Leitura e Redação Em Língua Inglesa exercicios

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<p>Leitura e Redação Em Língua Inglesa exercícios</p><p>The use of an ellipsis allows for brevity or to create a sense of suspense or implication. Choose the option that shows</p><p>ellipsis: She is a dangerous girl, but her sister isnʼt.</p><p>Considering Cognitive Linguistics and Pragmatics, what happens in this dialogue? A: Before I start this video, Iʼd like to say</p><p>that if you sue me, I will sue you, because I have evidence.FTA</p><p>Noun phrases perform various grammatical functions in a sentence, such as acting as the subject, object, complement, or</p><p>modifier. They are versatile and essential components of sentences, allowing for more precise and descriptive language.</p><p>Which of the options below is a noun phrase? Sweet cat.</p><p>A proficient reader is someone who possesses a high level of reading skill and demonstrates effective reading abilities</p><p>across various tasks and contexts. When trying to approach an unknown word, proficient readers:</p><p>look into the context and explore possible meanings conveyed by familiar roots and affixes</p><p>The psycholinguistic approach to reading is a theoretical framework that aims to understand how people acquire, process,</p><p>and comprehend written language. According to psycholinguistic theory, it is correct to affirm that:</p><p>if readers have made sense of what they read, they skip the details and tend not to worry about identifying letters,</p><p>syllables, or even words accurately</p><p>The psycholinguistic approach to reading integrates theories, experimental methods, and technological advancements to</p><p>delve into the cognitive processes underlying reading. Based on the psycholinguistic approach to reading, we can say that:</p><p>human cognition generally underscores new or remarkable information so that we may immediately recognize what is</p><p>recurrent and focus on what seems unfamiliar</p><p>The psycholinguistic approach to reading encompasses various aspects and theories related to the cognitive processes</p><p>involved in reading. Based on a psycholinguistic approach to reading, we can define theories of the world as: individualized</p><p>summaries of past experiences that hold together the information we need to make sense of the world around us</p><p>The psycholinguistic approach to reading integrates psychology and linguistics to explore the cognitive processes related to</p><p>reading and language comprehension. Based on a psycholinguistic approach to reading, we can affirm that</p><p>alphabets standardize written language and make spelling more homogeneous and predictable</p><p>Frank Smith is a prominent figure in the field of psycholinguistics, particularly in the area of reading and literacy. He is a</p><p>cognitive psychologist and researcher who has made significant contributions to our understanding of reading processes</p><p>and the development of literacy skills. According to Smith, we can say that:</p><p>when reading aloud, experienced readersʼ eyes are ahead of their voices since they utter sounds while they work on the</p><p>decoding of whatever comes next</p><p>The sociolinguistic perspective provides insights into the complex relationship between language and society. Based on a</p><p>sociolinguistic outlook, it is correct to assume that:</p><p>reading is not only a perceptual process but also a social activity necessarily placed under the influence of social</p><p>variables, such as the readersʼ purpose and interests</p><p>According to Michael Stubbs, psycholinguistic theories had shed light on many traits of reading as a perceptual activity. By</p><p>the end of the 19 th century, psycholinguistics had found out that:</p><p>once experienced readers have confirmed their expectations, they typically do not finish reading the entire word.</p><p>Proficient readers only focus on what is necessary</p><p>According to Stubbs STUBBS, Michael. Language and Literacy: The Sociolinguistics of Reading and Writing. London:</p><p>Routledge, 1980) the sociolinguistic approach often criticizes psycholinguistic on reading. That happens because they tend</p><p>to: underestimate collective and collaborative dimensions of reading in order to look at it as an individual perceptual</p><p>process</p><p>According to Haiman, there should be two (the sarcastic and the victim) or three (the sarcastic, the victim and the</p><p>audience) elements involved in a sarcastic interaction. Think of the TV show House. There is always an audience for the</p><p>sarcastic interaction even when the scene shows only him and the patient. Who might that audience be?</p><p>Us, the spectators function as the audience.</p><p>Kenneth Goodman wrote in 1967 the article “Reading: A Psycholinguistic Game” ” (GOODMAN, Kenneth. “Reading: A Psycholinguistic</p><p>Guessing Game” . Journal of the Reading Specialist, n.6, 1967, p. 126-135). On this piece, Goodman suggests reading is</p><p>a selective process in which proficient readers make accurate first predictions based on a minimal number of cues</p><p>In his article, Goodman (GOODMAN, Kenneth. ''Reading: A Psycholinguistic Guessing Game'' . Journal of the Reading Specialist, n.6, 1967, p. 126-135 explores</p><p>his psycholinguistic perspective on reading. According to his understanding of reading, we can infer that:</p><p>words we understand as part of our reading vocabulary are not necessarily part of our oral output</p><p>Based on Goodman’s psycholinguistic approach to reading, what do proficient readers do when reading aloud?</p><p>They cope with two simultaneous tasks: at he very same time, they recode visual stimulus into spoken language and</p><p>make meaning of what they read.</p><p>Exploring Joos' language theories introduces us to the concept of 'casual style, ' a significant aspect of his continuum.</p><p>Choose the option that best describes Joosʼ casual style. Style used by people that know each other and resort to some</p><p>degree of informality</p><p>Psycholinguistic theory is a field of study that combines the disciplines of psychology and linguistics to</p><p>understand the cognitive processes involved in language production, comprehension, and acquisition. Choose</p><p>the option that best describes how children interact with the learning of reading according to psycholinguistic</p><p>theory.For children, visual stimuli found on signs, screens, and pape ris not different from the new sights, smells,</p><p>and textures they experience</p><p>Choose the alternative that best explains reading from a psycholinguistic perspective.</p><p>Reading is the process through which readers can attend to syntactic, semantic-associational, and grafo-</p><p>phonemic input to make sense of the text in front of them</p><p>Semantic-associational information can be best described as our knowledge of the meanings conveyed by words</p><p>and the relationships established by them.</p><p>From a sociolinguistic stance, one of the major flaws of the psycholinguistic taken on reading is that:</p><p>It takes for granted the social dimension of reading, focusing solely on perceptual processes.</p><p>From a sociolinguistic perspective, reading is viewed as a socially embedded process that considers not only the</p><p>words from the text, but also the reader's purpose, the communicative function of the text, and other variables. It</p><p>involves perceptual processes and the individual's linguistic knowledge, as well as the social and contextual ties that</p><p>give reading its purposes and functions in real-life situations. From a sociolinguistic perspective, reading is:</p><p>A socially embedded process that considers not Only the words from the text, but also the reader’s puopose</p><p>and the communicative function of the text, among Other variables.</p><p>Reading comprehension involves a series of cognitive processes that enable readers to understand written texts. One</p><p>of these processes is known as "recoding operation", which refers to the way in which readers transform graphic</p><p>input into phonological or oral output. Choose the option that best defines the meaning of “recoding operation”:</p><p>It is the transformation of graphic input into phonological or oral output.</p><p>Morphological awareness is an important ability when it comes to reading strategies. It means the ability of:</p><p>Inferring the meaning of unfamiliar terms</p><p>based on the morphemes that constitute them.</p><p>Skimming is a reading strategy that allows readers to quickly extract the core idea or main points of a text. Mark the trues</p><p>tatement concerning skimming .</p><p>Skimming is the best alternative for situations in which you need to read more rapidly and more efficiently, since it</p><p>avoids diversions to focus on the identification of the core idea of the text.</p><p>Skimming and scanning are two time-saving reading techniques. If you wish to find out the exact number of shipwrecks in</p><p>the Fourni archipelago, you had better focus on:</p><p>Scanning the text, since scanning focuses on extracting specific information from the text.</p><p>Developing effective reading strategies is crucial for comprehending and interpreting texts. Text-level alternatives play a</p><p>significant role in enhancing reading comprehension. These strategies involve considering various elements beyond</p><p>individual words. Text-level alternatives typically focus on:</p><p>Titles, subtitles, illustrations and words in italics or bold.</p><p>Developing effective reading strategies is essential for efficiently processing written information. Two commonly employed</p><p>strategies are skimming and scanning. Mark the correct alternative regarding these reading strategies</p><p>While scanning, readers go through the text at a faster pace to search for specific pieces of information</p><p>Students of English as a Second Language should not mindlessly open their dictionaries and mechanically try to memorize</p><p>the meanings of every single word, resembling robots. Bearing this in mind and based on the extensive research carried out</p><p>by the Rand Study Group and the New London Group on literacy, we can affirm that:</p><p>Effective reading instruction should focus on small but particularly relevant groups of high frequency words.</p><p>According to Snow and the Rand Study Group, word schemas serve as valuable tools for readers. In this sense, word</p><p>schemas can be defined as: Linguistic and contextual clues that help readers guess the probable meaning of unknown</p><p>words.</p><p>When teaching reading strategies, it is important to provide students with guidance on how and when to use different</p><p>techniques effectively. In this situation, it is a good idea to invite students to:</p><p>Recognize the textual genre before scanning so that you can guess where the particular bit of information you are</p><p>looking for is more likely to be.</p><p>After watching an artistʼs video clip, you have constructed your interpretation with the help of words, setting and</p><p>choreography. Which non-verbal mode of meaning you turn to when making sense of the lyrics of your new favorite song?</p><p>Multimodal meaning.</p><p>There is a concept that best classifies the set of relationships that bridge different texts and text types. It is called:</p><p>Intertextuality.</p><p>Different reading strategies are suitable for different situations depending on the specific goals of the reader. Choose the</p><p>option with the adequate strategy for the corresponding situation.</p><p>Scanning is the most adequate strategy for situations in which you are looking for the year an academic paper was</p><p>published.</p><p>Read the short text below and mark the alternative that best describes a</p><p>suitable strategy for the identification of information. Climate change:</p><p>Sudden heat increase in seas around UK and Ireland Some of the most</p><p>intense marine heat increases on Earth have developed in seas around the</p><p>UK and Ireland, the European Space Agency. Water temperatures are as</p><p>much as 3 to 4C above the average for this time of year in some areas,</p><p>according to analysis by Esa and the Met Office. The sea is particularly warm</p><p>off the UK's east coast from Durham to Aberdeen, and off northwest Ireland.</p><p>The Met Office says the reason is partly human-caused climate change. But</p><p>other, less-understood natural and man-made factors appear to be driving</p><p>temperatures up further. Data shows sea water around virtually the entire</p><p>coastline of the British Isles is warmer than usual. Scientists warn that intense</p><p>heat like this can kill fish and other sea life, sometimes on a huge scale.</p><p>Marine heatwaves - prolonged periods of unusually high sea surface</p><p>temperatures - are also associated with more extreme weather because</p><p>storm systems pick up more energy and can become more intense and</p><p>longerlasting.</p><p>C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r :</p><p>Analyze the statements below and choose the alternative that best describes the differences in the meanings they convey.</p><p>Despite the cloudy weather, Iʼm going to travel this weekend. The weather is cloudy therefore</p><p>Iʼm going to travel this weekend.</p><p>In the first statement, we understand the speaker is going to travel although the weather is cloudy – it is a concession,</p><p>something that he or she would not do in normal circumstances.</p><p>When reading a text, you may search for specific information or for the main idea of the text. Read the fragments</p><p>below and choose the option that best describes the core theme of the BBC news article entitled “How many</p><p>shipwrecks are there in the world’s oceans?”: “There are several databases of the world's shipwrecks, each of</p><p>which has a slightly different estimate for the total number that has been found. The online service wreck site has</p><p>a catalogue of 209,640 boats known to have sunk, 179,110 of which have a known location. The Global Maritime</p><p>Wrecks Database (GMWD), on the other hand, contains the records of more than 250,000 sunken vessels,</p><p>though some of these still haven't been found. In fact, it's thought the shipwrecks that have been documented</p><p>only represent a small fraction of the total. According to an analysis by UNESCO, there are over three million</p><p>resting undiscovered in the world's oceans. According to one estimate, around 15,000 ships sank during World</p><p>War Two alone – there are forgotten battleships and tankers strewn from the Pacific to the Atlantic, gradually</p><p>bleeding oil, chemicals and heavy metals into the surrounding water as they decay. These elusive relics are</p><p>unlikely to be evenly distributed. As you would expect, there are a number of wreck hotspots – maritime</p><p>graveyards along popular or perilous routes, which have proved to be fertile hunting grounds in the past. This</p><p>includes Skerki Bank, as well as the Fourni archipelago, also in the Mediterranean, where 58 ships have been</p><p>discovered so far.”Adapted from: BBC Future (2023).</p><p>The elusive number of shipwrecks spread acrpss the world’s oceans.</p><p>In Moreno's seminal proposal regarding linguistic variation, it's important to clarify certain aspects. According to Morenoʼs</p><p>proposal on linguistic variation, it is correct to affirm that: (MORENO, Rosa. “A new approach to register variation:</p><p>there are four basic registers and each one of them accommodates internal variation</p><p>In the study of linguistic variations, Rosa Moreno's: the definition of basic registers should make room for internal</p><p>variation, recognizing that language use is dynamic and sensitive to subtle changes in the social setting.</p><p>Read the sentence below: “Hey, dude! Whatʼs up? Choose the option that best describes linguistic practices in such use</p><p>The language users’ mood and the contexto in which the interaction takes place are crucial for the deficition</p><p>of appropriateness. At times, informal choices are the most adequate pick.</p><p>Usually, in a wedding, the couple is expected to exchange their vows. How can we classify this linguistic use based on Joosʼ</p><p>levels of formality? Frozen</p><p>“Testing, testing. Is this thing on?” Suppose you are testing the microphone with these words before starting a</p><p>presentation. Which function of language is predominant in such situations? Phatic.</p><p>Imagine you are presenting your research at an international conference. You are expected to introduce yourself and talk</p><p>about the research you have carried out. Which level of formality would you choose from Joosʼ continuum? Formal</p><p>Within the realm of language, various functions serve distinct purposes in communication.</p><p>Which function of language</p><p>focuses on the code? Metalingual</p><p>Read the excerpt below: Global warming is the longterm warming of the planetʼs overall temperature. Though this</p><p>warming trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has significantly increased in the last hundred years due to the</p><p>burning of fossil fuels. As the human population has increased, so has the volume of fossil fuels burned. Fossil fuels include</p><p>coal, oil, and natural gas, and burning them causes what is known as the “greenhouse effect” in Earthʼs atmosphere. Which</p><p>function of language is predominant in the excerpt above? Referential.</p><p>In various forms of communication, language serves distinct functions that allow individuals to convey intentions and</p><p>emotions. Which function of language best expresses the addresserʼs feelings? Emotive.</p><p>Through the emotive function, language becomes a powerful tool for conveying and evoking feelings, often influencing the</p><p>addressee's emotional state or perspective on a particular subject. Which element of verbal communication is addressed</p><p>by the emotive function of language?</p><p>The addresser, because its goal is to express the addresserʼs feelings and inner thoughts.</p><p>In the realm of linguistics, understanding the concept of ‘variability’ is crucial. This notion refers to the inherent</p><p>flexibility and adaptability present in language use. Choose the option that best defines the notion of “variability”.</p><p>The numerous possibilities language users may choose from .</p><p>Mark the option that best describes the element of design in question when you decide to analyse how discourse markers</p><p>such as “but”, “consequently”, and “furthermore” build cohesive links within a text, entailing the sense of contrast,</p><p>consequence, and addition (respectively): local coherence relations</p><p>There is more to reading comprehension than focusing on isolated words. Based on a Freirean approach to reading,</p><p>we can infer that:One cannot read the word without Reading the social world he or she inhabits.</p><p>Read the sentences below: I went to the grocery store and bought apples, oranges, and bananas. She studied hard for the</p><p>exam and earned top marks. We visited the museum, enjoyed the art exhibition, and had a delicious lunch afterward. What</p><p>is the meaning of the transition word “and”? It represents an addition.</p><p>Overall, cohesion plays a vital role in effective communication and writing. What is the importance of cohesion?</p><p>Worry about the way the text flows and unites the ideas.</p><p>Topic Sentences can be used in any type of writing where there is a need to convey a clear and focused idea within a larger</p><p>context. Can a Topic Sentence come at the end of the paragraph? Yes, it can come at the end.</p><p>Topic sentences are commonly used in various types of texts, including essays, academic papers, articles, reports, and even</p><p>in some forms of creative writing. What is the purpose of a topic sentence? To present the main idea.</p><p>Coherence plays a crucial role in creating an effective and well-structured text. Considering it, which one respects stylistic</p><p>coherence? Professor, do you think you could help me with this article?</p><p>A main clause, also known as an independent clause, is a grammatical unit that can stand alone as a complete sentence.</p><p>Which of the options below presents a main clause? I donʼt think we should go out because itʼs raining so much.</p><p>Exploring different forms of written expression allows us to identify the option that best exemplifies the narrative style.</p><p>Which option is a good example of the narrative style? Short Stories.</p><p>Read the sentence below: “She didn't study enough. For this reason, she didnʼt pass the exam” What is the sentence</p><p>implying? Effect</p><p>Understanding why reading and listening are referred to as receptive skills provides valuable insights into the nature of</p><p>language acquisition and communication. Why are reading and listening called receptive skills?</p><p>Because they receive language without producing it.</p><p>An independent clause expresses a complete thought and does not depend on any other clause to convey its meaning.</p><p>Which one is the independent clause? I ʼ manurse and Iʼm responsible for many patients .</p><p>Read the dialogue below: A: Do you have a boyfriend? B: Yes, but he lives in another nation… A: Really? Which nation? B:</p><p>Imagination. Which theory best characterizes the dialogue above? Incongruity and Relief</p><p>.</p><p>Anxiety of influence is one of the concepts that characterize our postmodern age. According to Haiman, what is the anxiety</p><p>of Influence? C.The need for new things, the inability to deal with a new freedom, and the insecurity.</p><p>The Picture of Dorian Gray and Pride and Prejudice are both classic works of English literature When reading bits of them</p><p>both, what should one also consider when analyzing sarcastic texts? Culture; when it was written; the personal</p><p>characteristics of the characters.</p><p>Sarcasm is said to find a safe haven in our postmodern era. What is the basic difference between the modern and the</p><p>postmodern man? The postmodern man feels insecure, which generates the anxiety of influence.</p><p>Sarcasm is not so simple to detect, and not everyone is able to. What kind of syndrome makes it impossible for someone to</p><p>apprehend metaphor or sarcasm? Aspergerʼs Syndrome</p><p>Sarcasm may be quite hard to detect, especially in its written form. Considering sarcasm on the Internet, choose an option</p><p>which contains a true statement. You can use # notor , in Portuguese , # sqn</p><p>Irony and sarcasm are sometimes taken as synonymous terms. Who is the author who proposes a difference between irony</p><p>and sarcasm? Haiman.</p><p>We cannot talk about sarcasm, or irony in literary texts without remembering A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift. Read</p><p>the excerpt below and answer: what was it that appalled so many people? “I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a</p><p>girl, before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above</p><p>three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the</p><p>parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value. I shall now therefore</p><p>humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection. I have been assured by a very</p><p>knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious</p><p>nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve</p><p>in a fricasee, or a ragoust. The fact that he was proposing eating children to end hunger in Ireland.</p><p>Politeness Theory is a popular framework in Pragmatics that helps explain how people use language to show politeness and</p><p>maintain social harmony in communication. According to this theory, what would I be committing if I called someone an</p><p>“idiot”? Iʼd be committing an FTA</p><p>The Politeness Theory posits that people use language to manage social relationships and maintain face-saving</p><p>behavior. According to this theory, which one is a direct offense? Stupid.</p>