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Nitrogênio criado pelo homem Pacheco et al. (2021) Ma et al. (2012) Produzido Aplicado Absorvido Colhido Alimento Assimilado 6 47 16 5 14 Perdas de N ao longo da cadeia alimentar vegetariana Consumido 100 94 47 31 26 14 ZERO Produzido Aplicado Absorvido Colhido Assimilado 6 47 16 5 14 Perdas de N ao longo da cadeia alimentar carnívora Consumido Ração 8 100 94 47 31 26 4 ZERO Meng et al. (2022) China - o dragão faminto pig 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 1.6065689999999999 2.0424280000000001 3.6061200000000002 4.8254330000000003 5.5957670000000004 6.0891109999999999 6.4189689999999997 6.3329789999999999 6.1536429999999998 6.1387799999999997 7.0912920000000002 7.8744779999999999 7.9411149999999999 7.8496439999999996 7.9956690000000004 7.98364 79999999996 8.0185530000000007 8.7722060000000006 10.868606 12.12543 12.674096 13.527813999999999 14.008882 15.366156 17.566976 18.239357999999999 19.490155000000001 21.092872 22.133652999999999 23.559488999999999 25.824121999999999 27.647176000000002 29.836490999999999 33.426476000000001 37.885021999999999 33.014693999999999 37.156348000000001 39.90043 41.049331000000002 40.751525999999998 41.654251000000002 42.322775999999998 43.433461999999999 44.478788999999999 46.622207000000003 47.590463 43.933236999999998 47.190351999999997 49.897955000000003 51.693862000000003 51.593350999999998 54.435720000000003 55.917318999999999 57.661870999999998 57.41574 55.206919999999997 55.455562 54.991852999999 999 43.498280000000001 42.102311 cattle 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 5.9362999999999999E-2 8.4348000000000006E-2 0.10417800000000001 0.11870799999999999 0.13342699999999999 0.14353299999999999 0.14595 0.14788399999999999 0.15384300000000001 0.154972 0.167383 0.18098700000000001 0.195212 0.20292099999999999 0.21321499999999999 0.20789099999999999 0.219053 0.220327 0.24612600000000001 0.272702 0.27284799999999998 0.27904899999999999 0.30032599999999998 0.34059699999999998 0.38580399999999998 0.49254399999999998 0.69156799999999996 0.79966899999999996 0.95319399999999999 1.1217889999999999 1.35669 1.5898620000000001 1.9924360000000001 2.148828 2.6020279999999998 3.0026489999999999 3.6503130000000001 4.0375860000000001 4.5728569999999999 4.6420240000000002 4.5985950000000004 4.7174889999999996 4.902101 5.0638490000000003 5.1335439999999997 5.3334 099999999998 5.6546180000000001 5.5737759999999996 5.6506889999999999 5.676946 5.5115449999999999 5.5471000000000004 5.5327599999999997 5.5562529999999999 5.5661569999999996 5.565957 5.7256169999999997 5.8101469999999997 6.0022700000000002 6.048629 poultry 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0.69047800000000004 0.71815399999999996 0.74397599999999997 0.76913199999999993 0.80707200000000001 0.83329999999999993 0.8721009999999999 0.9 0139599999999998 0.94199999999999995 0.96638900000000005 1.0208550000000001 1.0972310000000001 1.1366000000000001 1.19198 1.2341880000000001 1.3248310000000001 1.4356640000000001 1.5259 1.5849220000000002 1.657419 1.7286520000000001 1.8042420000000001 1.8980389999999998 1.933943 2.011971 2.3159689999999999 2.6829530000000004 3.2509649999999999 3.3669469999999997 3.736818 4.4770110000000001 5.1184250000000002 6.4053500000000003 7.1716619999999995 8.67212700000000 15 8.7928650000000008 10.217805 11.220492 11.756378999999999 12.683764999999999 12.518829999999999 12.727739 13.131119999999999 13.232241999999999 14.050928000000001 14.281972999999999 15.167824 15.988739000000001 16.613606999999998 17.240023000000001 17.796361000000001 18.692709999999998 18.903489 18.183253000000001 17.897953000000001 18.834073 20.161308000000002 21.085561000000002 21.515805000000004 22.056009 milk 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0.61200100000000002 0.63059500000000002 0.64789600000000003 0.65688899999999995 0.66489799999999999 0.65009499999999998 0.63012900000000005 0.60148000000000001 0.62148099999999995 0.66285300000000003 0.70460299999999998 0.754633 0.81344000000000005 0.84709500000000004 0.89083800000000002 0.91989299999999996 0.95024500000000001 1.1486019999999999 0.90322800000000003 1.19302 1.3456239999999999 1.6789689999999999 1.907232 2.256 6090000000001 2.5898789999999998 3.011123 3.4475899999999999 3.8354240000000002 3.997268 4.3626379999999996 4.8743059999999998 5.2782520000000002 5.264996 5.5779439999999996 6.0822130000000003 6.610366 6.3416839999999999 6.9596140000000002 7.5141850000000003 8.6323080000000001 10.601189 13.355933 17.817516999999999 22.928777 27.837329 32.257300000000001 35.574325999999999 35.873831000000003 35.509808 36.092095999999998 36.929454 37.784548999999998 35.672406000000002 37.609605000000002 32.173558999999997 31.018547999999999 30.772631000000001 31.165043000000001 32.444333 34.837215 eggs 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 1.2295910000000001 1.247638 1.2828299999999999 1.313836 1.355818 1.3938950000000001 1.435449 1.4912270000000001 1.5327679999999999 1.584068 1.64009 1.6919139999999999 1.763088 1.8318620000000001 1.913786 2.0027189999999999 2.091567 2.217625 2.344347 2.4252099999999999 2.5887950000000002 2.81406 3.6190000000000002 4.44733 4.6096550000000001 4.9018800000000002 5.738105 5.9522250000000003 6.5607499999999996 7.5888 8.3982700000000001 9.6857000000000006 12.0938 13.701594999999999 15.940630000000001 16.48227 17.531549999999999 18.50996 18.911898999999998 19.153718999999999 19.658919999999998 20.183019999999999 20.50075 21.040576999999999 20.93524 21.833159999999999 23.292120000000001 23.633516 23.820080000000001 24.231629999999999 24.659154999999998 24.786994 24.972732000000001 26.271618 27.244226999999999 26.953866000000001 27.227788 28.852499000000002 30.248087000000002 Produção (x106 t) (1) Produção de Fertilizantes Nitrogenados A pergunta que não quer calar… 2021: 8 bilhões de habitantes Ser humano: 2 kg N/ano Humanidade: 16 milhões de toneladas de N por ano Nr – criado pelo Homem: 200 milhões de toneladas de N por ano 200 – 16 : 184 milhões de toneladas de N por ano Qual o destino desses 184 milhões que estão sendo criados? 12 Na segunda parte, eu gostaria de discutir um pouco mais sobre os efeitos ambientais desse excesso de nitrogênio que estamos criando. Portanto, a pergunta continua…qual o destino desses 148 milhões de N que estão criados. Gruber and Galloway (2008) At Produção energia Produção alimento Consumo Ozônio Particulado Visibilidade Efeito estufa Estratosfera Cultura Animal Solo Florestas e savanas Solo Superfície Água subterrânea Litoral Mar aberto NOx NH3 NOx NHx Norg NO3 NO3 N2O N2O Atividades humanas Atmosfera Ecosystemas aquáticos Ecosistemas terrestres água doce salgada At Produção energia Produção alimentoConsumo Ozônio Particulado Visibilidade Efeito estufa Estratosfera Cultura Animal Solo Florestas e savanas Solo Superfície Água subterrânea Litoral Mar aberto NOx NH3 NOx NHx Norg NO3 NO3 N2O N2O Atividades humanas Atmosfera Ecosystemas aquáticos Ecosistemas terrestres água doce salgada Queima de combustíveis fósseis a) Produção termal N2 + O2 = 2NO b) Pirólise do N-orgânico X-CH2NH2 + 3O2 = CO2 + 2 H20 + NO2 + X NOx = NO + NO2 16 Quando há queima de combustíveis fósseis acaba sendo gerado NO (óxido nítrico) e NO2 (nitrito). O óxido nítrico é formado por um processo termal na própria chama e o óxido nitroso na pirólise das moléculas orgânicas que contém nitrogênio. Geralmente, ambos são agrupados e recebem o nome de NO-X. The great London fog of 1952 Misra et al. (2021) Delhi Ding et al. (202) 1860 1990 2050 mgN/m2.y1 At Produção energia Produção alimento Consumo Ozônio Particulado Visibilidade Efeito estufa Estratosfera Cultura Animal Solo Florestas e savanas Solo Superfície Água subterrânea Litoral Mar aberto NOx NH3 NOx NHx Norg NO3 NO3 N2O N2O Atividades humanas Atmosfera Ecosystemas aquáticos Ecosistemas terrestres água doce salgada Acid rain Acid rain 4.7 4.4 4.8 pH= 4.9 Rain composition in the Piracicaba Basin 35 Another problem that the basin is facing with the large number of industries is events of “acid rain”. In this transparency we show the annual average of rain water in four points of the basin and we can see that the pH may be considered acid, remembering that the neutral pH for rain water is 5.6 and not 7.0. In the headwaters of the basin, the low pH may be explained by the plume of São Paulo City, that as can be seen by this satellite picture is located approximatelly 30km from the headwaters. At Produção energia Produção alimento Consumo Ozônio Particulado Visibilidade Efeito estufa Estratosfera Cultura Animal Solo Florestas e savanas Solo Superfície Água subterrânea Litoral Mar aberto NOx NH3 NOx NHx Norg NO3 NO3 N2O N2O Atividades humanas Atmosfera Ecosystemas aquáticos Ecosistemas terrestres água doce salgada Eutrofização Bacia do Mississippi Golfo do México Pluma de fitoplâncton Golfo do México Golfo do México At Produção energia Produção alimento Consumo Ozônio Particulado Visibilidade Efeito estufa Estratosfera Cultura Animal Solo Florestas e savanas Solo Superfície Água subterrânea Litoral Mar aberto NOx NH3 NOx NHx Norg NO3 NO3 N2O N2O Atividades humanas Atmosfera Ecosystemas aquáticos Ecosistemas terrestres água doce salgada Davidson and Kanter (2014) Gruber and Galloway (2008) image1.emf image2.jpg image3.jpg image4.png image5.png image6.png image7.jpeg image8.jpg image9.jpg image10.png image11.png image12.jpg image13.png image21.jpeg image22.jpeg image23.jpeg image24.jpeg image25.jpeg image26.jpeg image27.jpeg image14.jpeg image15.jpeg image16.jpeg image17.jpeg image18.jpeg image19.jpeg image20.jpeg image28.png image29.png image30.svg image31.jpeg image32.png image33.png image34.jpg image35.jpeg image36.jpg image37.jpeg image38.jpg image39.jpg image40.jpg image41.png image42.png image43.jpg image44.jpg image45.jpg image46.jpg image47.jpg image48.jpeg image49.jpg image50.png image51.png image52.jpg image410.png image53.jpg image54.jpg image55.png image56.png image57.jpeg image58.jpeg image59.gif image60.jpeg image61.jpeg image62.jpg image63.emf image64.emf image65.emf image66.png image67.jpg image68.png image69.jpg image63.png image62.png image70.jpg image71.png image72.jpg image73.png image74.jpeg image75.png