Conte_2024_Machine-Learning-Aided-Analysis--Design--and-Additive-Manufacturi

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Contents
List of contributors xv
Section I Introduction
1. An introduction to functionally graded porous materials and
composite structures 3
Da Chen, Kang Gao, Jie Yang and Sritawat Kitipornchai
1.1 Porous materials 3
1.2 Functionally graded porous materials 5
1.2.1 Functionally graded porosity 5
1.2.2 Fabrication 6
1.3 Functionally graded porous composite structures 7
1.3.1 Structural forms 7
1.3.2 Mechanical analysis 8
1.4 Chapters in this book 9
1.5 Conclusions 12
Acknowledgments 12
References 12
Section II Structural performance evaluation
2. Free and forced vibrations of functionally graded porous
straight and curved beams 19
Qingshan Wang, Tao Liu and Rui Zhong
Nomenclature 19
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Materials and methods 22
2.2.1 Model description 22
2.2.2 Energy formulations of functionally graded porous
curved beam 25
2.2.3 Model discretization and solution procedure 27
2.3 Result and discussion 30
2.3.1 Convergence study 31
2.3.2 Validation 31
2.3.3 Parameter studies 40
2.4 Conclusion 48
Acknowledgments 48
References 48
3. Free and forced vibrations of functionally graded porous
quadrilateral plates with complex curved edges 51
Tao Liu, Rui Zhong and Qingshan Wang
Nomenclature 51
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Theory analysis 55
3.2.1 Establishment of the model 55
3.2.2 Constitutive relation and energy equation 57
3.2.3 Spectral Chebyshev method 59
3.2.4 Solving procedure 62
3.3 Results and discussion 64
3.3.1 Free vibration of FGP plates 66
3.3.2 Transient response of FGP plates 76
3.3.3 Steady-state response of FGP plates 82
3.4 Conclusion 84
Acknowledgments 84
References 84
4. Free and forced vibrations of functionally graded porous circular
cylindrical shells 89
Yan Qing Wang, Qing Dong Chai and Mei Wen Teng
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Linear free vibration 90
4.2.1 Governing equations 92
4.2.2 Solution procedure 94
4.2.3 Results and discussion 99
4.3 Linear forced vibration 102
4.3.1 Governing equations 102
4.3.2 Solution procedure 108
4.3.3 Results and discussion 109
4.4 Nonlinear free vibration 112
4.4.1 Governing equations 112
4.4.2 Solution procedure 116
4.4.3 Results and discussion 119
4.5 Nonlinear forced vibration 122
4.5.1 Governing equations and solution 122
4.5.2 Results and discussion 128
4.6 Conclusion 134
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Acknowledgments 136
References 136
5. Free and forced vibrations of functionally graded porous
shallow shells on elastic foundation 139
Rui Zhong, Tao Liu and Qingshan Wang
Nomenclature 139
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Theoretical formulations 142
5.2.1 Functionally graded porous material properties 142
5.2.2 Description of the shallow shells 144
5.2.3 Energy functional of the functionally graded porous
shallow shells 144
5.2.4 Spectral Chebyshev method 149
5.2.5 Solving procedure 151
5.3 Analysis and discussion 153
5.3.1 Convergence studies 153
5.3.2 Validity of the present method 153
5.3.3 Free vibration analysis 155
5.3.4 Forced vibration analysis 159
5.4 Conclusion 169
Acknowledgments 170
References 170
6. Improving buckling and vibration response of porous beams
using higher order distribution of porosity 173
Mohammad M. Keleshteri and Jasmin Jelovica
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 Porous materials with graded porosities 174
6.3 Governing equations 176
6.3.1 Displacement field 176
6.3.2 Strain-displacement relations 177
6.3.3 Constitutive equations 177
6.3.4 Hamilton principle 178
6.4 Solution methodology 181
6.4.1 Galerkin technique 181
6.4.2 Harmonic balance method 182
6.5 Numerical results and discussions 183
6.5.1 Comparative studies 183
6.5.2 Parametric studies 183
6.6 Conclusions 188
Acknowledgments 189
Appendix 189
References 192
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7. Probabilistic stability analysis of functionally graded graphene
reinforced porous beams 195
Kang Gao, Da Chen, Jie Yang and Sritawat Kitipornchai
7.1 Introduction 195
7.2 Material properties of functionally graded graphene reinforced
porous beams 196
7.3 Theoretical formulations 200
7.4 Solution methodology and equations 202
7.4.1 Discrete singular convolution algorithm 202
7.4.2 Stability analysis by using discrete singular convolution
method 203
7.5 Surrogate model-based stochastic framework 204
7.5.1 Chebyshev metamodel 204
7.6 Results and discussion 206
7.6.1 Validation of deterministic buckling analysis 206
7.6.2 Validation and accuracy of the probabilistic
buckling analysis 208
7.6.3 The influence of different porosity types 209
7.6.4 The influence of different graphene platelets distribution
pattern 209
7.6.5 The influence of different boundary conditions 209
7.7 Conclusion 211
Acknowledgments 211
References 212
8. An improved approach for thick functionally graded beams under
bending vibratory analysis 215
David Bassir, Nadhir Lebaal, Youssef Boutahar, Mohammad Talha and
Lhoucine Boutahar
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Theoretical formulation 216
8.2.1 Model definition 216
8.2.2 Displacement and strain fields 217
8.2.3 Calculation of energies 219
8.2.4 Governing equation 220
8.2.5 Analytical solution for a simple supported functionally
graded beam (S-S FG beam) 221
8.3 Numerical results and discussion 222
8.3.1 Static analysis 223
8.3.2 Vibration analysis 231
Conclusions 233
Appendix A 233
References 235
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Section III Machine learning aided analysis
9. Accelerated design and characterization of nonuniformed cellular
architected materials with tunable mechanical properties 241
Binglin Xie, Daobo Zhang, Peng Feng and Nan Hu
9.1 Introduction 241
9.2 Materials and methods 242
9.2.1 Basic geometry of material units 242
9.2.2 Numerical simulations 243
9.2.3 Neural network parameters and architecture of
machine learning framework 243
9.3 Analysis and prediction results 244
9.3.1 Response classification of 33 3 units 244
9.3.2 Response classification of representative 43 4 units 246
9.3.3 Machine learningmodel validation and response prediction 247
9.4 Conclusion 248
Acknowledgments 249
References 249
10. Artificial intelligence (AI) enhanced finite element multiscale
modeling and structural uncertainty analysis of a functionally
graded porous beam 251
Da Chen, Nima Emami, Shahed Rezaei, Philipp L. Rosendahl,
Bai-Xiang Xu, Jens Schneider, Kang Gao and Jie Yang
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 AI-enhanced finite element multiscale modeling 252
10.2.1 Representative volume elements for finite element
homogenization 253
10.2.2 Database construction 255
10.2.3 Convolutional neural networks 257
10.2.4 Results from convolutional neural network 258
10.3 Structural uncertainty analysis 259
10.3.1 Material uncertainty 259
10.3.2 Bending analysis of FG porous beam 261
10.3.3 Validation and discussion on FG porous beam 263
10.4 Conclusions 266
Acknowledgments 266
References 267
11. Machine learning-aided stochastic static analysis of functionally
graded porous plates 271
Yuan Feng, Di Wu, Xiaojun Chen and Wei Gao
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Functionally graded porous plates 272
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11.3 Theoretical formulation 274
11.3.1 First-order shear deformation theory of plate 274
11.4 Machine learning-aided stochastic static analysis 276
11.4.1 The Karhunen�Loève expansion 276
11.4.2 Machine learning-aided stochastic static analysis of
functionally graded porous plate 278
11.4.3 Artificial neural networks 279
11.4.4 The extended support vector regression 280
11.5 Investigation of results 281
11.5.1 Convergence and validation 281
11.5.2 Functionally graded porous cylinder plate example 282
11.5.3 Functionally graded porous spanner plate example 285
11.6 Conclusion 291
11.6.1 Summary and conclusions 291
Acknowledgments 291
References 292
12. Machine learning aided stochastic free vibration analysis of
functionally graded porous plates 293
Yuan Feng, Di Wu, Xiaojun Chen and Wei Gao
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 Material models of the functionally graded porous plates 294
12.3 Stochastic free vibration analysis 296
12.3.1Free vibration analysis of functionally graded porous plate 296
12.3.2 Stochastic free vibration analysis of functionally
graded porous plate 297
12.4 Machine learning aided stochastic free vibration analysis 298
12.4.1 Preliminary 298
12.4.2 Gaussian process regression 298
12.4.3 The extended support vector regression 299
12.4.4 Optimizing hyperparameters 301
12.5 Investigation of results 301
12.5.1 Convergence and validation 301
12.5.2 Functionally graded porous plate example 303
12.5.3 Functionally graded porous drone base example 306
12.6 Conclusion 310
Acknowledgments 311
References 311
Section IV Additive manufacturing
13. Performance evaluations of functionally graded porous structures 315
Vuong Nguyen-Van, Chenxi Peng, Junli Liu, Phuong Tran and
H. Nguyen-Xuan
13.1 Introduction 315
x Contents
13.2 Design of functionally graded porous structures 316
13.2.1 Topology design of triply periodic minimal surface 316
13.2.2 From triply periodic minimal surface to lattice structures 318
13.2.3 Triply periodic minimal surface lattice with functionally
graded relative density 319
13.3 Manufacturing techniques 320
13.3.1 3D printing of composite materials 320
13.3.2 Additive manufacturing of concrete 322
13.4 Results and discussion 330
13.4.1 Mechanical properties of triply periodic minimal
surface composite-based structures 330
13.4.2 Mechanical performance of porous cement and
concrete-based structures 334
13.5 Potential applications 337
13.6 Conclusions 339
Acknowledgments 339
References 340
14. Design and fabrication of additively manufactured
functionally graded porous structures 347
Yu Duan, Xiaopeng Shi, Bing Du, Xianhang Zhao, Bing Hou and
Yulong Li
14.1 Introduction 347
14.2 Additive manufacturing techniques 351
14.2.1 Powder bed fusion 351
14.2.2 Material extrusion 352
14.2.3 Vat photopolymerization 354
14.3 Additively manufactured cellular solids 354
14.3.1 Open-cell foams 355
14.3.2 Closed-cell foams 358
14.3.3 Honeycomb architectures 361
14.3.4 Lattice architectures 363
14.3.5 Graded cellular solids 364
14.4 Perspective and outlook 369
14.5 Conclusions 371
Acknowledgments 372
References 372
15. Mechanical behavior of additively manufactured functionally
graded porous structures 381
Yu Duan, Bing Du, Xianhang Zhao, Bing Hou and Yulong Li
15.1 Introduction 381
15.2 Materials and methods 382
15.2.1 Experimental set-up 382
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15.2.2 Specimen preparation 384
15.3 Quasi-static results and discussion 389
15.3.1 Repeatability and characteristic mechanical parameters 389
15.3.2 Compressive behaviors of uniform foams 391
15.3.3 Compressive behaviors of graded foams 393
15.4 Dynamic results and discussion 396
15.4.1 Repeatability of dynamic results 396
15.4.2 Comparison of two impact scenarios 396
15.4.3 Effect of gradient distribution 398
15.5 Predictive model 401
15.5.1 Comparison of graded foams with uniform foams 401
15.5.2 Establishment of predictive model 404
15.6 Conclusions 407
Acknowledgments 407
References 407
16. Application of additively manufactured functionally
graded porous structures 411
Yu Duan, Xiaopeng Chen, Bing Hou and Yulong Li
16.1 Introduction 411
16.2 Materials and methods 413
16.2.1 Experimental set-up 413
16.2.2 Construction of the mesoscopic geometric model 413
16.2.3 Specimen preparation 414
16.2.4 Set-up of the finite element simulation 414
16.2.5 Reproducibility of experiment and validation of
simulation 415
16.3 Experimental results and discussion 417
16.3.1 Typical mechanical response of foam-filled tubes 417
16.3.2 The effect of relative density of foam on
foam-filled tubes 419
16.3.3 Typical mechanical response of graded
foam-filled tubes 419
16.4 Numerical results and discussion 420
16.4.1 The interaction between foam and tube in uniform
foam-filled tube 420
16.4.2 The interaction between foam and tube in graded
foam-filled tube 421
16.5 A predictive model of graded foam-filled tubes 423
16.5.1 The existing predictive model of foam-filled tubes 423
16.5.2 The new predictive model of graded foam-filled tubes 424
16.6 Conclusions 426
Acknowledgments 427
References 427
xii Contents
Section V Application
17. Applications of composite structures made of functionally
graded porous materials: an overview 433
Kang Gao, Da Chen, Jie Yang and Sritawat Kitipornchai
17.1 Introduction 433
17.2 Functionally graded porous material trending applications 434
17.2.1 Aerospace engineering applications 435
17.2.2 Civil engineering application 436
17.2.3 Automotive engineering applications 437
17.2.4 Biomedical engineering applications 438
17.2.5 Defense engineering applications 440
17.2.6 Energy and electronic applications 441
17.3 Research gaps and future directions 442
17.4 Summary and concluding remarks 446
Acknowledgments 446
References 446
Index 451
xiiiContents
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