<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3ec5442a-14b2-466b-84df-5eaf7fce3a2d/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, Unicamp. IE<span class="blank _0"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws0">http://dx.d<span class="blank _0"></span>oi.org/10.1590/1<span class="blank _0"></span>982-3533.2017v26n<span class="blank _0"></span>3art1<span class="ff2 fs1 fc0 wsf"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h2 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3 (61), <span class="ls5 ws1">p.</span><span class="ls0"> <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span></span>-559, de<span class="blank _0"></span>z. 2017.<span class="ff3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="c x5 y5 w2 h5"><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y6 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Este é um artigo publicado em acesso abert<span class="blank _0"></span>o sob uma licença Creative Commons.<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div></div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y7 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Cepal, Furtad<span class="blank _0"></span>o, Kowarick e o <span class="blank _0"></span>debate </div><div class="t m0 x8 h7 y8 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sobre o m<span class="blank _0"></span>ercado de trabalho <span class="ff6 fs0 ws3 v1">\uf02a</span> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h8 y9 ff7 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Igor Zanoni Constant Carneiro Leão <span class="fs4 ws4 v2">**</span><span class="ff6 fs0 fc2 ls1 v1">\uf02a</span> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 ya ff7 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Danilo Ferraz de Oliveira Ogama <span class="fs4 ws4 v2">***<span class="ff6 fc2 ls2 v3">\uf02a</span></span> </div><div class="t m0 xa h8 yb ff7 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Stéfanie Bilicki <span class="fs4 ws4 v2">****</span><span class="ff6 fs0 fc2 ls1 v1">\uf02a</span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yc ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yd ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xb ha yf ff8 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws5">Resumo<span class="ff5 wsf"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hb y10 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Nos <span class="blank"> </span>anos <span class="blank"> </span>setenta <span class="blank"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>assiste <span class="blank"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>autores <span class="blank"> </span>como <span class="blank"> </span>L<span class="blank _0"></span>úcio <span class="blank"> </span>Kowarick <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>um<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank"> </span>recolocação <span class="blank"> </span>do <span class="blank"> </span>tem<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y11 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">marginalidade <span class="blank _3"> </span>na <span class="blank _3"> </span>América <span class="blank _3"> </span>Latina <span class="blank _3"> </span>no <span class="blank _3"> </span>interior <span class="blank _3"> </span>da <span class="blank _3"> </span>busca <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>novas <span class="blank _3"> </span>concepções <span class="blank _3"> </span>sociais <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>políticas <span class="blank _3"> </span>deste </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y12 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">tema tão caro <span class="blank _1"> </span>a auto<span class="blank _1"> </span>res da anti<span class="blank _1"> </span>ga CEPAL, bem como a <span class="blank _1"> </span>Furtado <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>José Nun, <span class="blank _1"> </span>entre os mais conh<span class="blank _1"> </span>ecidos. </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y13 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">O texto procura delinear esse<span class="blank _0"></span> momento bem<span class="blank _0"></span> como encaminhar a questão de sua re<span class="blank _0"></span>levância na atual e<span class="blank _0"></span>ra </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y14 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">do capitalismo global. </div><div class="t m0 xb ha y15 ff8 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws6">Palavras-chave<span class="ff5 wsf">: Marginalidade; Mercado de trabalho; Lúcio Kowarick; Pensamento social brasileiro; </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hb y16 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Pensamento econômico da Cepal. </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y17 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xb ha y18 ff8 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws7">Abstract<span class="ff5 wsf"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y19 ff9 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Cepal, Furtado, Kowarick and the labour market debate </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y1a ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">During <span class="blank _3"> </span>the <span class="blank _3"> </span>seventies, <span class="blank _3"> </span>authors <span class="blank _3"> </span>such <span class="blank _3"> </span>as <span class="blank _3"> </span>Lúcio <span class="blank _3"> </span>Kowarick <span class="blank _3"> </span>helped <span class="blank _3"> </span>reallocate <span class="blank _3"> </span>the <span class="blank _3"> </span>th<span class="blank _1"> </span>eme <span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>f <span class="blank _3"> </span>marginality <span class="blank _3"> </span>in </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y1b ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Latin <span class="blank _3"> </span>America <span class="blank _1"> </span>to <span class="blank _3"> </span>the <span class="blank _3"> </span>center <span class="blank _3"> </span>of <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>ider <span class="blank _3"> </span>search <span class="blank _3"> </span>for <span class="blank _1"> </span>ne<span class="blank _1"> </span>w <span class="blank _1"> </span>social <span class="blank _3"> </span>and <span class="blank _3"> </span>political <span class="blank _3"> </span>conceptions <span class="blank _3"> </span>regarding <span class="blank _3"> </span>the </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y1c ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">issue, <span class="blank _1"> </span>which <span class="blank _1"> </span>is <span class="blank _1"> </span>fund<span class="blank _1"> </span>ame<span class="blank _0"></span>ntal <span class="blank _1"> </span>to <span class="blank _1"> </span>th<span class="blank _1"> </span>inkers o<span class="blank _1"> </span>f th<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>Economic <span class="blank _1"> </span>Commissi<span class="blank _1"> </span>on <span class="blank _1"> </span>for <span class="blank _3"> </span>La<span class="blank _0"></span>tin <span class="blank _1"> </span>America <span class="blank _1"> </span>(CEPAL) <span class="blank _1"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y1d ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">well <span class="blank _0"></span>as <span class="blank _0"></span>to Celso <span class="blank _0"></span>Furtado <span class="blank _0"></span>and <span class="blank _0"></span>José <span class="blank _0"></span>Nun. T<span class="blank _0"></span>his article <span class="blank _0"></span>aim<span class="blank _0"></span>s <span class="blank _0"></span>to delineate <span class="blank _0"></span>this <span class="blank _0"></span>historical <span class="blank _0"></span>moment <span class="blank _0"></span>and <span class="blank _0"></span>discuss </div><div class="t m0 xb hb y1e ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">its relevance in modern global capitalism<span class="blank _0"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 xb ha y1f ff8 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws8">Keywords<span class="ff5 wsf">: <span class="blank _3"> </span>Marginality; <span class="blank _1"> </span>Labo<span class="blank _1"> </span>ur <span class="blank _3"> </span>Market; <span class="blank _1"> </span>Lúcio <span class="blank _3"> </span>Kowarick; <span class="blank _3"> </span>Brazilian <span class="blank _3"> </span>social <span class="blank _3"> </span>thought; <span class="blank _3"> </span>Cepal <span class="blank _3"> </span>economic<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hb y20 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">thought, </div><div class="t m0 xb ha y21 ff8 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws6">JEL<span class="ff5 wsf"> J23. </span></div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y22 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xb hd y23 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Introdução </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y24 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">A <span class="blank _4"> </span>preocupação <span class="blank _4"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>heterogeneidade <span class="blank _4"> </span>social<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>produtiva <span class="blank _4"> </span>no </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y25 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _5"> </span>do <span class="blank"> </span>capitalism<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank"> </span>na <span class="blank _5"> </span>América <span class="blank _5"> </span>Latin<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>remonta, <span class="blank"> </span>pelo <span class="blank"> </span>menos, <span class="blank"> </span>aos </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y26 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">primeiros <span class="blank _1"> </span>autores <span class="blank _3"> </span>ligados <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _1"> </span>Comissão <span class="blank _3"> </span>Econôm<span class="blank _0"></span>ica <span class="blank _3"> </span>da <span class="blank _1"> </span>América <span class="blank _3"> </span>Latina <span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="ffa ws9">\u2013</span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>Cepal, <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>se </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y27 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws9">torn<span class="ls7 wsa">ou</span><span class="wsf">, também, um<span class="blank _0"></span> dos temas centrais em<span class="blank _0"></span> um<span class="blank _0"></span> autor com<span class="blank _0"></span>o Celso Furtado. Nos ano<span class="blank _0"></span>s </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y28 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">70, <span class="blank _3"> </span>outros <span class="blank _3"> </span>autores, <span class="blank _3"> </span>partindo <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>eflexõe<span class="blank _0"></span>s <span class="blank _3"> </span>baseadas <span class="blank _3"> </span>neste <span class="blank _6"> </span>marco <span class="blank _3"> </span>teórico, <span class="blank _3"> </span>como <span class="blank _3"> </span>José<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="c xd y29 w3 he"><div class="t m0 xb h3 y2a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 wsf"> </div></div><div class="t m0 xe h3 y2a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xf hf y2b ff6 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsb">\uf02a<span class="ff5 ls1 wsf"> <span class="fs0 ls4 v4">Artigo r<span class="blank _0"></span>ecebido em <span class="ls8 wsc">11</span> de setembro <span class="blank _0"></span>de 2014 e aprovado e<span class="blank _0"></span>m 6 de outubro <span class="blank _0"></span>de 2017. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hf y2c ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">** <span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="fs0 v4">Professor <span class="blank _6"> </span>do <span class="blank _7"> </span>Departame<span class="blank _0"></span>nto <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>Economia <span class="blank _6"> </span>da <span class="blank _7"> </span>Universidade<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>Federal <span class="blank _6"> </span>do <span class="blank _7"> </span>Paraná <span class="blank _7"> </span>(UFPR), <span class="blank _6"> </span>Curitiba, <span class="blank _7"> </span>PR, </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y2d ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Brasil. E-mail:<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="fc1 wsd">igorzaleao@y<span class="blank _0"></span>ahoo.com.br<span class="fc0 wsf">. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hf y2e ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">*** <span class="fs0 v4">Mestrando em<span class="blank _0"></span> Tecnol<span class="blank _0"></span>ogia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade pela Unive<span class="blank _0"></span>rsidade Te<span class="blank _0"></span>cnológica F<span class="blank _0"></span>ederal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y2f ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Brasil. E-mail:<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="fc1 wse">danilo.ogama@gm<span class="blank _0"></span>ail.com<span class="fc0 wsf">. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf hf y30 ff5 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">**** <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="fs0 v4">Pesquisadora <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span>Sebrae <span class="blank _1"> </span>(Serviço <span class="blank _1"> </span>Brasileiro <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>Apoio <span class="blank _1"> </span>às <span class="blank _3"> </span>Micro <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>Peque<span class="blank _0"></span>nas <span class="blank _3"> </span>Empresas), <span class="blank _1"> </span>Joinville, <span class="blank _3"> </span>SC, </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y31 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Brasil. E-mail:<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="fc1 wse">stefaniebilicki@g<span class="blank _0"></span>mail.com<span class="fc0 wsf">. </span></span></div><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:156.050000px;bottom:666.930000px;width:198.250000px;height:9.590000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.750000px;bottom:117.760000px;width:89.170000px;height:11.000000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.750000px;bottom:95.760000px;width:89.180000px;height:11.000000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l"><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.750000px;bottom:73.760000px;width:91.180000px;height:11.000000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi xb y32 w4 h10" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3ec5442a-14b2-466b-84df-5eaf7fce3a2d/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 xb h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Igor Zanoni Cons<span class="blank _0"></span>tant Carnei<span class="blank _0"></span>ro Leão, Danilo Ferraz de Ol<span class="blank _0"></span>iveira Ogama,Stéf<span class="blank _0"></span>anie Bilicki </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">540 <span class="blank _8"> </span>Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y34 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Nun <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>Anibal <span class="blank _5"> </span>Quijano <span class="blank"> </span>Obregon <span class="blank _5"> </span>(Kowarick, <span class="blank"> </span>1975), <span class="blank"> </span>retomaram <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>problema <span class="blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y35 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">marg<span class="blank _0"></span>inalidade urbana <span class="lsb ws10">em<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls4 wsf"> países da Am<span class="blank _0"></span>érica Lat<span class="blank _0"></span>ina nos anos 60 <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="lsb">e <span class="ls4">70, com<span class="blank _0"></span>o o B<span class="blank _0"></span>rasil </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y36 ffa fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">durante o \u201cm<span class="blank _0"></span>ilagre\u201d. Kowarick <span class="ff5">é um<span class="blank _0"></span> pioneiro ao colocar o p<span class="blank _0"></span>roblema sob um<span class="blank _0"></span> ângulo </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y37 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">baseado <span class="blank _1"> </span>em <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ffa ls9">\u201c</span>O <span class="blank _3"> </span>Capita<span class="blank _0"></span>l<span class="ffa ls9">\u201d</span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>em <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ffa ls9">\u201c</span>Capitalismo <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>Marg<span class="blank _0"></span>inalidade <span class="blank _1"> </span>na <span class="blank _1"> </span>América <span class="blank _1"> </span>Lat<span class="blank _1"> </span>ina<span class="ffa ls9">\u201d</span>, de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y38 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">1975, tema articu<span class="blank _0"></span>lado com o subde<span class="blank _0"></span>senvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento e a dependê<span class="blank _0"></span>ncia. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y39 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Marx <span class="blank _1"> </span>nunca <span class="blank _3"> </span>foi <span class="blank _1"> </span>um <span class="blank _3"> </span>autor <span class="blank _1"> </span>esquecido <span class="blank _1"> </span>em <span class="blank _3"> </span>nossa <span class="blank _1"> </span>região. <span class="blank _1"> </span>O <span class="blank _3"> </span>próprio <span class="blank _1"> </span>Furtado, <span class="blank _3"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">princípio <span class="blank _2"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span>posições <span class="blank _9"> </span>mais <span class="blank _9"> </span>próximas <span class="blank _9"> </span>da <span class="blank _9"> </span>antiga <span class="blank _2"> </span>Cepal<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _9"> </span>logo <span class="blank _9"> </span>ganha <span class="blank _9"> </span>um <span class="blank _9"> </span>estatuto </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">intelectual <span class="blank _6"> </span>particular <span class="blank _6"> </span>com <span class="blank _7"> </span>seu <span class="blank _6"> </span>método <span class="blank _7"> </span>histórico-estrutural, <span class="blank _6"> </span>tendo <span class="blank _6"> </span>Marx <span class="blank _7"> </span>como <span class="blank _6"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">importante <span class="blank _9"> </span>referência. <span class="blank _9"> </span>Todavia, <span class="blank _9"> </span>nos <span class="blank _2"> </span>anos <span class="blank _2"> </span>da <span class="blank _9"> </span>ditadura <span class="blank _9"> </span>militar, <span class="blank _2"> </span>particularm<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="blank _2"> </span>na </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">década <span class="blank _a"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>70, <span class="blank _a"></span>procu<span class="blank _0"></span>ra-se <span class="blank _a"></span>em<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _a"></span>várias <span class="blank _a"></span>instituições <span class="blank _a"></span>uma <span class="blank _a"></span>leitura <span class="blank _a"></span>que <span class="blank _a"></span>dialog<span class="blank _0"></span>ue <span class="blank _a"></span>com <span class="blank _a"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>Cepal </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mas <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>pretende <span class="blank _6"> </span>uma <span class="blank _6"> </span>autonomia <span class="blank _7"> </span>em <span class="blank _6"> </span>relação <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>esta, <span class="blank _6"> </span>ca<span class="blank _1"> </span>paz <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>atualizar <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>form<span class="blank _0"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">rigorosa o <span class="blank _a"></span>pr<span class="blank _1"> </span>oblem<span class="blank _0"></span>a do d<span class="blank _0"></span>esenvolv<span class="blank _0"></span>imento e <span class="blank _0"></span>de suas <span class="blank _0"></span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>exões polí<span class="blank _0"></span>ticas. Esta <span class="blank _0"></span>releitu<span class="blank _0"></span>ra </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y40 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="ffa ls9">\u201c</span>O <span class="blank _9"> </span>Ca<span class="blank _0"></span>pital<span class="ffa lsa">\u201d</span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>outras <span class="blank _7"> </span>obras <span class="blank _9"> </span>do<span class="blank _0"></span>s <span class="blank _7"> </span>fundadores <span class="blank _7"> </span>do <span class="blank _7"> </span>marxismo <span class="blank _6"> </span>pode <span class="blank _9"> </span>ser <span class="blank _7"> </span>vista <span class="blank _7"> </span>na </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y41 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Universidade de <span class="blank _1"> </span>São Paulo <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ffa ws9">\u2013</span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>USP, <span class="blank _1"> </span>no Centro <span class="blank _1"> </span>Brasileiro de <span class="blank _1"> </span>Análise <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>Planejam<span class="blank _0"></span>ento </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y42 ffa fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws9">\u2013<span class="ff5 wsf"> Cebrap e na Univ<span class="blank _0"></span>ersidade Estad<span class="blank _0"></span>ual de Campinas <span class="ffa ws9">\u2013</span> U<span class="blank _0"></span>nicamp. </span></div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y43 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Lúcio <span class="blank _b"> </span>Kowarick <span class="blank _b"> </span>participa<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>deste <span class="blank _b"> </span>momento <span class="blank _b"> </span>analisando <span class="blank _b"> </span>com <span class="blank _b"> </span>um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>novo </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y44 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">referencial <span class="blank _c"> </span>o <span class="blank _c"> </span>problem<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _c"> </span>considerado <span class="blank _c"> </span>por <span class="blank _c"> </span>Furtado <span class="blank _c"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _c"> </span>cent<span class="blank _1"> </span>ral <span class="blank _c"> </span>no <span class="blank _c"> </span>nosso </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y45 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">subdesenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento, a <span class="blank _0"></span>saber, o <span class="blank _0"></span>desem<span class="blank _0"></span>prego. O <span class="blank _0"></span>autor, <span class="blank _0"></span>logo <span class="blank _0"></span>no primeiro<span class="blank _0"></span> parágrafo <span class="blank _0"></span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y46 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">seu livro, diz a que v<span class="blank _0"></span>eio: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y47 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Este trabalho abor<span class="blank _1"> </span>da a marginalidade tendo<span class="blank _1"> </span> como ponto de referência a a<span class="blank _1"> </span>mpla </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y48 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">temática <span class="blank _3"> </span>do <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201cdesenvolvime<span class="blank _1"> </span>nto<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff5 ws11">-</span>subdesenvolvimento\u201d, <span class="blank _6"> </span>articulada <span class="blank _6"> </span>em <span class="blank _3"> </span>torno <span class="blank _6"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y49 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">que <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>nvencionou <span class="blank _2"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span>nominar <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff7">teoria <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>dep<span class="blank _1"> </span>endência</span>. <span class="blank _d"> </span>Nosso <span class="blank _2"> </span>intento<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y4a ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">primordial é buscar uma clarificação do processo de m<span class="blank _0"></span>arginalização nas zonas </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y4b ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">urbanas. Neste <span class="blank _1"> </span>sentido, tal p<span class="blank _1"> </span>rocesso será a<span class="blank _1"> </span>nalisado tendo e<span class="blank _1"> </span>m conta a d<span class="blank _1"> </span>inâmica </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y4c ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">e <span class="blank _1"> </span>as <span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>xigências <span class="blank _1"> </span>da <span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="ff7">acumulaçã<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span>capital</span>, <span class="blank _3"> </span>na q<span class="blank _1"> </span>ual <span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _3"> </span>grupos <span class="blank _1"> </span>marginais <span class="blank _3"> </span>serão </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y4d ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">conceituados <span class="blank"> </span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>mo <span class="blank"> </span>uma <span class="blank"> </span>forma <span class="blank"> </span>peculiar <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>inserção <span class="blank _e"> </span>na <span class="blank"> </span>divisão <span class="blank"> </span>so<span class="blank _1"> </span>cial <span class="blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y4e ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">trabalho. <span class="blank _3"> </span>Neste <span class="blank _3"> </span>ângulo, <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _3"> </span>estudo <span class="blank _3"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="ff7">exército <span class="blank _3"> </span>industrial <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>reserva</span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="ff7">custo </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y4f ff7 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _f"> </span>reprodução<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _f"> </span>da <span class="blank _5"> </span>fo<span class="blank _1"> </span>rça <span class="blank _f"> </span>de <span class="blank _f"> </span>trabalho<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff5"> <span class="blank _f"> </span>são <span class="blank _f"> </span>questões <span class="blank _f"> </span>da <span class="blank _f"> </span>maior <span class="blank _f"> </span>relevâ<span class="blank _1"> </span>ncia </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y50 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">(Kowarick, 1975<span class="blank _1"> </span>, p. 9<span class="lsc ws12">).</span> </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y51 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Esta <span class="blank _1"> </span>posição <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>autor <span class="blank _1"> </span>se <span class="blank _1"> </span>revelou <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>grande <span class="blank _1"> </span>audiência <span class="blank _1"> </span>à <span class="blank _1"> </span>época, <span class="blank _1"> </span>pois <span class="blank _1"> </span>implica </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y52 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">pensar <span class="blank _10"> </span>as <span class="blank _10"> </span>grandes <span class="blank _10"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>assas <span class="blank _10"> </span>despossuída<span class="blank _0"></span>s <span class="blank _10"> </span>sob <span class="blank _10"> </span>o <span class="blank _10"> </span>âng<span class="blank _0"></span>ulo <span class="blank _10"> </span>privilegiado <span class="blank _10"> </span>de <span class="blank _10"> </span>su<span class="blank _0"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y53 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">funcionalidade <span class="blank _a"></span>ao <span class="blank _0"></span>crescim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _0"></span>econôm<span class="blank _0"></span>ico <span class="blank _0"></span>no <span class="blank _0"></span>período <span class="blank _a"></span>da <span class="blank _0"></span>ditadura <span class="blank _a"></span>militar e, <span class="blank _a"></span>portanto, </div><div class="t m0 xb h12 y54 ffa fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">inseridas <span class="blank _11"> </span>de <span class="blank _b"> </span>uma <span class="blank _11"> </span>forma <span class="blank _11"> </span>específica, <span class="blank _b"> </span>a <span class="blank _11"> </span>da <span class="blank _11"> </span>\u201cmarginalidade\u201d, <span class="blank _b"> </span>no <span class="blank _11"> </span>processo <span class="blank _b"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y55 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">acumulação. <span class="blank _a"></span>Desta <span class="blank _a"></span>f<span class="blank _0"></span>orma, <span class="blank _a"></span>Kowa<span class="blank _0"></span>rick <span class="blank _a"></span>fazia <span class="blank _a"></span>um<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>forte <span class="blank _a"></span>crítica <span class="blank _a"></span>à <span class="blank _12"></span>noção <span class="blank _12"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>marginalida<span class="blank _0"></span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y56 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">corrente entre a <span class="blank _1"> </span>Cepal e <span class="blank _1"> </span>muitos i<span class="blank _1"> </span>mpor<span class="blank _0"></span>tantes pensadores do <span class="blank _1"> </span>desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento latino-</div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y57 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">americano <span class="blank _11"> </span>que <span class="blank _b"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _11"> </span>percebiam<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _11"> </span>como <span class="blank _11"> </span>resíduo <span class="blank _11"> </span>humano <span class="blank _11"> </span>de <span class="blank _11"> </span>longa <span class="blank _b"> </span>or<span class="blank _1"> </span>igem, <span class="blank _b"> </span>cuja </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y58 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">incorporação <span class="blank _9"> </span>às <span class="blank _d"> </span>nossas <span class="blank _9"> </span>sociedades <span class="blank _2"> </span>ai<span class="blank _1"> </span>nda <span class="blank _9"> </span>estava <span class="blank _2"> </span>por <span class="blank _d"> </span>ser <span class="blank _2"> </span>feita, <span class="blank _d"> </span>derivando <span class="blank _9"> </span>daí <span class="blank _2"> </span>um </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y59 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">imperativo políti<span class="blank _0"></span>co. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y5a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Cepal, Furtado,<span class="blank _0"></span> Kowarick e o d<span class="blank _0"></span>ebate sobre<span class="blank _0"></span> o mercado de trabal<span class="blank _0"></span>ho </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. <span class="blank _8"> </span>541 </div><div class="t m0 xb hd y5b ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>A <span class="blank _1"> </span>tradição <span class="blank _1"> </span>sobre o <span class="blank _1"> </span>mercado <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>trabalho da <span class="blank _3"> </span>Cepal, Celso <span class="blank _1"> </span>Furtado <span class="blank _1"> </span>e t<span class="blank _1"> </span>eoria de </div><div class="t m0 xb hd y5c ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dependência </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y5d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Para <span class="blank _3"> </span>entender <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="lsb">a <span class="blank _3"> </span></span>ofensiva <span class="blank _3"> </span>teórica <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>Lúcio <span class="blank _3"> </span>Kowarick, <span class="blank _3"> </span>bem <span class="blank _3"> </span>como <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>outros </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y5e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">como <span class="blank _9"> </span>Francisco <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>Oliv<span class="blank _0"></span>eira <span class="blank _9"> </span>em <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ffa ls9">\u201c</span>Crítica <span class="blank _9"> </span>da <span class="blank _9"> </span>Razão <span class="blank _9"> </span>Dualista<span class="ffa ls9">\u201d</span><span class="ls7">, <span class="blank _9"> </span></span>este <span class="blank _9"> </span>texto <span class="blank _9"> </span>passa, <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="lsf">a </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y5f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">seguir, <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>uma <span class="blank _6"> </span>síntese <span class="blank _6"> </span>das <span class="blank _6"> </span>principais<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>ideias <span class="blank _7"> </span>dos <span class="blank _6"> </span>autores <span class="blank _3"> </span>com <span class="blank _6"> </span>matriz <span class="blank _6"> </span>na <span class="blank _7"> </span>Cepal, <span class="blank _3"> </span>pelo </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y39 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">menos no início do seu percurso, como Furtado, <span class="blank _1"> </span>além do próprio primeiro dirigente<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">do <span class="blank _13"> </span>órgão. <span class="blank _13"> </span>Retom<span class="blank _0"></span>ando <span class="blank _13"> </span>um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _13"> </span>texto <span class="blank _13"> </span>de <span class="blank _13"> </span>Raúl <span class="blank _13"> </span>P<span class="blank _0"></span>rebisch, <span class="blank _13"> </span>de <span class="blank _13"> </span>1963, <span class="blank _13"> </span><span class="ffa ls9">\u201c</span>Dinâm<span class="blank _0"></span>ica <span class="blank _13"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _14"> </span>Latino-Am<span class="blank _0"></span>ericano<span class="ffa ls9">\u201d</span>, <span class="blank _14"> </span>ve<span class="blank _0"></span>jamos <span class="blank _14"> </span>brevem<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="blank _14"> </span>como <span class="blank _14"> </span>o <span class="blank _14"> </span>aut<span class="blank _0"></span>or </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sistematiza os problem<span class="blank _0"></span>as do crescim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento, da distribuição e do em<span class="blank _0"></span>prego. A principal<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">característica <span class="blank _2"> </span>das <span class="blank _2"> </span>economias <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _1"> </span>atino-<span class="blank _0"></span>americanas <span class="blank _2"> </span>seria <span class="blank _2"> </span>uma <span class="blank _2"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>nsuficiência <span class="blank _2"> </span>dinâmica </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">entorpecendo <span class="blank _9"> </span>o <span class="blank _d"> </span>progresso <span class="blank _2"> </span>técnico <span class="blank _2"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>seus <span class="blank _2"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>ebatiment<span class="blank _0"></span>os <span class="blank _d"> </span>sobre <span class="blank _2"> </span>o <span class="blank _2"> </span>desenvolvimento </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">econômico <span class="blank _9"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>social. <span class="blank _9"> </span>Assim<span class="blank _0"></span>, <span class="blank _9"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>estrutura <span class="blank _9"> </span>social <span class="blank _9"> </span>da <span class="blank _9"> </span>região <span class="blank _9"> </span>é <span class="blank _9"> </span>marcada <span class="blank _9"> </span>pela <span class="blank _9"> </span>falta <span class="blank _9"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y40 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mobilidade <span class="blank _9"> </span>social, <span class="blank _7"> </span>pelo <span class="blank _9"> </span>privilégio <span class="blank _9"> </span>na <span class="blank _9"> </span>distribuição <span class="blank _9"> </span>do <span class="blank _9"> </span>em<span class="blank _0"></span>prego <span class="blank _9"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>da <span class="blank _9"> </span>renda <span class="blank _9"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>pelo<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y41 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">consequente ritmo débil<span class="blank _1"> </span> de <span class="blank _1"> </span>acumulação de <span class="blank _1"> </span>capital, a <span class="blank _1"> </span>não <span class="blank _1"> </span>ser <span class="blank _1"> </span>em formas exageradas </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y42 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">do <span class="blank _2"> </span>consumo <span class="blank _2"> </span>nas <span class="blank _2"> </span>camadas <span class="blank _9"> </span>supe<span class="blank _1"> </span>riores <span class="blank _9"> </span>da <span class="blank _2"> </span>sociedade<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _2"> </span>contrastando <span class="blank _2"> </span>com <span class="blank _9"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>prec<span class="blank _1"> </span>ária </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y60 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">existência das m<span class="blank _0"></span>assas populares. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y44 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">A <span class="blank _d"> </span>capacidade <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>imprimir <span class="blank _2"> </span>maior <span class="blank _d"> </span>ritmo <span class="blank _15"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>desenvolv<span class="blank _0"></span>imento <span class="blank _d"> </span>é <span class="blank _d"> </span>uma <span class="blank _d"> </span>pré<span class="blank _1"> </span>-</div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y45 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">condição <span class="blank _3"> </span>para <span class="blank _1"> </span>melhorar <span class="blank _3"> </span>pr<span class="blank _0"></span>ogressivamente <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>distribuição <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>renda. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Outra <span class="blank _3"> </span>condiç<span class="blank _0"></span>ão, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y46 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">nesse <span class="blank _2"> </span>sentido, <span class="blank _d"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>o <span class="blank _d"> </span>autor, <span class="blank _2"> </span>é <span class="blank _d"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>compressão <span class="blank _d"> </span>do <span class="blank _2"> </span>consumo <span class="blank _2"> </span>dos <span class="blank _d"> </span>grupos <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>endas<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y61 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">elevadas, <span class="blank _6"> </span>traduzindo-se <span class="blank _6"> </span>em <span class="blank _6"> </span>acréscimo <span class="blank _6"> </span>contínuo <span class="blank _7"> </span>do <span class="blank _6"> </span>capital <span class="blank _6"> </span>acumulado. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Isto <span class="blank _6"> </span>ocorre </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y62 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">porque os problem<span class="blank _0"></span>as da acumulação de capital, bem com<span class="blank _0"></span>o da <span class="blank _1"> </span>distribuição de ren<span class="blank _0"></span>da, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y63 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">colocam-<span class="blank _0"></span>se em<span class="blank _0"></span> term<span class="blank _0"></span>os m<span class="blank _0"></span>uito diversos <span class="blank _0"></span>dos <span class="blank _a"></span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>elativos <span class="blank _a"></span>à evolução <span class="blank _0"></span>capitalista <span class="blank _0"></span>dos <span class="blank _0"></span>países </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y64 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mais adiantados. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y65 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Outro pon<span class="blank _0"></span>to <span class="blank _0"></span>importante <span class="blank _0"></span>são <span class="blank _a"></span>as restrições <span class="blank _0"></span>à <span class="blank _0"></span>importação <span class="blank _0"></span>por <span class="blank _0"></span>parte dos Es<span class="blank _0"></span>tados </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y66 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Unidos, <span class="blank _12"></span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>nfluindo <span class="blank _12"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>forma <span class="blank _12"></span>di<span class="blank _1"> </span>versa <span class="blank _12"></span>sobre <span class="blank _a"></span>as <span class="blank _a"></span>exportações <span class="blank _a"></span>latino-americanas, <span class="blank _a"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>mesmo </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y67 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ocorrendo <span class="blank _d"> </span>com <span class="blank _2"> </span>o <span class="blank _15"> </span>então <span class="blank _d"> </span>Mercado <span class="blank _d"> </span>Comum <span class="blank _2"> </span>Europeu. <span class="blank"> </span>N<span class="blank _0"></span>esse <span class="blank _d"> </span>contexto, <span class="blank _d"> </span>o <span class="blank _d"> </span>mercado </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y68 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">comum <span class="blank _2"> </span>latino<span class="blank _1"> </span>-am<span class="blank _0"></span>ericano <span class="blank _d"> </span>é <span class="blank _d"> </span>um <span class="blank _d"> </span>obj<span class="blank _1"> </span>etivo <span class="blank _2"> </span>importante, <span class="blank _d"> </span>dependendo <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>um <span class="blank _d"> </span>esforço </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y69 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">convergente <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>grandes <span class="blank _3"> </span>dimensões. <span class="blank _6"> </span>O <span class="blank _6"> </span>desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _3"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>echado <span class="blank _3"> </span>da <span class="blank _6"> </span>região <span class="blank _6"> </span>precisa </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ser <span class="blank _7"> </span>superado <span class="blank _7"> </span>através <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>cooperação <span class="blank _7"> </span>internacional <span class="blank _7"> </span>tanto <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>campo <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>intercâm<span class="blank _0"></span>bio </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">quanto no cam<span class="blank _0"></span>po do financiam<span class="blank _0"></span>ento. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y6c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Por <span class="blank _13"> </span>outro <span class="blank _13"> </span>lado, <span class="blank _13"> </span>hav<span class="lsb ws10">er</span>ia <span class="blank _16"> </span>estrangulamentos <span class="blank _16"> </span>internos <span class="blank _16"> </span>que <span class="blank _b"> </span>limitavam<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _16"> </span>ou<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">impediam<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>força <span class="blank _a"></span>expansiva <span class="blank _0"></span>da <span class="blank _a"></span>acumulação <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>capital, <span class="blank _0"></span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>a insuficiente <span class="blank _a"></span>produção<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">agrícola. <span class="blank _a"></span>Solucionar <span class="blank _0"></span>isto <span class="blank _a"></span>exig<span class="lsd ws13">iria</span> <span class="blank _0"></span>reduzir <span class="blank _a"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>brecha <span class="blank _0"></span>entre <span class="blank _12"></span>a renda <span class="blank _a"></span>média <span class="blank _0"></span>rural <span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _a"></span>urbana, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">para <span class="blank _3"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>agricultura <span class="blank _3"> </span>pudesse <span class="blank _3"> </span>reter <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _3"> </span>fruto <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>seu <span class="blank _3"> </span>prog<span class="blank _0"></span>resso <span class="blank _3"> </span>técnico, <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>ai<span class="blank _1"> </span>nda <span class="blank _3"> </span>para </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y70 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">que <span class="blank _7"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>avanço <span class="blank _6"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>ecnológico <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="lse">se <span class="blank _7"> </span></span>inserisse <span class="blank _7"> </span>numa <span class="blank _7"> </span>política <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _9"> </span>não <span class="blank _6"> </span>despejasse <span class="blank _7"> </span>sobre <span class="blank _6"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y71 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">cidades uma m<span class="blank _0"></span>assa de populaçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o agora sem acesso à t<span class="blank _0"></span>erra. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y72 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Para o autor, a <span class="blank _1"> </span>tecnologia nos países desenvolv<span class="blank _0"></span>idos veio se <span class="blank _1"> </span>introduzindo<span class="blank _0"></span> no </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y73 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">processo <span class="blank _2"> </span>produtivo <span class="blank _d"> </span>à <span class="blank _d"> </span>medida <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>se <span class="blank _d"> </span>acumulava <span class="blank _d"> </span>o <span class="blank _d"> </span>capital <span class="blank _2"> </span>necessário. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Os <span class="blank _15"> </span>paíse<span class="blank _0"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y74 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">subdesenvolvidos, <span class="blank _0"></span>por <span class="blank _0"></span>sua <span class="blank _0"></span>vez, <span class="blank _0"></span>tendem <span class="blank _0"></span>a assimilar <span class="blank _0"></span>uma <span class="blank _0"></span>tecnologia <span class="blank _0"></span>já elabo<span class="blank _0"></span>rada co<span class="blank _0"></span>m </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xb y75 w4 h13" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3ec5442a-14b2-466b-84df-5eaf7fce3a2d/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 xb h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Igor Zanoni Cons<span class="blank _0"></span>tant Carnei<span class="blank _0"></span>ro Leão, Danilo Ferraz de Ol<span class="blank _0"></span>iveira Ogama,Stéf<span class="blank _0"></span>anie Bilicki </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">542 <span class="blank _8"> </span>Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y34 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">incessantes inovações que <span class="blank _1"> </span>nela <span class="blank _1"> </span>ocorrem<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>requerendo um el<span class="blank _1"> </span>evado capital <span class="blank _1"> </span>por <span class="blank _1"> </span>pessoa, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y35 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">que <span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _3"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"></span>aíses <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>centro <span class="blank _1"> </span>alcançaram <span class="blank _1"> </span>dentro <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>seu <span class="blank _1"> </span>regime <span class="blank _1"> </span>his<span class="blank _1"> </span>tórico. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Se <span class="blank _3"> </span>não se <span class="blank _1"> </span>pode </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y36 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">reinventar <span class="blank _9"> </span>toda <span class="blank _9"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>tecnologia, <span class="blank _2"> </span>deve-se <span class="blank _9"> </span>alavancar <span class="blank _9"> </span>o <span class="blank _9"> </span>progresso <span class="blank _9"> </span>técnico <span class="blank _2"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>planejar <span class="blank _9"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y37 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">industrialização. Isto concorreria <span class="blank _1"> </span>para <span class="blank _1"> </span>incorporar o <span class="blank _1"> </span>contingente <span class="blank _1"> </span>urbano vivendo nas </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y38 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">franjas <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>ercado <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>trabalho, <span class="blank _1"> </span>tornando <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>socie<span class="blank _0"></span>dade <span class="blank _1"> </span>mais <span class="blank _1"> </span>homogênea, <span class="blank _3"> </span>bem como </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y76 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">evitando <span class="blank _a"></span>problem<span class="blank _0"></span>as <span class="blank _a"></span>históricos <span class="blank _a"></span>da <span class="blank _a"></span>região <span class="blank _a"></span>como <span class="blank _a"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>inf<span class="blank _1"> </span>lação <span class="blank _12"></span>estrutural <span class="blank _a"></span>e <span class="blank _a"></span>o <span class="blank _0"></span>crônico <span class="blank _12"></span>déficit </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y77 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">no balanço de pag<span class="blank _0"></span>amentos</div><div class="c xd y29 w3 he"><div class="t m0 x12 h14 y78 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls4">1</div></div><div class="t m0 x13 h9 y77 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y3b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">A <span class="blank"> </span>posição <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>Celso <span class="blank"> </span>Fu<span class="blank _0"></span>rtado <span class="blank"> </span>é <span class="blank _d"> </span>próxima <span class="blank"> </span>daquela<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>Raúl <span class="blank"> </span>Pr<span class="blank _1"> </span>ebisch, <span class="blank _d"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sintetizada a <span class="blank _1"> </span>seguir. Como enfrentar <span class="blank _1"> </span>esta condição <span class="blank _1"> </span>de subdesenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento no <span class="blank _1"> </span>nível </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">político <span class="blank _a"></span>dos <span class="blank _a"></span>países <span class="blank _0"></span>perifé<span class="blank _0"></span>ricos? <span class="blank _a"></span>Exatamente <span class="blank _a"></span>pela <span class="blank _0"></span>refo<span class="blank _0"></span>rma <span class="blank _a"></span>nos <span class="blank _0"></span>planos <span class="blank _a"></span>político <span class="blank _a"></span>e <span class="blank _a"></span>social, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">pois o <span class="blank _1"> </span>subdesenv<span class="blank _0"></span>olvimento supõe o controle da <span class="blank _1"> </span>apropriação e uso do <span class="blank _1"> </span>excedente por </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">elites <span class="blank _9"> </span>que <span class="blank _9"> </span>imitam <span class="blank _9"> </span>padrões <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>consumo <span class="blank _9"> </span>sofisticados <span class="blank _9"> </span>do <span class="blank _9"> </span>centro, <span class="blank _2"> </span>sem <span class="blank _9"> </span>que <span class="blank _9"> </span>haja <span class="blank _9"> </span>um </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y40 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">correspondente <span class="blank _f"> </span>pr<span class="blank _1"> </span>ocesso <span class="blank _f"> </span>de <span class="blank _16"> </span>acumulação <span class="blank _16"> </span>de <span class="blank _17"> </span>capital <span class="blank _17"> </span>e <span class="blank _16"> </span>progresso <span class="blank _17"> </span>nos <span class="blank _17"> </span>métodos </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y41 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">produtivos <span class="blank _a"></span>na <span class="blank _0"></span>periferia. <span class="blank _a"></span>Com<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>se <span class="blank _0"></span>sabe, <span class="blank _a"></span>j<span class="blank _1"> </span>á <span class="blank _0"></span>em<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _a"></span>seus pr<span class="blank _0"></span>imeiros <span class="blank _a"></span>textos <span class="blank _0"></span>no <span class="blank _a"></span>início <span class="blank _0"></span>dos <span class="blank _12"></span>anos </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y42 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">cinquenta <span class="blank _c"> </span>Furtado <span class="blank _18"> </span>explica <span class="blank _c"> </span>a <span class="blank _18"> </span>criação <span class="blank _c"> </span>no <span class="blank _18"> </span>centro, <span class="blank _18"> </span>nos <span class="blank _18"> </span>primórdios <span class="blank _c"> </span>de <span class="blank _18"> </span>sua </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y60 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">industrialização, <span class="blank _0"></span>de um<span class="blank _0"></span>a tecnolog<span class="blank _0"></span>ia baseada <span class="blank _0"></span>nas suas <span class="blank _0"></span>dotações <span class="blank _0"></span>de fatore<span class="blank _0"></span>s produtiv<span class="blank _0"></span>os </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y79 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">que <span class="blank _9"> </span>terminam<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span>por <span class="blank _9"> </span>gerar <span class="blank _7"> </span>ou <span class="blank _9"> </span>por <span class="blank _9"> </span>ser <span class="blank _9"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>patíveis <span class="blank _9"> </span>com <span class="blank _7"> </span>uma <span class="blank _9"> </span>homogeneidade <span class="blank _7"> </span>social </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">acentuada. <span class="blank _0"></span>Com<span class="blank _0"></span>o na <span class="blank _a"></span>periferia <span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>adoção <span class="blank _a"></span>dessas tecnol<span class="blank _0"></span>ogias <span class="blank _0"></span>se <span class="blank _a"></span>baseia em<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _0"></span>uma <span class="blank _0"></span>dotação </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">diversa de recursos, no <span class="blank _1"> </span>qual o trabalho é recurso abundante em relação ao capital, a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">acumulação <span class="blank _2"> </span>baseada <span class="blank _9"> </span>na <span class="blank _d"> </span>modernização <span class="blank _9"> </span>dos <span class="blank _d"> </span>padrões <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>cons<span class="blank _1"> </span>umo <span class="blank _9"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>raduz <span class="blank _2"> </span>numa </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">engrenagem<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>concentração <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>renda<span class="blank _0"></span>. <span class="blank _0"></span>Há, <span class="blank _a"></span>portanto, <span class="blank _0"></span>um<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>elação <span class="blank _a"></span>entre in<span class="blank _0"></span>corporação<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _9"> </span>progresso <span class="blank _9"> </span>técnico <span class="blank _9"> </span>gerado <span class="blank _9"> </span>externamente, <span class="blank _9"> </span>modernização <span class="blank _9"> </span>seletiva <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>padrões <span class="blank _9"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">consumo, depend<span class="blank _0"></span>ência técnica e pol<span class="blank _0"></span>ítica, heterog<span class="blank _0"></span>eneidade e marg<span class="blank _0"></span>inalidade social. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y80 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Esse <span class="blank _1"> </span>processo <span class="blank _1"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>irracional <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span>ponto <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>vista <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="blank _1"> </span>da <span class="blank _1"> </span>nação, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y81 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">que <span class="blank _1"> </span>passa <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>se <span class="blank _1"> </span>caracterizar por <span class="blank _3"> </span>uma i<span class="blank _1"> </span>ncapacidade crônica <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>consumo das <span class="blank _3"> </span>cam<span class="blank _0"></span>adas </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y82 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mais <span class="blank"> </span>pobres. <span class="blank"> </span>I<span class="blank _0"></span>sto, <span class="blank"> </span>por <span class="blank"> </span>sua <span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ez, <span class="blank"> </span>tende <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>inar <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>im<span class="blank _0"></span>pulso <span class="blank"> </span>ao <span class="blank"> </span>invest<span class="blank _0"></span>imento <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y83 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">aceleração <span class="blank _a"></span>do <span class="blank _a"></span>crescimento. <span class="blank _12"></span>O <span class="blank _0"></span>subdesenvolv<span class="blank _0"></span>imento <span class="blank _a"></span>se <span class="blank _a"></span>torna <span class="blank _a"></span>não <span class="blank _a"></span>uma <span class="blank _a"></span>et<span class="blank _1"> </span>apa <span class="blank _12"></span>superável, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y84 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mas <span class="blank _1"> </span>um <span class="blank _1"> </span>es<span class="blank _1"> </span>tado <span class="blank _1"> </span>ligado <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _1"> </span>estrutura <span class="blank _1"> </span>econômica <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>polít<span class="blank _1"> </span>ica <span class="blank _1"> </span>da <span class="blank _3"> </span>nação <span class="blank _1"> </span>periférica. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Não <span class="blank _3"> </span>há </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y85 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">um encadeamento <span class="blank _1"> </span>entre <span class="blank _1"> </span>variáveis técnicas <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>econômicas que <span class="blank _1"> </span>induzam ao <span class="blank _1"> </span>progresso </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y86 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">técnico, <span class="blank _3"> </span>ao <span class="blank _6"> </span>desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _3"> </span>das <span class="blank _6"> </span>forças <span class="blank _6"> </span>produtivas <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _6"> </span>capacidade <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>consumo <span class="blank _3"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y87 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">conjunto da popula<span class="blank _0"></span>ção. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y88 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Explicando <span class="blank _17"> </span>melhor <span class="blank _17"> </span>este <span class="blank _17"> </span>pont<span class="blank _1"> </span>o, <span class="blank _17"> </span>pode<span class="blank _1"> </span>-se <span class="blank _17"> </span>afirmar <span class="blank _16"> </span>que, <span class="blank _17"> </span>para <span class="blank _16"> </span>Furtado, <span class="blank _17"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y89 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _16"> </span>é <span class="blank _16"> </span>gerado <span class="blank _17"> </span>por <span class="blank _16"> </span>um <span class="blank _17"> </span>incr<span class="blank _1"> </span>emento <span class="blank _17"> </span>do <span class="blank _16"> </span>investimento <span class="blank _17"> </span>incorporando<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y8a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">progresso <span class="blank _1"> </span>tecnológico <span class="blank _1"> </span>como <span class="blank _3"> </span>form<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>aumentar <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>participação <span class="blank _1"> </span>no <span class="blank _3"> </span>exceden<span class="blank _0"></span>te <span class="blank _1"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>rente<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y8b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ao f<span class="blank _0"></span>ator <span class="blank _0"></span>trabalho.<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _0"></span>Contudo, <span class="blank _a"></span>a expansão <span class="blank _a"></span>resultante d<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>renda <span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _a"></span>a rela<span class="blank _0"></span>tiva <span class="blank _0"></span>escassez <span class="blank _0"></span>deste </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y8c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">último <span class="blank _0"></span>cria poss<span class="blank _0"></span>ibilidade <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>reorganizaçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o d<span class="blank _0"></span>as relaç<span class="blank _0"></span>ões <span class="blank _0"></span>de aprop<span class="blank _0"></span>riação, <span class="blank _0"></span>favorecend<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="c xd y29 w3 he"><div class="t m0 xb h3 y8d ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 wsf"> </div></div><div class="t m0 xe h3 y8d ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xf h4 y8e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4">(</div><div class="c xd y29 w3 he"><div class="t m0 x14 h4 y8e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4">1</div></div><div class="t m0 xc h4 y8e ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">) Em suas linhas pri<span class="blank _0"></span>ncipais esta posiç<span class="blank _0"></span>ão da antiga Ce<span class="blank _0"></span>pal já havia sido <span class="blank _0"></span>antecipada <span class="blank _0"></span>por Roberto Simo<span class="blank _0"></span>nsen, </div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y8f ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">contrapondo-se <span class="blank _a"></span>à visão l<span class="blank _0"></span>iberal <span class="blank _0"></span>baseada <span class="blank _0"></span>na e<span class="blank _0"></span>conomia <span class="blank _0"></span>marginalis<span class="blank _0"></span>ta. <span class="blank _0"></span>O f<span class="blank _0"></span>oco <span class="blank _0"></span>desta <span class="blank _0"></span>última é <span class="blank _a"></span>o equilíbrio<span class="blank _0"></span> e<span class="blank _0"></span>m te<span class="blank _0"></span>rmos <span class="blank _0"></span>reais </div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y90 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dos me<span class="blank _0"></span>rcados <span class="blank _0"></span>com o<span class="blank _0"></span>timização <span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>empre<span class="blank _0"></span>go, <span class="blank _0"></span>ao mesmo<span class="blank _0"></span> te<span class="blank _0"></span>mpo e<span class="blank _0"></span>m que <span class="blank _a"></span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>ercebe <span class="blank _a"></span>os problemas <span class="blank _0"></span>acima co<span class="blank _0"></span>mo <span class="blank _0"></span>decorre<span class="blank _0"></span>ntes </div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y91 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _1"> </span>má <span class="blank _1"> </span>condução <span class="blank _1"> </span>da <span class="blank _1"> </span>política <span class="blank _1"> </span>monetári<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>fiscal <span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>o intervencionismo <span class="blank _1"> </span>indevido do <span class="blank _3"> </span>Es<span class="blank _0"></span>tado. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Lembre-se <span class="blank _1"> </span>aqui <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>céle<span class="blank _0"></span>bre </div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y31 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">controvérsia sobre<span class="blank _0"></span> o planejamen<span class="blank _0"></span>to entre Simonse<span class="blank _0"></span>n e Eugênio G<span class="blank _0"></span>udin ao final<span class="blank _0"></span> da<span class="blank _1"> </span> segunda guer<span class="blank _0"></span>ra (Simonsen, 19<span class="blank _0"></span>77). </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Cepal, Furtado,<span class="blank _0"></span> Kowarick e o d<span class="blank _0"></span>ebate sobre<span class="blank _0"></span> o mercado de trabal<span class="blank _0"></span>ho </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. <span class="blank _8"> </span>543 </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y34 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">os <span class="blank"> </span>salários <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>difundindo <span class="blank"> </span>um <span class="blank"> </span>padrão <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>consumo <span class="blank"> </span>mais <span class="blank"> </span>homog<span class="blank _0"></span>êneo <span class="blank"> </span>por <span class="blank"> </span>toda <span class="blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y35 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sociedade. <span class="blank _3"> </span>Nas <span class="blank _6"> </span>sociedades <span class="blank _3"> </span>per<span class="blank _1"> </span>iféricas, <span class="blank _6"> </span>entretanto, <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _6"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>baseia <span class="blank _3"> </span>na </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y36 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">modernização <span class="blank _5"> </span>seletiva <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _f"> </span>padrões <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _f"> </span>consum<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _f"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>comanda <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _f"> </span>introdução <span class="blank _5"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y37 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">progresso técnico <span class="blank _1"> </span>incapaz de <span class="blank _1"> </span>propiciar <span class="blank _1"> </span>essa <span class="blank _1"> </span>homog<span class="blank _0"></span>eneidade <span class="blank _1"> </span>social e <span class="blank _1"> </span>técnica <span class="blank _1"> </span>dado o </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y38 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">excedente <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>trabalho. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Furtado <span class="blank"> </span>resume <span class="blank _5"> </span>magistralm<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="blank _5"> </span>este <span class="blank"> </span>ponto <span class="blank _5"> </span>na <span class="blank _5"> </span>seguinte </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y76 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">passagem: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y92 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Em <span class="blank _e"> </span>sí<span class="blank _1"> </span>ntese, <span class="blank _5"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>caracteri<span class="blank _1"> </span>za <span class="blank _5"> </span>uma <span class="blank _5"> </span>econo<span class="blank _1"> </span>mia <span class="blank _e"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>ependente, <span class="blank _5"> </span>é <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>nela <span class="blank _5"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y93 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">progresso <span class="blank _13"> </span>tecnológico <span class="blank _13"> </span>é <span class="blank _b"> </span>criado<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _13"> </span>pelo <span class="blank _13"> </span>desenvolvimento, <span class="blank _b"> </span>ou <span class="blank _13"> </span>melhor, <span class="blank _13"> </span>po<span class="blank _1"> </span>r </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y94 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">modificações <span class="blank _5"> </span>es<span class="blank _1"> </span>truturais, <span class="blank _f"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>surgem <span class="blank _f"> </span>inicialmente <span class="blank _f"> </span>do <span class="blank _5"> </span>lad<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>demanda, </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y95 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">enquanto nas economias desenvolvidas o progresso<span class="blank _1"> </span> tecnológico é, ele mesmo, </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y96 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls10 wsf">a <span class="ls4">fonte <span class="blank _0"></span>do desenvolvimento. De uma perspectiva mais ampla, cabe reconhecer </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y97 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">que <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _3"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>economia <span class="blank _3"> </span>dependente <span class="blank _3"> </span>é <span class="blank _3"> </span>reflexo <span class="blank _3"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span>progresso </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y98 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">tecnológico <span class="blank _2"> </span>nos <span class="blank _d"> </span>polos <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>inâmicos <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>economia <span class="blank"> </span>mun<span class="blank _0"></span>dial. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Cont<span class="blank _1"> </span>udo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>convé<span class="blank _1"> </span>m </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y99 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">assinalar <span class="blank _0"></span>que <span class="blank _a"></span>o <span class="blank _0"></span>elemento <span class="blank _0"></span>dinâmico <span class="blank _a"></span>não é <span class="blank _a"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>irradiação do <span class="blank _12"></span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>rogresso <span class="blank _a"></span>tec<span class="blank _1"> </span>nológico, </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y9a ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">e sim o deslocamento da <span class="blank _1"> </span>curva da demanda (<span class="blank _1"> </span>Furtado<span class="blank _1"> </span>, 1968, p. <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls1 ws14">23<span class="lsc ws12">).<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ls4 wsf"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y9b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Por <span class="blank _0"></span>outro <span class="blank _a"></span>lado, <span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>subdesenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _0"></span>se <span class="blank _a"></span>caracteriza <span class="blank _a"></span>pela <span class="blank _0"></span>implantação <span class="blank _a"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>um </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y9c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sistema <span class="blank _9"> </span>produtiv<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _9"> </span>como <span class="blank _9"> </span>sucessivas <span class="blank _7"> </span>adaptações, <span class="blank _9"> </span>na <span class="blank _9"> </span>qual <span class="blank _9"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>direção <span class="blank _9"> </span>cabe <span class="blank _9"> </span>às <span class="blank _9"> </span>forças<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y9d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">internas <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>exte<span class="blank _0"></span>rnas <span class="blank _3"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>andam <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _3"> </span>perfil <span class="blank _1"> </span>da <span class="blank _3"> </span>demanda, <span class="blank _3"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>não <span class="blank _3"> </span>reflete <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>ní<span class="blank _1"> </span>vel <span class="blank _1"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y9e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">acumulação alcanç<span class="blank _0"></span>ado. Isto<span class="blank _0"></span> pode ser lido em<span class="blank _0"></span> textos do início dos a<span class="blank _0"></span>nos sessenta. </div><div class="t m0 xc h12 y9f ffa fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">O <span class="blank _3"> </span>\u201ctempo\u201d <span class="blank _6"> </span>da <span class="blank _6"> </span>economia <span class="blank _3"> </span>subdesenvolvida <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>seus <span class="blank _6"> </span>problemas <span class="blank _3"> </span>específicos <span class="blank _3"> </span>se </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya0 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">formam<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>na <span class="blank _1"> </span>articulação <span class="blank _1"> </span>entre o <span class="blank _3"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"></span>esenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _1"> </span>técnico <span class="blank _1"> </span>e social <span class="blank _1"> </span>dos <span class="blank _1"> </span>países <span class="blank _1"> </span>centrais<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya1 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">e a <span class="blank _0"></span>difusão <span class="blank _0"></span>dos <span class="blank _0"></span>padrões <span class="blank _0"></span>de c<span class="blank _0"></span>onsumo e <span class="blank _0"></span>eficiênc<span class="blank _0"></span>ia que<span class="blank _0"></span> ele<span class="blank _0"></span> estab<span class="blank _0"></span>elece, de<span class="blank _0"></span> um<span class="blank _0"></span> lado, <span class="blank _0"></span>e d<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya2 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">outro <span class="blank _15"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>capacidade <span class="blank"> </span>des<span class="blank _0"></span>sa <span class="blank _d"> </span>economia <span class="blank"> </span>subdes<span class="blank _0"></span>envolvida <span class="blank _d"> </span>internalizar <span class="blank _d"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>proces<span class="blank _0"></span>so <span class="blank _15"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya3 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">acumulação controlando seus fins <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>seus meios. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Não se <span class="blank _1"> </span>trata de <span class="blank _1"> </span>uma t<span class="blank _1"> </span>emporalida<span class="blank _0"></span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya4 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">abstrata <span class="blank _0"></span>próp<span class="blank _0"></span>ria <span class="blank _a"></span>de um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _0"></span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>odelo d<span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _0"></span>crescim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _0"></span>macroe<span class="blank _0"></span>conôm<span class="blank _0"></span>ico, <span class="blank _0"></span>como <span class="blank _a"></span>os que <span class="blank _a"></span>o <span class="blank _0"></span>pós-</div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya5 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">guerra <span class="blank _9"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>iu <span class="blank _9"> </span>nasce<span class="blank _0"></span>r, <span class="blank _9"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>as <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>dentificar <span class="blank _9"> </span>os <span class="blank _7"> </span>problemas <span class="blank _7"> </span>históricos <span class="blank _9"> </span>part<span class="blank _0"></span>iculares <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>cada </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya6 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sociedade <span class="blank _5"> </span>periférica <span class="blank _f"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>sua <span class="blank _f"> </span>dinâm<span class="blank _0"></span>ica. <span class="blank _f"> </span>Daí <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _f"> </span>Furtado <span class="blank _5"> </span>elabore <span class="blank _f"> </span>uma <span class="blank _5"> </span>teoria <span class="blank _f"> </span>do<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya7 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">subdesenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _1"> </span>depende das <span class="blank _1"> </span>estruturas sociais <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>econômicas da <span class="blank _1"> </span>sociedade </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya8 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">periférica <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>da <span class="blank _6"> </span>sua <span class="blank _6"> </span>transform<span class="blank _0"></span>ação <span class="blank _3"> </span>hi<span class="blank _1"> </span>stórica, <span class="blank _3"> </span>diante <span class="blank _6"> </span>da <span class="blank _6"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>volução <span class="blank _3"> </span>aludida <span class="blank _6"> </span>dos <span class="blank _6"> </span>países </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ya9 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">centrais. <span class="blank _0"></span>Não <span class="blank _0"></span>há <span class="blank _0"></span>aí <span class="blank _0"></span>um <span class="blank _a"></span>et<span class="blank _1"> </span>apism<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _0"></span>rumo <span class="blank _a"></span>a um <span class="blank _0"></span>necessário <span class="blank _a"></span>desenvolvimento. Cabe <span class="blank _0"></span>ant<span class="blank _0"></span>es </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y51 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">pensar <span class="blank _3"> </span>em <span class="blank _6"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>ar<span class="blank _1"> </span>ena <span class="blank _3"> </span>pol<span class="blank _1"> </span>ítica <span class="blank _3"> </span>na <span class="blank _6"> </span>qual <span class="blank _6"> </span>ele <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _3"> </span>conformaria <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>partir <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>ét<span class="blank _1"> </span>ica <span class="blank _3"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y52 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">solidariedade <span class="blank _d"> </span>via <span class="blank"> </span>cons<span class="blank _0"></span>trução <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>uma <span class="blank _d"> </span>cultura <span class="blank"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _15"> </span>com <span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>iabilidade <span class="blank _15"> </span>histórica. </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y53 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Furtado <span class="blank _a"></span>articula, <span class="blank _a"></span>portanto, <span class="blank _a"></span>sua <span class="blank _a"></span>proposta <span class="blank _a"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>superação <span class="blank _a"></span>do <span class="blank _a"></span>subdesenvolvimento <span class="blank _a"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>partir </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y54 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _3"> </span>certa <span class="blank _3"> </span>ética <span class="blank _3"> </span>na <span class="blank _3"> </span>polí<span class="blank _0"></span>tica <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>certa <span class="blank _3"> </span>cultura <span class="blank _3"> </span>específica <span class="blank _1"> </span>voltadas <span class="blank _3"> </span>para <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>homogeneidade<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y55 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">social e produtiv<span class="blank _0"></span>a, a democracia, a <span class="blank _0"></span>industrialização, <span class="blank _0"></span>a soberania nac<span class="blank _0"></span>ional. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 yaa ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Para <span class="blank _a"></span>que <span class="blank _0"></span>este <span class="blank _a"></span>processo <span class="blank _12"></span>tenha <span class="blank _0"></span>lugar, <span class="blank _a"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>autor <span class="blank _a"></span>pensa <span class="blank _0"></span>em <span class="blank _a"></span>condicionantes <span class="blank _a"></span>internos<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yab ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">e <span class="blank _f"> </span>externos, <span class="blank _5"> </span>como <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _f"> </span>capacidade <span class="blank _f"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>proteger <span class="blank _f"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _f"> </span>espaço <span class="blank _5"> </span>econômico <span class="blank _f"> </span>nacio<span class="blank _0"></span>nal <span class="blank _5"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yac ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">concorrência <span class="blank"> </span>internacion<span class="blank _0"></span>al, <span class="blank"> </span>os <span class="blank"> </span>gastos <span class="blank"> </span>autônomos <span class="blank"> </span>necessários <span class="blank"> </span>à <span class="blank"> </span>dinam<span class="blank _0"></span>ização <span class="blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yad ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">economia, is<span class="blank _0"></span>to é, sua <span class="blank _0"></span>viabilização <span class="blank _0"></span>envolvendo <span class="blank _0"></span>todo o fo<span class="blank _0"></span>rmato da <span class="blank _0"></span>política eco<span class="blank _0"></span>nômica </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y5a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">e <span class="blank"> </span>seus <span class="blank"> </span>desígnio<span class="blank _0"></span>s, <span class="blank"> </span>os <span class="blank"> </span>cond<span class="blank _0"></span>icionantes <span class="blank"> </span>soc<span class="blank _0"></span>ioculturais <span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"></span>apazes <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"></span>levar <span class="blank"> </span>os <span class="blank"> </span>gasto<span class="blank _0"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yae ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">derivados <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>consumo <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank _15"> </span>expansão <span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank _0"></span>tal <span class="blank"> </span>da <span class="blank"> </span>ren<span class="blank _0"></span>da. <span class="blank _15"> </span>A <span class="blank"> </span>industrializaç<span class="blank _0"></span>ão <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xb y32 w4 h10" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3ec5442a-14b2-466b-84df-5eaf7fce3a2d/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 xb h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Igor Zanoni Cons<span class="blank _0"></span>tant Carnei<span class="blank _0"></span>ro Leão, Danilo Ferraz de Ol<span class="blank _0"></span>iveira Ogama,Stéf<span class="blank _0"></span>anie Bilicki </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">544 <span class="blank _8"> </span>Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y34 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws9">conforma<span class="ls11 ws15">ria</span><span class="wsf"> <span class="blank _0"></span>aí d<span class="blank _0"></span>epende do <span class="blank _a"></span>grau de integra<span class="blank _0"></span>ção ou org<span class="blank _0"></span>anicidade <span class="blank _0"></span>do s<span class="blank _0"></span>istema <span class="blank _0"></span>produtivo </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y35 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 lsb wsf">e <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls4">de <span class="blank _1"> </span>sua <span class="blank _1"> </span>autonomia <span class="blank _1"> </span>relativa frente <span class="blank _3"> </span>ao resto <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>mundo, <span class="blank _1"> </span>da <span class="blank _3"> </span>capacid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>sistema <span class="blank _1"> </span>de </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y36 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">introduzir <span class="blank _2"> </span>inovações <span class="blank _2"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>da <span class="blank _2"> </span>relação<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ls7">, <span class="blank _d"> </span></span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>deve <span class="blank _d"> </span>ser <span class="blank _2"> </span>virtuosa, <span class="blank _d"> </span>entre <span class="blank _d"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>introdução <span class="blank _2"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y37 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">progresso técnico e <span class="blank _0"></span>a organiz<span class="blank _0"></span>ação do mundo do tr<span class="blank _0"></span>abalho. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y5f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">O <span class="blank _b"> </span>conceito <span class="blank _11"> </span>de <span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="ff7">dependência <span class="blank _b"> </span></span>está <span class="blank _11"> </span>ligado <span class="blank _b"> </span>a <span class="blank _11"> </span>esses <span class="blank _b"> </span>nexos <span class="blank _11"> </span>referentes <span class="blank _b"> </span>à </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y39 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">subordinação <span class="blank _9"> </span>econômica <span class="blank _2"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>política, <span class="blank _2"> </span>articulados <span class="blank _2"> </span>ao <span class="blank _2"> </span>espaço <span class="blank _2"> </span>interno <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>dominação<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">social. <span class="blank _a"></span>É um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _a"></span>conceito <span class="blank _0"></span>político <span class="blank _a"></span>e <span class="blank _0"></span>rev<span class="blank _0"></span>ela <span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>preocupação <span class="blank _a"></span>furtadiana <span class="blank _a"></span>com <span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>visão <span class="blank _a"></span>clássica </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dos <span class="blank _3"> </span>processos <span class="blank _3"> </span>históricos, <span class="blank _3"> </span>incluindo <span class="blank _3"> </span>os <span class="blank _3"> </span>ec<span class="blank _1"> </span>onôm<span class="blank _0"></span>icos. <span class="blank _3"> </span>Ele <span class="blank _3"> </span>se <span class="blank _3"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>efere <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>como, <span class="blank _3"> </span>em <span class="blank _3"> </span>cada </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mom<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _d"> </span>histórico, <span class="blank _d"> </span>se <span class="blank _d"> </span>dá <span class="blank _d"> </span>o <span class="blank _d"> </span>processo <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>geração, <span class="blank _2"> </span>apropriação <span class="blank _d"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>distribuição <span class="blank _2"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">excedente <span class="blank _3"> </span>social. <span class="blank _3"> </span>Mais <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>isto, <span class="blank _6"> </span>refere-se <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>um <span class="blank _3"> </span>cr<span class="blank _1"> </span>escim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _3"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndustrial <span class="blank _3"> </span>comandado<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">por <span class="blank _5"> </span>uma <span class="blank"> </span>demanda <span class="blank"> </span>final <span class="blank _5"> </span>imitativa <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>seus <span class="blank _5"> </span>impasses <span class="blank"> </span>técnicos <span class="blank _5"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>sociais, <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>um </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _d"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>andado <span class="blank _2"> </span>por <span class="blank _d"> </span>indução <span class="blank _2"> </span>externa. <span class="blank _d"> </span>Surge <span class="blank _2"> </span>daí <span class="blank _2"> </span>problemas <span class="blank _2"> </span>como <span class="blank _2"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y40 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">necessidade d<span class="blank _0"></span>e um<span class="blank _0"></span> esforço <span class="blank _0"></span>de cap<span class="blank _0"></span>italização p<span class="blank _0"></span>ara o <span class="blank _0"></span>inv<span class="blank _0"></span>estimento supe<span class="blank _0"></span>rior à <span class="blank _0"></span>realidade<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y41 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">da <span class="blank _5"> </span>nação <span class="blank _5"> </span>dependente, <span class="blank _5"> </span>escalas <span class="blank"> </span>inadequadas <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>produção, <span class="blank _5"> </span>marginalizaç<span class="blank _0"></span>ão <span class="blank _5"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span>ocial </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y42 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">derivada <span class="blank _17"> </span>da <span class="blank _16"> </span>inadequação <span class="blank _17"> </span>tecnológica <span class="blank _16"> </span>e <span class="blank _16"> </span>a <span class="blank _17"> </span>impossibilidade <span class="blank _17"> </span>de <span class="blank _16"> </span>endogeneizar <span class="blank _17"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y60 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">crescimento. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y44 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">O <span class="blank _1"> </span>Estado <span class="blank _1"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>arena <span class="blank _1"> </span>social <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>política <span class="blank _1"> </span>para <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>superação <span class="blank _1"> </span>desses <span class="blank _1"> </span>impasses. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Este </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y45 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">não <span class="blank _7"> </span>pode <span class="blank _9"> </span>ser <span class="blank _7"> </span>apenas <span class="blank _7"> </span>desenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>entista, <span class="blank _7"> </span>aprofundando <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>odernização, <span class="blank _7"> </span>mas <span class="blank _7"> </span>seu </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y46 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">reformism<span class="blank _0"></span>o dev<span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _0"></span>incidir sobre <span class="blank _a"></span>estruturas m<span class="blank _0"></span>ais fu<span class="blank _0"></span>ndas d<span class="blank _0"></span>a soci<span class="blank _0"></span>edade, <span class="blank _0"></span>ligadas <span class="blank _0"></span>no <span class="blank _0"></span>plano<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y61 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">econômico <span class="blank _d"> </span>à <span class="blank"> </span>geraçã<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank"> </span>do <span class="blank _2"> </span>progresso <span class="blank"> </span>técn<span class="blank _0"></span>ico, <span class="blank"> </span>ao <span class="blank _d"> </span>nível <span class="blank"> </span>do <span class="blank _2"> </span>sa<span class="blank _1"> </span>lário <span class="blank _d"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span><span class="lsb">à <span class="blank _d"> </span></span>criação <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y62 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">empregos. <span class="blank _f"> </span>T<span class="blank _1"> </span>rata-<span class="lse ws16">se</span>, <span class="blank _f"> </span>em <span class="blank _16"> </span>suma, <span class="blank _17"> </span>da <span class="blank _17"> </span>proposi<span class="blank _1"> </span>ção <span class="blank _17"> </span>de <span class="blank _17"> </span>uma <span class="blank _f"> </span>pol<span class="blank _1"> </span>ítica <span class="blank _17"> </span>nacionalista <span class="blank _17"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y63 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">reformista <span class="blank _2"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>uma <span class="blank _2"> </span>ação <span class="blank _2"> </span>original <span class="blank _d"> </span>do <span class="blank _2"> </span>Estado <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>partir <span class="blank _2"> </span>das <span class="blank _2"> </span>incongruências <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y64 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">modernização po<span class="blank _0"></span>r si só produz<span class="blank _0"></span> nos países dependen<span class="blank _0"></span>tes. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y65 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls12 wsf">A <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ls4">industrialização <span class="blank _7"> </span>periférica <span class="blank _9"> </span>só <span class="blank _9"> </span>foi <span class="blank _7"> </span>possível <span class="blank _9"> </span>graças <span class="blank _7"> </span>à <span class="blank _9"> </span>difusão <span class="blank _9"> </span>espacial <span class="blank _7"> </span>da </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y66 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">técnica através da expansão das empresas transn<span class="blank _0"></span>acionais no após guerra em direção </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y67 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dos <span class="blank _0"></span>países <span class="blank _a"></span>que h<span class="blank _0"></span>aviam <span class="blank _a"></span>conseguido <span class="blank _0"></span>desenvolv<span class="blank _0"></span>er <span class="blank _0"></span>um <span class="blank _a"></span>mercado <span class="blank _0"></span>interno <span class="blank _a"></span>compatível <span class="blank _0"></span>com<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y68 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">seus <span class="blank _1"> </span>tamanhos <span class="blank _1"> </span>mínim<span class="blank _0"></span>os <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>planta. <span class="blank _1"> </span>A <span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>ecnolog<span class="blank _0"></span>ia <span class="blank _1"> </span>em <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _1"> </span>elas <span class="blank _1"> </span>se <span class="blank _1"> </span>baseavam es<span class="blank _1"> </span>tava já </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y69 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">amortizada, <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>facilitou <span class="blank"> </span>superar <span class="blank"> </span>limitações <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>capacidade <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>mportação <span class="blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">problemas <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>rentabilidade <span class="blank _1"> </span>ligados <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>este <span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>ipo <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>investimento <span class="blank _1"> </span>industrial. O <span class="blank _3"> </span>capital </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">nacional <span class="blank _9"> </span>desenv<span class="blank _0"></span>olve <span class="blank _9"> </span>um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span>papel <span class="blank _9"> </span>apenas <span class="blank _9"> </span>auxilia<span class="blank _0"></span>r <span class="blank _9"> </span>nesta <span class="blank _9"> </span>fase, <span class="blank _7"> </span>dando <span class="blank _9"> </span>flexibilidade <span class="blank _9"> </span>ao<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yaf ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sistema <span class="blank _f"> </span>ec<span class="blank _1"> </span>onôm<span class="blank _0"></span>ico, <span class="blank _17"> </span>mas <span class="blank _17"> </span>raramente <span class="blank _17"> </span>disputando <span class="blank _f"> </span>terreno <span class="blank _17"> </span>nos <span class="blank _17"> </span>setores <span class="blank _17"> </span>dinâmicos<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y88 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">daquelas <span class="blank _0"></span>em<span class="blank _0"></span>presas. <span class="blank _0"></span>O <span class="blank _a"></span>capital es<span class="blank _0"></span>tatal ag<span class="blank _0"></span>iu <span class="blank _0"></span>fornecen<span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>infraestru<span class="blank _0"></span>tura <span class="blank _0"></span>básica <span class="blank _a"></span>e insum<span class="blank _0"></span>os </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y89 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">diversos, <span class="blank _7"> </span>especialm<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>setor <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>bens <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>capital <span class="blank _7"> </span>circulante, <span class="blank _7"> </span>um <span class="blank _7"> </span>setor <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>largo </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y8a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">prazo de maturação <span class="blank _0"></span>e alta relação c<span class="blank _0"></span>apital/produ<span class="blank _0"></span>to. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y70 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">O <span class="blank _0"></span>aprofundamento <span class="blank _0"></span>na <span class="blank _a"></span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>ndus<span class="blank _0"></span>trialização <span class="blank _0"></span>não <span class="blank _0"></span>significou <span class="blank _0"></span>di<span class="blank _0"></span>minuição <span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>grau <span class="blank _0"></span>d<span class="lsb">e </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y71 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dependência <span class="blank _2"> </span>externa, <span class="blank _d"> </span>pois <span class="blank _d"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>substituição <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>mportações <span class="blank _2"> </span>acompanhada <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _15"> </span>certo </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb0 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">fechamento <span class="blank _16"> </span>da <span class="blank _16"> </span>economia <span class="blank _16"> </span>periférica <span class="blank _16"> </span>significava <span class="blank _16"> </span>um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _13"> </span>esforço <span class="blank _16"> </span>de <span class="blank _16"> </span>diversificação </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb1 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">produtiva <span class="blank _a"></span>muito <span class="blank _a"></span>grande <span class="blank _a"></span>para <span class="blank _a"></span>essas <span class="blank _a"></span>ec<span class="blank _1"> </span>onom<span class="blank _0"></span>ias. <span class="blank _a"></span>A <span class="blank _0"></span>demanda <span class="blank _a"></span>gerada <span class="blank _a"></span>pela <span class="blank _a"></span>modernização<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb2 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">já <span class="blank _13"> </span>era <span class="blank _b"> </span>bastante <span class="blank _13"> </span>diversificada, <span class="blank _13"> </span>fazendo <span class="blank _13"> </span>com <span class="blank _13"> </span>que <span class="blank _b"> </span>os <span class="blank _13"> </span>investimentos <span class="blank _13"> </span>industriais </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Cepal, Furtado,<span class="blank _0"></span> Kowarick e o d<span class="blank _0"></span>ebate sobre<span class="blank _0"></span> o mercado de trabal<span class="blank _0"></span>ho </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. <span class="blank _8"> </span>545 </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y34 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">tendessem <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>se <span class="blank"> </span>dispersar. <span class="blank"> </span>Assim, <span class="blank"> </span>as <span class="blank"> </span>economias <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank"> </span>mais <span class="blank"> </span>avançaram<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>por <span class="blank"> </span>esse </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y35 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">processo <span class="blank _9"> </span>pa<span class="blank _0"></span>ssaram <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>apresentar <span class="blank _7"> </span>um <span class="blank _9"> </span>baixo <span class="blank _7"> </span>coe<span class="blank _1"> </span>ficiente<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>importação <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>produtos </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y36 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">industrializado<span class="blank _0"></span>s, <span class="blank _a"></span>e <span class="blank _12"></span>ao <span class="blank _a"></span>mesmo <span class="blank _12"></span>tempo <span class="blank _a"></span>pequena <span class="blank _12"></span>capacidade <span class="blank _12"></span>par<span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _12"></span>competir <span class="blank _a"></span>nos <span class="blank _12"></span>mercados </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y37 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">internacionais desses produtos. Em <span class="blank _1"> </span>meados dos anos <span class="blank _1"> </span>sessenta a i<span class="blank _1"> </span>nternaciona<span class="blank _0"></span>lização </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y38 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">produtiva <span class="blank _3"> </span>pôde <span class="blank _1"> </span>prosseguir <span class="blank _1"> </span>graças <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _3"> </span>concentração <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>renda <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>aos <span class="blank _1"> </span>baixos <span class="blank _3"> </span>salários <span class="blank _1"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y76 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">periferia. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Além <span class="blank _1"> </span>disso, <span class="blank _3"> </span>houv<span class="blank _0"></span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>na <span class="blank _3"> </span>época <span class="blank _1"> </span>uma <span class="blank _1"> </span>grande <span class="blank _1"> </span>disponibilid<span class="blank _1"> </span>ade <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>emprés<span class="blank _0"></span>timos </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y77 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">internacionais <span class="blank _7"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>inanciando <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>reciclag<span class="blank _0"></span>em <span class="blank _9"> </span>dos <span class="blank _9"> </span>sistemas <span class="blank _9"> </span>industriai<span class="blank _0"></span>s <span class="blank _9"> </span>na <span class="blank _9"> </span>periferia <span class="blank _9"> </span>nos </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb3 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">marcos da tecnologia da segunda revolução industrial. A crise internacional a partir<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb4 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _a"></span>ea<span class="blank _1"> </span>dos <span class="blank"> </span>dos <span class="blank _d"> </span>anos <span class="blank"> </span>set<span class="blank _0"></span>enta <span class="blank _15"> </span>e <span class="blank _15"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank _0"></span>bida <span class="blank _d"> </span>dos <span class="blank"> </span>juros <span class="blank _d"> </span>nos <span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>ercados <span class="blank"> </span>interna<span class="blank _0"></span>ci<span class="blank _1"> </span>onais </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb5 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">impuseram, <span class="blank _a"></span>contudo, à <span class="blank _a"></span>industrialização <span class="blank _0"></span>subde<span class="blank _0"></span>senvolvid<span class="blank _0"></span>a um<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _0"></span>agudo <span class="blank _0"></span>estrang<span class="blank _0"></span>ulamento </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb6 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">cambial. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y3f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Para <span class="blank"> </span>Furtado, <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>avanço <span class="blank"> </span>da <span class="blank"> </span>interna<span class="blank _0"></span>cionalização <span class="blank"> </span>fina<span class="blank _0"></span>nceira <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>tecnológic<span class="blank _0"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y40 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">debilitou os <span class="blank _1"> </span>sistemas <span class="blank _1"> </span>econôm<span class="blank _0"></span>icos <span class="blank _1"> </span>nacionais <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _1"> </span>países periféricos <span class="blank _1"> </span>apresentam<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>uma </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y41 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">maior heterogeneidade cultural e econômica ao mesmo tempo e<span class="blank _1"> </span>m que se fragiliza a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y42 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">atividade <span class="blank _9"> </span>do <span class="blank _9"> </span>Estado, <span class="blank _9"> </span>grandem<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="blank _9"> </span>endividado <span class="blank _9"> </span>nos <span class="blank _9"> </span>circuitos <span class="blank _9"> </span>externo<span class="blank _1"> </span>s <span class="blank _9"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>da <span class="blank _9"> </span>dívida </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y60 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">interna. Form<span class="blank _0"></span>a-se aí <span class="blank _1"> </span>uma <span class="ff7">nova dependência</span>, entre tens<span class="blank _0"></span>ões inter-regionais, aguçadas<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y79 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">rivalidades <span class="blank _17"> </span>entre <span class="blank _17"> </span>empresas <span class="blank _f"> </span>e <span class="blank _17"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>ormação <span class="blank _f"> </span>de <span class="blank _17"> </span>grande <span class="blank _17"> </span>contingente <span class="blank _17"> </span>de <span class="blank _16"> </span>miseráv<span class="blank _0"></span>eis, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">fechando as <span class="blank _0"></span>portas para um<span class="blank _0"></span> projeto naci<span class="blank _0"></span>onal de desenv<span class="blank _0"></span>olvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento. Por outro l<span class="blank _0"></span>ado, os<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">valores cu<span class="blank _0"></span>lturais <span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>centro <span class="blank _0"></span>são, <span class="blank _0"></span>mais <span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>que nunca, <span class="blank _0"></span>difundido<span class="blank _0"></span>s, e <span class="blank _a"></span>as classes <span class="blank _0"></span>médias <span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">altas dos <span class="blank _a"></span>países perifér<span class="blank _0"></span>icos <span class="blank _0"></span>copiam padrõe<span class="blank _0"></span>s de <span class="blank _a"></span>cons<span class="blank _1"> </span>umo <span class="blank _a"></span>e comportam<span class="blank _0"></span>ento v<span class="blank _0"></span>indos do<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">centro. <span class="blank _3"> </span>Haveria <span class="blank _3"> </span>aí <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>necessidade <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>crítica <span class="blank _3"> </span>radical <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _3"> </span>doutrina <span class="blank _3"> </span>monetar<span class="blank _0"></span>ista <span class="blank _3"> </span>que </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">impacta <span class="blank _1"> </span>a l<span class="blank _1"> </span>uta <span class="blank _1"> </span>ideológica nesses <span class="blank _1"> </span>países, <span class="blank _1"> </span>mas o <span class="blank _3"> </span>que se<span class="blank _1"> </span> vê <span class="blank _1"> </span>é <span class="blank _1"> </span>uma <span class="blank _1"> </span>nova <span class="blank _1"> </span>ort<span class="blank _1"> </span>odoxia <span class="blank _1"> </span>que<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y7f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">tira <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _3"> </span>ideia <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="blank _3"> </span>seu <span class="blank _3"> </span>conteúdo <span class="blank _3"> </span>político <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>valorativo. <span class="blank _3"> </span>Toda <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>análise </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb7 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">acima <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>Furtado <span class="blank _6"> </span>pode <span class="blank _6"> </span>ser <span class="blank _6"> </span>encontrada <span class="blank _6"> </span>em <span class="blank _6"> </span>sua <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="ffa ls9">\u201c</span>Obra <span class="blank _6"> </span>Autobiográfica<span class="ffa ls9">\u201d</span>, <span class="blank _6"> </span>em <span class="blank _6"> </span>grande </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb8 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">medida <span class="blank _1"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>apresentaç<span class="blank _0"></span>ão <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>suas <span class="blank _1"> </span>principais <span class="blank _3"> </span>análises<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>ideias <span class="blank _1"> </span>ao <span class="blank _3"> </span>longo <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>sua <span class="blank _1"> </span>vida </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb9 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">intelectual (Furtad<span class="blank _0"></span>o, 1997). </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y83 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Como observa <span class="blank _1"> </span>Kowarick <span class="blank _1"> </span>(1975), <span class="blank _1"> </span>outros <span class="blank _1"> </span>autores <span class="blank _1"> </span>retomaram com <span class="blank _1"> </span>propósitos </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y84 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">próximos a Prébisch e a <span class="blank _1"> </span>Furtado, mas preocupações particulares, a heterogeneidade </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y85 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">social, <span class="blank _0"></span>destaca<span class="blank _0"></span>ndo <span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>conceito <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _0"></span>marg<span class="blank _0"></span>inalidade <span class="blank _0"></span>urbana. <span class="blank _a"></span>Gino <span class="blank _0"></span>Germ<span class="blank _0"></span>ani, <span class="blank _0"></span>por <span class="blank _a"></span>exemplo, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y86 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">pensa a necessid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade de esse segm<span class="blank _a"></span>ent<span class="blank _1"> </span>o ser incorporado <span class="blank _0"></span>pelo polo indust<span class="blank _0"></span>rial moderno<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y87 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">como condição pa<span class="blank _0"></span>ra estabilidade<span class="blank _0"></span> e persistência d<span class="blank _0"></span>o sistem<span class="blank _0"></span>a: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yba ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">A persistência de um<span class="blank _0"></span> setor não participante, ou <span class="blank _a"></span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>articipante de m<span class="blank _0"></span>aneira parcial </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ybb ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">na sociedade industrial, em <span class="blank _0"></span>contraste com outro s<span class="blank _0"></span>etor plenamente integrado na </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ybc ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mesma, <span class="blank _3"> </span>(...) <span class="blank _3"> </span>pod<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>ser <span class="blank _3"> </span>considerada <span class="blank _3"> </span>como <span class="blank _3"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>limitação <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>ameaça <span class="blank _3"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ybd ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sociedade <span class="blank _2"> </span>industrial <span class="blank _2"> </span>na <span class="blank _d"> </span>medida <span class="blank _2"> </span>em <span class="blank _9"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>mpede <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>otimização <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _2"> </span>recursos </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ybe ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">existentes, não só por deixar de lado um<span class="blank _0"></span> setor da população como também <span class="blank _0"></span>por </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ybf ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">restringir <span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>base da <span class="blank _a"></span>seleção<span class="blank _1"> </span>, reduzindo <span class="blank _0"></span>deste modo <span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>funcionalidade da <span class="blank _0"></span>mesma. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h15 yc0 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">(...) <span class="blank _2"> </span>É<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>por <span class="blank"> </span>iss<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank"> </span>que, <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _d"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>estrutura <span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>dustrial <span class="blank"> </span>ex<span class="blank _0"></span>ige <span class="blank"> </span>atitudes <span class="blank _2"> </span>\u201cmodernas\u201d <span class="blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yc1 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">educação <span class="blank _3"> </span>adequada <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>um<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>tecnologia <span class="blank _3"> </span>cada <span class="blank _1"> </span>vez <span class="blank _3"> </span>mais <span class="blank _1"> </span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>mplexa, <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>exclusão <span class="blank _1"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yc2 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">um setor <span class="blank _1"> </span>pode ser <span class="blank _1"> </span>disfuncional <span class="blank _1"> </span>para o <span class="blank _1"> </span>sistema. Do lad<span class="blank _1"> </span>o do <span class="blank _1"> </span>consumo poder<span class="blank _3"> </span>-se-</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xb y32 w4 h10" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3ec5442a-14b2-466b-84df-5eaf7fce3a2d/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 xb h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Igor Zanoni Cons<span class="blank _0"></span>tant Carnei<span class="blank _0"></span>ro Leão, Danilo Ferraz de Ol<span class="blank _0"></span>iveira Ogama,Stéf<span class="blank _0"></span>anie Bilicki </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">546 <span class="blank _8"> </span>Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yc3 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">iam <span class="blank _e"> </span>formular <span class="blank _5"> </span>argumentos <span class="blank _5"> </span>similares, <span class="blank _5"> </span>posto <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _e"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>marginalidad<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _e"> </span>reduz <span class="blank _5"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yc4 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">possibilidades de expansão <span class="blank _0"></span>do sistema (Germani apud <span class="blank _0"></span>Kowar<span class="blank _1"> </span>ick, 1975, p. <span class="blank _0"></span>53). </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 yc5 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">De <span class="blank _f"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>odo <span class="blank _f"> </span>contrário <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _f"> </span>Germ<span class="blank _0"></span>ani, <span class="blank _f"> </span>Qui<span class="blank _0"></span>jano <span class="blank _f"> </span>Obregon <span class="blank"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>elaciona <span class="blank _5"> </span>os <span class="blank _f"> </span>setores </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yc6 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">atrasados com os ev<span class="blank _0"></span>oluídos com<span class="blank _0"></span>o uma conexão essenci<span class="blank _0"></span>al na marginalid<span class="blank _0"></span>ade: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yc7 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">A <span class="blank _3"> </span>estr<span class="blank _1"> </span>utura <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>dominação <span class="blank _6"> </span>social <span class="blank _6"> </span>inclui <span class="blank _6"> </span>entre <span class="blank _6"> </span>seus <span class="blank _6"> </span>setores <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>interesse <span class="blank _6"> </span>social </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yc8 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">fundamentais, <span class="blank _6"> </span>os <span class="blank _6"> </span>setores <span class="blank _6"> </span>marginais, <span class="blank _6"> </span>isto <span class="blank _6"> </span>é, <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>tal <span class="blank _6"> </span>sistema <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>do<span class="blank _1"> </span>min<span class="blank _0"></span>ação <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ls1">ou </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yc9 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">estrutura de p<span class="blank _1"> </span>oder dentro da estrutura geral da socied<span class="blank _1"> </span>ade não pode<span class="blank _1"> </span> existir ne<span class="blank _1"> </span>m </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yca ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">se <span class="blank"> </span>desenvolver <span class="blank _2"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>exis<span class="blank _1"> </span>ta, <span class="blank"> </span>dentro <span class="blank _d"> </span>dela <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>esenvolva <span class="blank"> </span>um <span class="blank"> </span>setor <span class="blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ycb ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">interesse marginal. E<span class="blank _1"> </span>m outros ter<span class="blank _1"> </span>mos, que os grupos sociai<span class="blank _1"> </span>s, que dispõe<span class="blank _1"> </span>m dos </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ycc ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">recursos <span class="blank _0"></span>do poder <span class="blank _a"></span>geral na <span class="blank _a"></span>sociedad<span class="blank _1"> </span>e, <span class="blank _0"></span>não <span class="blank _0"></span>podem <span class="blank _a"></span>ocupar<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>essa <span class="blank _0"></span>posição a <span class="blank _a"></span>não ser </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 ycd ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sob <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>base <span class="blank _3"> </span>da <span class="blank _1"> </span>existência <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>um <span class="blank _3"> </span>setor <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>marginalidade <span class="blank _3"> </span>social <span class="blank _3"> </span>(Obr<span class="blank _1"> </span>egon <span class="blank _3"> </span>apud </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yce ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Kowarick, 19<span class="blank _1"> </span>75, p. 54). </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 ycf ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Uma <span class="blank _9"> </span>série <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>outros <span class="blank _2"> </span>autores <span class="blank _9"> </span>define <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>marginalidade<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>como <span class="blank _9"> </span>uma <span class="blank _9"> </span>situação </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yd0 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">genérica de exc<span class="blank _0"></span>lusão e pobrez<span class="blank _0"></span>a, fazendo com<span class="blank _0"></span> que parte da popu<span class="blank _0"></span>lação excedent<span class="blank _0"></span>e não </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yd1 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">possa <span class="blank _13"> </span>ser <span class="blank _b"> </span>considerada <span class="blank _13"> </span>exército <span class="blank _13"> </span>industrial <span class="blank _13"> </span>de <span class="blank _b"> </span>reserv<span class="blank _0"></span>a, <span class="blank _13"> </span>portanto <span class="blank _b"> </span>sem <span class="blank _13"> </span>servir <span class="blank _13"> </span>à </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yd2 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">acumulação <span class="blank _2"> </span>nos <span class="blank _2"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span>us <span class="blank _2"> </span>momentos <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>crescimento <span class="blank _2"> </span>nem <span class="blank _2"> </span>na <span class="blank _d"> </span>contenção <span class="blank _d"> </span>dos <span class="blank _d"> </span>salários </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y43 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">(Hobsbawm <span class="blank _1"> </span>apud<span class="ff7 ls13"> </span>Kowarick, <span class="blank _1"> </span>1975, <span class="blank _3"> </span>p. <span class="blank _1"> </span>106). <span class="blank _3"> </span>Esta <span class="blank _1"> </span>posição <span class="blank _1"> </span>é <span class="blank _3"> </span>também<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>defendida <span class="blank _1"> </span>pel<span class="ls7">o </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y44 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">argentino José Nun<span class="blank _0"></span>: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yd3 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">(...) <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>famoso <span class="blank"> </span>capítulo <span class="blank"> </span>XXIII <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff7">O <span class="blank"> </span>Capital</span> <span class="blank"> </span>contribuiu <span class="blank"> </span>para <span class="blank"> </span>obscurecer <span class="blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yd4 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">distinção entre superpo<span class="blank _1"> </span>pulação relativa e exército industrial <span class="blank _1"> </span>de reserva.<span class="blank _3"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yd5 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">(...) <span class="blank _1"> </span>A incor<span class="blank _1"> </span>reta <span class="blank _1"> </span>assimilação <span class="blank _1"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>as <span class="blank _1"> </span>categorias <span class="blank _1"> </span>superpo<span class="blank _1"> </span>pulação <span class="blank _1"> </span>relativa <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>exército </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yd6 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">industrial de <span class="blank _0"></span>reserva levou <span class="blank _0"></span>a confundir, no estudo <span class="blank _0"></span>do capitalismo, <span class="blank _0"></span>os processos </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yd7 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">específicos <span class="blank _2"> </span>q<span class="blank _1"> </span>ue <span class="blank"> </span>geram <span class="blank _2"> </span>uma <span class="blank"> </span>população <span class="blank"> </span>excedente <span class="blank _2"> </span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _2"> </span>os<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>efeitos <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>este </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yd8 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">provoca no sistema. Ao contrário, am<span class="blank _0"></span>bas as questões devem ser diferenciadas: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yd9 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ao indagar esses processos espec<span class="blank _1"> </span>íficos, obtê<span class="blank _1"> </span>m-<span class="ls14 ws17">se</span> as características pr<span class="blank _1"> </span>óprias da </div><div class="t m0 x10 h15 y1f ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">\u201csuperpopulação <span class="blank _6"> </span>relativa\u201d <span class="blank _6"> </span>des<span class="blank _1"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>modo <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>prod<span class="blank _1"> </span>ução; <span class="blank _7"> </span>o <span class="blank _6"> </span>conceito <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201cexérci<span class="blank _1"> </span>to </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y20 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">industrial <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>reserva\u201d <span class="blank _1"> </span>corresponde, <span class="blank _1"> </span>por <span class="blank _1"> </span>outro <span class="blank _1"> </span>lado, <span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="ff5">ao <span class="blank _1"> </span>exame <span class="blank _1"> </span>dos <span class="blank _1"> </span>seus efei<span class="blank _1"> </span>tos, </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y21 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">das <span class="blank _16"> </span>relaçõ<span class="blank _1"> </span>es <span class="blank _16"> </span>dessa <span class="blank _13"> </span>superpopulação <span class="blank _13"> </span>com <span class="blank _16"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _16"> </span>estrutura <span class="blank _13"> </span>global<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _16"> </span>(Nun <span class="blank _16"> </span>ap<span class="blank _1"> </span>ud<span class="ff7"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yda ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Kowarick, 19<span class="blank _1"> </span>75, p. 110)<span class="blank _1"> </span>. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 ydb ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Para <span class="blank _13"> </span>José <span class="blank _13"> </span>Nun, <span class="blank _b"> </span>como <span class="blank _13"> </span>para <span class="blank _13"> </span>outros <span class="blank _13"> </span>autores, <span class="blank _13"> </span>o <span class="blank _b"> </span>surgim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _13"> </span>do <span class="blank _b"> </span>capital </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ydc ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">monopolista na <span class="blank _0"></span>Am<span class="blank _0"></span>érica Latin<span class="blank _0"></span>a de <span class="blank _0"></span>forma abr<span class="blank _0"></span>upta e <span class="blank _0"></span>parcial, <span class="blank _0"></span>bem <span class="blank _0"></span>como <span class="blank _0"></span>o êxodo <span class="blank _0"></span>rural<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ydd ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">e as altas taxas de <span class="blank _0"></span>crescim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento demográfico explicam<span class="blank _0"></span> a posição ac<span class="blank _0"></span>ima. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 yde ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf"> </div><div class="t m0 xb hd ydf ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">2 A alternativa <span class="blank _0"></span>técnica de Lúcio Ko<span class="blank _0"></span>warick </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 ye0 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Neste <span class="blank _1"> </span>momento <span class="blank _1"> </span>passa-se <span class="blank _1"> </span>às <span class="blank _1"> </span>ideias <span class="blank _3"> </span>cent<span class="blank _0"></span>ra<span class="lsd ws13">is</span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>Kowarick, <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _1"> </span>qual, <span class="blank _3"> </span>sem<span class="blank _a"></span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>negar </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye1 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _6"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>odo <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>herança <span class="blank _6"> </span>sobre <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>concepção <span class="blank _6"> </span>do <span class="blank _7"> </span>desenvolv<span class="blank _0"></span>imento <span class="blank _6"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>seus <span class="blank _6"> </span>rebatimentos<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye2 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sobre <span class="blank _2"> </span>o <span class="blank _2"> </span>emprego, <span class="blank _2"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>muito <span class="blank _d"> </span>menos <span class="blank _9"> </span>dei<span class="blank _1"> </span>xar <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>considerar <span class="blank _2"> </span>na <span class="blank _2"> </span>sua <span class="blank _2"> </span>própria <span class="blank _2"> </span>análise <span class="blank _2"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ybf ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">importância <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>conceitos <span class="blank _3"> </span>como <span class="blank _3"> </span>subdesenvolvim<span class="blank _0"></span>ento <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>dependência, <span class="blank _3"> </span>recoloca <span class="blank _1"> </span>estes </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye3 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">problemas <span class="blank _3"> </span>sob <span class="blank _3"> </span>nova <span class="blank _3"> </span>luz. <span class="blank _3"> </span>É <span class="blank _6"> </span>hora, <span class="blank _6"> </span>portanto, <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>expor <span class="blank _3"> </span>como <span class="blank _3"> </span>nosso <span class="blank _3"> </span>aut<span class="blank _1"> </span>or <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="ls7 wsa">os</span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>per<span class="blank _1"> </span>cebe, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye4 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ainda <span class="blank _3"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>sem <span class="blank _3"> </span>fazer <span class="blank _3"> </span>j<span class="blank _1"> </span>ustiça<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _6"> </span>ampla <span class="blank _3"> </span>discussão <span class="blank _6"> </span>contida <span class="blank _3"> </span>em<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>seu <span class="blank _6"> </span>livro. <span class="blank _3"> </span>O <span class="blank _3"> </span>i<span class="blank _1"> </span>mportant<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye5 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">neste texto <span class="blank _0"></span>é tentar <span class="blank _0"></span>perceber os <span class="blank _0"></span>nexos constit<span class="blank _0"></span>utivos de <span class="blank _0"></span>sua alterna<span class="blank _0"></span>tiva teórica. Passa-</div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye6 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">se, pois, à apresenta<span class="blank _0"></span>ção do texto de <span class="blank _0"></span>Kowarick (1975). </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Cepal, Furtado,<span class="blank _0"></span> Kowarick e o d<span class="blank _0"></span>ebate sobre<span class="blank _0"></span> o mercado de trabal<span class="blank _0"></span>ho </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. <span class="blank _8"> </span>547 </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 ye7 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Para este aut<span class="blank _0"></span>or a marg<span class="blank _0"></span>inalidade dev<span class="blank _0"></span>e ser vista d<span class="blank _0"></span>entro da ins<span class="blank _0"></span>erção no sis<span class="blank _0"></span>tema </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye8 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">produtivo, <span class="blank _9"> </span>deixando <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>lado <span class="blank _2"> </span>questões <span class="blank _2"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _2"> </span>o <span class="blank _2"> </span>bai<span class="blank _1"> </span>xo <span class="blank _9"> </span>níve<span class="blank _1"> </span>l <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>remuneração <span class="blank _9"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>os </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye9 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">precários <span class="blank _0"></span>padrões <span class="blank _0"></span>de con<span class="blank _0"></span>sum<span class="blank _0"></span>o material <span class="blank _0"></span>e cul<span class="blank _0"></span>tural. Ela <span class="blank _a"></span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>refere à<span class="blank _0"></span> classe <span class="blank _a"></span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>rabalhadora<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yea ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">urbana <span class="blank _1"> </span>em <span class="blank _1"> </span>senti<span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>restrito, <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>qual, <span class="blank _3"> </span>ainda <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _1"> </span>situada <span class="blank _3"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>os <span class="blank _1"> </span>patamares <span class="blank _3"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>ais <span class="blank _1"> </span>baixos <span class="blank _3"> </span>da<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yeb ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">pirâmide social com<span class="blank _0"></span> níveis irrisórios de <span class="blank _0"></span>remuneração, recebem<span class="blank _0"></span> seus salários a partir<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y39 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">da participação no p<span class="blank _0"></span>rocesso produ<span class="blank _0"></span>tivo. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 yec ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">A <span class="blank _5"> </span>distinção <span class="blank _5"> </span>entre <span class="blank _5"> </span>trabalhadores <span class="blank"> </span>não <span class="blank _f"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>arginais <span class="blank _5"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>marginais <span class="blank _5"> </span>se <span class="blank _5"> </span>dá <span class="blank _5"> </span>pela </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yb4 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">inserção <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>sistema <span class="blank _7"> </span>produtivo, <span class="blank _7"> </span>uma <span class="blank _9"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ez <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _9"> </span>os <span class="blank _7"> </span>assalariados <span class="blank _7"> </span>na <span class="blank _9"> </span>eco<span class="blank _0"></span>nomia <span class="blank _7"> </span>urbana </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yed ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">estão <span class="blank _a"></span>presentes <span class="blank _a"></span>no <span class="blank _12"></span>setor <span class="blank _a"></span>fabril <span class="blank _a"></span>e <span class="blank _0"></span>no <span class="blank _12"></span>setor <span class="blank _a"></span>terciário, <span class="blank _a"></span>organizados <span class="blank _12"></span>na <span class="blank _a"></span>f<span class="blank _1"> </span>orm<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>empresas, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yee ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">sujeitando-se <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>um <span class="blank _3"> </span>tipo <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>exploração <span class="blank _6"> </span>ligado <span class="blank _3"> </span>à <span class="blank _6"> </span>produção <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>mais<span class="blank _1"> </span>-<span class="ls7 wsa">va</span>li<span class="blank _1"> </span>a. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Por <span class="blank _3"> </span>outro </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yef ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">lado, os trab<span class="blank _0"></span>alhadores m<span class="blank _0"></span>arginais particip<span class="blank _0"></span>am de un<span class="blank _0"></span>idades produt<span class="blank _0"></span>ivas não ti<span class="blank _0"></span>picamente </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yf0 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">capitalistas, <span class="blank _2"> </span>com <span class="blank _2"> </span>tecnologia <span class="blank _2"> </span>arcaica <span class="blank _d"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>relações <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>produção <span class="blank _d"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>não <span class="blank _d"> </span>podem <span class="blank _2"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yf1 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">definidas <span class="blank _9"> </span>pelo <span class="blank _9"> </span>assalariamento. <span class="blank _9"> </span>Os <span class="blank _9"> </span>trabalhadores <span class="blank _9"> </span>por <span class="blank _9"> </span>conta <span class="blank _9"> </span>própria <span class="blank _9"> </span>também <span class="blank _9"> </span>estão </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y42 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">inseridos neste segm<span class="blank _0"></span>ento, o chamado <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="ff7 ws9">lumpen</span> não pertence à camada marg<span class="blank _0"></span>inal, uma </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yf2 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">vez que está for<span class="blank _0"></span>a do mercado de trab<span class="blank _0"></span>alho. Com<span class="blank _0"></span>o aponta o autor, </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yf3 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">O importante a reter na <span class="blank _0"></span>caracter<span class="blank _1"> </span>ização de trabalho marginal aqui desenvolvida </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yf4 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">é <span class="blank _19"> </span>a <span class="blank _19"> </span>forma <span class="blank _10"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _19"> </span>inserção <span class="blank _19"> </span>nas <span class="blank _19"> </span>estruturas <span class="blank _19"> </span>pro<span class="blank _1"> </span>dutivas. <span class="blank _19"> </span>Como <span class="blank _19"> </span>apontamos </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yf5 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">anteriormente, <span class="blank _a"></span>a m<span class="blank _0"></span>arginalidad<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _a"></span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>nfigura-se <span class="blank _a"></span>pela n<span class="blank _0"></span>ão <span class="blank _a"></span>par<span class="blank _1"> </span>ticipação n<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _a"></span>prod<span class="blank _1"> </span>ução </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yf6 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _3"> </span>mais <span class="blank _3"> </span>valia <span class="blank _3"> </span>no <span class="blank _3"> </span>caso <span class="blank _3"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>ab<span class="blank _1"> </span>range <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _3"> </span>espectro <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>atividades <span class="blank _3"> </span>autôno<span class="blank _1"> </span>mas <span class="blank _3"> </span>antes </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y47 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">referido, <span class="blank"> </span>quer <span class="blank _2"> </span>pelos <span class="blank _d"> </span>trabalhadores <span class="blank"> </span>presentes <span class="blank _2"> </span>nas <span class="blank _d"> </span>unidades <span class="blank"> </span>artesanais <span class="blank _2"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>as </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yf7 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">indústrias <span class="blank _a"></span>a dom<span class="blank _0"></span>icílio, <span class="blank _0"></span>quer <span class="blank _a"></span>ainda pela <span class="blank _12"></span>mão <span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _a"></span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>bra <span class="blank _a"></span>que <span class="blank _0"></span>é <span class="blank _a"></span>incorporada e<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _a"></span>expulsa </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yf8 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">das <span class="blank _3"> </span>empresas <span class="blank _3"> </span>capitalistas <span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _1"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>azão <span class="blank _3"> </span>das <span class="blank _3"> </span>flutuações <span class="blank _1"> </span>conj<span class="blank _1"> </span>unturais <span class="blank _3"> </span>ou <span class="blank _3"> </span>estruturais </div><div class="t m0 x10 h15 yf9 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">da <span class="blank _1"> </span>econo<span class="blank _1"> </span>mia. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Não <span class="blank _1"> </span>é <span class="blank _3"> </span>portanto <span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _3"> </span>grau d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>usu<span class="blank _1"> </span>fruto <span class="blank _1"> </span>do <span class="blank _3"> </span>\u201cproduto <span class="blank _1"> </span>social\u201d <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>está </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 yfa ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">em jogo (<span class="blank _1"> </span>Kowarick, 1975,<span class="blank _1"> </span> p. 89). </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 yfb ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Dessa f<span class="blank _0"></span>orma, <span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ffa">grupos <span class="blank _0"></span>marg<span class="blank _0"></span>inais podem<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _0"></span>ter um<span class="blank _0"></span> \u201cnív<span class="blank _0"></span>el de <span class="blank _a"></span>vida\u201d semelhan<span class="blank _0"></span>te a<span class="ff5">o </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yfc ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dos <span class="blank"> </span>assalar<span class="blank _0"></span>iados <span class="blank"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>situação <span class="blank _15"> </span>regular <span class="blank"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>estável <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>rabalho. <span class="blank"> </span>O <span class="blank"> </span>salário-<span class="blank _0"></span>mínim<span class="blank _0"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y68 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">influencia <span class="blank _0"></span>as escalas <span class="blank _0"></span>salariais <span class="blank _0"></span>imediatam<span class="blank _0"></span>ente superio<span class="blank _0"></span>res e <span class="blank _0"></span>inferiores, e <span class="blank _0"></span>também<span class="blank _0"></span> é um<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yfd ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">parâmetro <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>norteia <span class="blank _2"> </span>o <span class="blank _d"> </span>montante <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>r<span class="blank _1"> </span>emuner<span class="blank _0"></span>ação <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>um <span class="blank _d"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>serviços </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yfe ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ligados <span class="blank _1a"> </span>ao <span class="blank _1a"> </span>trabalho <span class="blank _14"> </span>autônomo. <span class="blank _1a"> </span>Portanto, <span class="blank _1a"> </span>as <span class="blank _1a"> </span>populações <span class="blank _14"> </span>marginais <span class="blank _1a"> </span>não </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yff ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">necessariamente <span class="blank _12"></span>têm <span class="blank _a"></span>uma <span class="blank _12"></span>renda <span class="blank _0"></span>equiv<span class="blank _0"></span>alente <span class="blank _a"></span>ao <span class="blank _a"></span>salário-mínim<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>nem <span class="blank _a"></span>podem <span class="blank _a"></span>ser <span class="blank _a"></span>vistas </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y100 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">a partir da sua capac<span class="blank _0"></span>idade de consum<span class="blank _0"></span>o. Isto é claro pela v<span class="blank _0"></span>ariação do salário-m<span class="blank _0"></span>ínimo </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y101 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">real <span class="blank _f"> </span>e <span class="blank _f"> </span>não <span class="blank _5"> </span>se <span class="blank _f"> </span>pode <span class="blank _f"> </span>ligar <span class="blank _f"> </span>seu <span class="blank _f"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>alor <span class="blank _f"> </span>a <span class="blank _f"> </span>um <span class="blank _5"> </span>li<span class="blank _1"> </span>mite <span class="blank _f"> </span>da <span class="blank _f"> </span>capacidade <span class="blank _f"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>consumo. </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y6e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Enfatizando, a m<span class="blank _0"></span>arginalidade nã<span class="blank _0"></span>o pode ser<span class="blank _0"></span> definida seg<span class="blank _0"></span>undo padrões de <span class="blank _0"></span>renda, m<span class="blank _0"></span>as, </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y102 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">antes, <span class="blank _7"> </span>por <span class="blank _9"> </span>não <span class="blank _6"> </span>pertencer <span class="blank _7"> </span>ao <span class="blank _9"> </span>núcleo <span class="blank _7"> </span>estável <span class="blank _9"> </span>do<span class="blank _0"></span>s <span class="blank _7"> </span>trabalhadores <span class="blank _7"> </span>ligados <span class="blank _7"> </span>ao <span class="blank _9"> </span>processo<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y103 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">produtivo. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y104 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">O <span class="blank _1"> </span>autor <span class="blank _3"> </span>lem<span class="blank _0"></span>bra <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>distinção ent<span class="blank _1"> </span>re <span class="blank _1"> </span>um <span class="blank _1"> </span>mercado <span class="blank _3"> </span>form<span class="blank _0"></span>al<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _1"> </span>baseado <span class="blank _1"> </span>num <span class="blank _1"> </span>tipo <span class="blank _3"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yad ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">emprego <span class="blank _12"></span>que <span class="blank _a"></span>tem <span class="blank _a"></span>em <span class="blank _12"></span>pri<span class="blank _1"> </span>ncípio <span class="blank _a"></span>uma <span class="blank _12"></span>definição <span class="blank _12"></span>legal<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _12"></span>e <span class="blank _a"></span>um <span class="blank _a"></span>mercado <span class="blank _12"></span>informal, <span class="blank _a"></span>marcado </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y105 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">por um<span class="blank _0"></span> acentuado <span class="blank _0"></span>risco por <span class="blank _0"></span>não estar <span class="blank _0"></span>apoiado no <span class="blank _a"></span>si<span class="blank _1"> </span>stema <span class="blank _0"></span>legal, no q<span class="blank _0"></span>ual conco<span class="blank _0"></span>rre u<span class="blank _0"></span>m </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y106 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">número <span class="blank _19"> </span>grande <span class="blank _1b"> </span>de <span class="blank _19"> </span>pessoas <span class="blank _1b"> </span>trabalhando<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _1b"> </span>em<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _1b"> </span>diversa<span class="blank _0"></span>s <span class="blank _1b"> </span>form<span class="blank _0"></span>as <span class="blank _1b"> </span>de <span class="blank _19"> </span>emprego, </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xb y32 w4 h10" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/3ec5442a-14b2-466b-84df-5eaf7fce3a2d/bga.png"><div class="t m0 xb h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Igor Zanoni Cons<span class="blank _0"></span>tant Carnei<span class="blank _0"></span>ro Leão, Danilo Ferraz de Ol<span class="blank _0"></span>iveira Ogama,Stéf<span class="blank _0"></span>anie Bilicki </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">548 <span class="blank _8"> </span>Economia e Socied<span class="blank _0"></span>ade, Campinas<span class="blank _0"></span>, v. 26, n. 3<span class="blank _0"></span> (61), p. <span class="ls6 ws2">539</span>-559, dez. 201<span class="blank _0"></span>7. </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye7 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">predominando <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>precarieda<span class="blank _0"></span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>subemprego <span class="blank _6"> </span>e <span class="blank _9"> </span>níveis <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>remuneração <span class="blank _9"> </span>em <span class="blank _6"> </span>geral </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye8 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">baixos. <span class="blank _9"> </span>Essa <span class="blank _9"> </span>distinção <span class="blank _9"> </span>nada <span class="blank _9"> </span>tem <span class="blank _9"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>ver <span class="blank _9"> </span>com <span class="blank _9"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>ideia <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ff7 ws9">pauperização</span> <span class="blank _9"> </span>conduzindo<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 ye9 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">transformações <span class="blank _9"> </span>sociais, <span class="blank _9"> </span>ponto <span class="blank _9"> </span>inicia<span class="blank _0"></span>lmente <span class="blank _9"> </span>defendido <span class="blank _9"> </span>por <span class="blank _9"> </span>Marx <span class="blank _9"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>depois <span class="blank _9"> </span>por <span class="blank _9"> </span>ele </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yea ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">revisto. </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y107 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">Por <span class="blank _9"> </span>outro <span class="blank _2"> </span>lado, <span class="blank _2"> </span>os <span class="blank _9"> </span>serviços <span class="blank _9"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>produtos <span class="blank _2"> </span>originários <span class="blank _9"> </span>dos <span class="blank _9"> </span>setores <span class="blank _2"> </span>marginais </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y78 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">podem <span class="blank _1"> </span>proporcionar <span class="blank _3"> </span>custos <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>levem <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _3"> </span>um <span class="blank _3"> </span>barateamento <span class="blank _3"> </span>da <span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="ff7">reprodução <span class="blank _1"> </span>da <span class="blank _3"> </span>força<span class="blank _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y108 ff7 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _b"> </span>trabalho<span class="ff5">. <span class="blank _b"> </span>Dessa <span class="blank _b"> </span>forma, <span class="blank _b"> </span>ainda <span class="blank _b"> </span>que <span class="blank _11"> </span>esses <span class="blank _b"> </span>setores <span class="blank _b"> </span>não <span class="blank _b"> </span>possam <span class="blank _b"> </span>ser <span class="blank _b"> </span>vistos </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y109 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">isoladamente <span class="blank _6"> </span>nem <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>autorreproduzirem, <span class="blank _6"> </span>têm <span class="blank _6"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _6"> </span>papel <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>sistem<span class="blank _0"></span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>ca<span class="blank _1"> </span>pitalista. <span class="blank _6"> </span>As </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y10a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ocupações <span class="blank _11"> </span>características<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _10"> </span>do <span class="blank _11"> </span>trabalhador <span class="blank _10"> </span>marginal <span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="ffa ws9">\u2013</span> <span class="blank _11"> </span>serviços <span class="blank _10"> </span>de <span class="blank _10"> </span>reparação,<span class="blank _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y10b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">conservação e <span class="blank _1"> </span>confecção <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>roupas, <span class="blank _1"> </span>construção de <span class="blank _1"> </span>habitações <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>c<span class="blank _1"> </span>omercialização de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y10c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">alimentos <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ffa ws9">\u2013</span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>criam <span class="blank _9"> </span>condições <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>trabalhadores <span class="blank _9"> </span>marginais <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>reproduzam <span class="blank _9"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y10d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">níveis <span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>ínimos <span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>sub<span class="blank _0"></span>sistência, <span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>iabilizando <span class="blank _d"> </span>uma <span class="blank"> </span>acum<span class="blank _0"></span>ulação <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>altas <span class="blank _d"> </span>taxas <span class="blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y10e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">exploração do tr<span class="blank _0"></span>abalho: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y10f ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">(...) <span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="ffa">udo <span class="blank _0"></span>leva <span class="blank _a"></span>a <span class="blank _0"></span>crer <span class="blank _0"></span>que <span class="blank _a"></span>os \u201cgrupos <span class="blank _0"></span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>arginais\u201d, não <span class="blank _a"></span><span class="ff5">o<span class="blank _1"> </span>bstante <span class="blank _0"></span>as <span class="blank _a"></span>tran<span class="blank _1"> </span>sformações </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y110 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">ocorridas n<span class="blank _0"></span>o <span class="blank _a"></span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>rocesso <span class="blank _a"></span>de acumulação, <span class="blank _0"></span>continuam <span class="blank _a"></span><span class="ffa">d<span class="blank _1"> </span>esempenhando<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _a"></span>o \u201c<span class="blank _0"></span>papel\u201d <span class="blank _0"></span>de </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h15 y111 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">exército <span class="blank _3"> </span>industrial <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>reserva <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>este <span class="blank _3"> </span>\u201cpapel\u201d <span class="blank _6"> </span>é <span class="blank _3"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>ecorrente <span class="blank _3"> </span>do <span class="blank _6"> </span>movimento </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y112 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">contraditório, <span class="blank _6"> </span>básico <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>necessário <span class="blank _3"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>o<span class="blank _1"> </span>põe <span class="blank _3"> </span>o <span class="blank _3"> </span>trabalho <span class="blank _3"> </span>ao <span class="blank _3"> </span>capital. <span class="blank _3"> </span>E<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>se <span class="blank _3"> </span>assim </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y113 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">for, <span class="blank _0"></span>nada <span class="blank _0"></span>permite <span class="blank _0"></span>afirmar que <span class="blank _a"></span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span>lei <span class="blank _0"></span>geral <span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _0"></span>desenvolvimento capitalista <span class="blank _0"></span>deixou </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y114 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _0"></span>ter <span class="blank _0"></span>um <span class="blank _a"></span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _0"></span>seus <span class="blank _0"></span>tentáculos mais <span class="blank _a"></span>poten<span class="blank _1"> </span>tes <span class="blank _0"></span>na <span class="blank _0"></span>existência <span class="blank _0"></span>do exército <span class="blank _a"></span>industrial<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y115 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">de <span class="blank _f"> </span>reserva. <span class="blank _5"> </span>É <span class="blank _5"> </span>clar<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _f"> </span>este <span class="blank _f"> </span>não <span class="blank _5"> </span>pode <span class="blank _5"> </span>ser <span class="blank _f"> </span>visto <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>maneira <span class="blank _5"> </span>estática <span class="blank _f"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y116 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">compartimentada. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Precisa <span class="blank _6"> </span>ser <span class="blank _6"> </span>analisado<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>for<span class="blank _1"> </span>ma <span class="blank _3"> </span>dinâmica, <span class="blank _6"> </span>isto <span class="blank _3"> </span>é, <span class="blank _6"> </span>em <span class="blank _6"> </span>razão<span class="blank _1"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y117 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dos <span class="blank _3"> </span>ciclos <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>expansão <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _3"> </span>retração <span class="blank _3"> </span>do <span class="blank _1"> </span>capital, <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>como <span class="blank _3"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span>força <span class="blank _3"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>trabalho <span class="blank _1"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y118 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">mobilizada <span class="blank _7"> </span>para <span class="blank _7"> </span>aderir <span class="blank _7"> </span>ou <span class="blank _7"> </span>não <span class="blank _7"> </span>às <span class="blank _7"> </span>exigê<span class="blank _1"> </span>ncias <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span>ua <span class="blank _6"> </span>rep<span class="blank _1"> </span>rodução. <span class="blank _9"> </span>E <span class="blank _7"> </span>deve <span class="blank _7"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y119 ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">também <span class="blank _9"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>nalisado <span class="blank _2"> </span>integralmente, <span class="blank _2"> </span>isto <span class="blank _2"> </span>é, <span class="blank _2"> </span>tendo<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>em <span class="blank _9"> </span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>nta <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank _9"> </span>modo <span class="blank _2"> </span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>mo <span class="blank _9"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y11a ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">formas <span class="blank _6"> </span>desi<span class="blank _1"> </span>guais <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>rodução <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>combina<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _6"> </span>forjando<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>uma <span class="blank _7"> </span>divisão <span class="blank _6"> </span>social<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y11b ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">trabalho <span class="blank _3"> </span>ao <span class="blank _1"> </span>mesmo <span class="blank _1"> </span>te<span class="blank _1"> </span>mpo <span class="blank _1"> </span>par<span class="blank _1"> </span>cializada <span class="blank _3"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>integrada, <span class="blank _3"> </span>não <span class="blank _1"> </span>só <span class="blank _3"> </span>no <span class="blank _1"> </span>â<span class="blank _1"> </span>mbito <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _3"> </span>uma </div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y11c ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">empresa <span class="blank _17"> </span>ou <span class="blank _17"> </span>de <span class="blank _17"> </span>um <span class="blank _17"> </span>ramo <span class="blank _17"> </span>p<span class="blank _1"> </span>rodutivo, <span class="blank _17"> </span>mas <span class="blank _17"> </span>també<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _f"> </span>a <span class="blank _16"> </span>nível <span class="blank _17"> </span>societário<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _f"> </span><span class="ls10">e </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y11d ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">intersocietário (I<span class="blank _1"> </span>bid, p.<span class="blank _1"> </span> 123). </div><div class="t m0 xc h9 y11e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">As <span class="blank _0"></span>formas <span class="blank _a"></span>de ins<span class="blank _0"></span>erção <span class="blank _0"></span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>arginal <span class="blank _0"></span>na <span class="blank _0"></span>divisão <span class="blank _a"></span>social <span class="blank _0"></span>do <span class="blank _a"></span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>rabalho <span class="blank _a"></span>oferecem, <span class="blank _a"></span>para </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y11f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">o <span class="blank _17"> </span>autor, <span class="blank _f"> </span>uma <span class="blank _17"> </span>dificuldade <span class="blank _f"> </span>na <span class="blank _17"> </span>medida <span class="blank _17"> </span>em <span class="blank _f"> </span>que <span class="blank _17"> </span>o <span class="blank _17"> </span>setor <span class="blank _17"> </span><span class="ff7 ws9">se<span class="blank _1"> </span>rviços</span> <span class="blank _f"> </span>não <span class="blank _17"> </span>pode <span class="blank _f"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y120 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">caracterizado <span class="blank _1"> </span>como <span class="blank _1"> </span>u<span class="blank _1"> </span>m <span class="blank _1"> </span>ter<span class="blank _1"> </span>ciário <span class="blank _3"> </span>inchado, <span class="blank _1"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>vez <span class="blank _1"> </span>que <span class="blank _3"> </span>uma <span class="blank _3"> </span>grande <span class="blank _1"> </span>parte <span class="blank _3"> </span>dele <span class="blank _3"> </span>está </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y121 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">organizada <span class="blank _9"> </span>confo<span class="blank _0"></span>rme <span class="blank _9"> </span>padrões <span class="blank _7"> </span>ca<span class="blank _1"> </span>pitalis<span class="blank _0"></span>tas <span class="blank _9"> </span>diretam<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="blank _9"> </span>articulados <span class="blank _9"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span>os <span class="blank _9"> </span>setores </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y122 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">dinâmicos indust<span class="blank _0"></span>riais. O autor <span class="blank _0"></span>cita F. H. Cardoso e <span class="blank _0"></span>J. R. R<span class="blank _0"></span>eyna: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h9 y123 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">No <span class="blank"> </span>setor <span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>serviços <span class="blank"> </span>são<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>agregados <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"></span>esde <span class="blank"> </span>os <span class="blank"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"></span>amos <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>ativ<span class="blank _0"></span>idades </div><div class="t m0 x10 h9 y124 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">econômicas <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _9"> </span>complementam<span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span>a <span class="blank _9"> </span>econom<span class="blank _0"></span>ia <span class="blank _9"> </span>urbana-industrial, <span class="blank _7"> </span>como </div><div class="t m0 x10 h9 y125 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">transportes, <span class="blank _1"> </span>serviços <span class="blank _1"> </span>públicos, <span class="blank _1"> </span>etc. <span class="blank _1"> </span>(...) <span class="blank _3"> </span>até <span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _1"> </span>subempregados <span class="blank _1"> </span>e <span class="blank _1"> </span>os <span class="blank _3"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x10 h9 y126 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">disfarçam <span class="blank _17"> </span>es<span class="blank _1"> </span>sa <span class="blank _16"> </span>condição <span class="blank _16"> </span>pel<span class="blank _1"> </span>o <span class="blank _16"> </span>exercício <span class="blank _16"> </span>esporádico <span class="blank _16"> </span>de <span class="blank _13"> </span>atividade<span class="blank _0"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x10 h9 y127 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">insuficientem<span class="blank _0"></span>ente <span class="blank _a"></span>remuneradas <span class="blank _a"></span>(<span class="blank _1"> </span>Cardoso<span class="lsd">; <span class="blank _a"></span><span class="ls4">Reyna <span class="blank _a"></span>apud <span class="blank _a"></span>Kowarick, <span class="blank _a"></span>1975, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h9 y128 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsf">p. 130). </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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