acerto: 0,2  / 0,2
Prosody plays a role in the construction of meaning in the utterances. Bearing this in mind, assess the following
statements:
I. The way people pronounce their utterances expresses attitudinal values (positive or negative) that go beyond
the original meaning of the word.
BECAUSE
II. Semantic prosody can be understood as the meaning conveyed by the melody of language speaking that is
integrated to the meaning of word/lexical item.
Options I and II are not correct.
 Options I and II are correct, but II is not a correct justi�cation for I.
Options I and II are correct propositions and II is a correct justi�cation for I.
Option I is not correct, but option II is correct. Therefore, II is not a correct justi�cation for I.
Option I is correct, but option II is not correct. Therefore, II is not a correct justi�cation for I.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:40:56
Explicação:
The way people pronounce their utterances does express value and semantic prosody is actually the meaning that is
integrated to the meaning of the word by pronunciation features. However, this second assertion is not a justi�cation
for the �rst one. They describe concurring properties of semantic prosody, not performing any type of causality.
Acerto: 0,0  / 0,2
Modal scope relations occur when the interpretation of the meaning of the sentence relies on the
understanding of the scope of the modal element. Bearing this de�nition in mind, read the sentences below and
mark the one that represents a modal scope relation.
You must study seriously, or you will fail in this semester's �nals.
 According to the weather forecast, tomorrow may be one of the hottest days of the year.
 After realizing the truth, you can cry or �ght.
Your bad deeds may haunt you in the future. 
She may panic after �nding out what happened to her sister.
Respondido em 30/09/2023 21:41:19
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Explicação:
The only option that presents a modal scope relation in which there is unclarity regarding the meaning of the sentence
due to multiple possible readings of the scope of the modal verb is "After realizing the truth, you can cry or �ght".
Different interpretations of the sentence are possible depending on whether we see the modal 'can' modifying the
following elements in an alternative way or in an integrative, generalized way.