Head Development - Embryology

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Head Development
Embryology - 20 Dec 2024       Expand to Translate  
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Some Recent Findings
3 Textbooks
4 Objectives
5 The Pharynx
6 Pharyngeal Arch Components
7 Early Face and Pharynx
8 Pharyngeal Arch Development
8�1 Neural Crest
8�2 Arch Features
9 Arch Arteries
10 Arch Cartilage
11 Arch Muscle
12 Arch Nerve
13 Arch Pouches
14 Thyroid Gland
15 Anterior Pituitary
16 Face Development
17 Frontonasal Process
18 Head/Skull
19 Sensory Placodes
19�1 Otic placode
19�2 Lens placode
19�3 Nasal placode
20 Head Growth
20�1 Skull Overview
21 Palate
21�1 Embryonic
21�2 Fetal
22 Ear Auricles
23 Tongue Development
23�1 Tongue muscle
23�2 Salivary Glands
24 Pharyngeal Arch Tables
24�1 Structures derived from Pouches
24�2 Structures derived from Grooves
24�3 Structures derived from Membranes
25 Movies
26 References
26�1 Reviews
26�2 Articles
26�3 Search PubMed
26�4 Books
27 Additional Images
27�1 Historic
28 Terms
29 Glossary Links
30 External Links
Introduction
The head and neck is not really a "system", but structurally quite different in origin from the body. The head and neck are one of
the most complicated structures that the embryo forms, with special intermediate structures (the pharyngeal arch) and
contributions from all 3 embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), and significantly, a major contribution from the
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Main_Page
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https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Pinterest_16x16.png
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https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Twitter_16x16.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Twitter_16x16.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Pharyngeal_arches
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Ectoderm
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Mesoderm
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endoderm
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_Crest_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Pharyngeal_arches
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Ectoderm
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Mesoderm
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endoderm
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_Crest_Development
Fetal head (week 12)
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neural crest. Neural crest contributes jaw skeletal elements, connective tissues and
tendons. The associated muscles derive mainly from cranial mesoderm. These
components though will form different structures dependent upon which arch they
are within. The cavity within the pharyngeal arches forms the pharynx.
The pharynx contributes to 2 endocrine organs, in the roof the pituitary (hypophysis)
and the floor the thyroid. The thyroid gland, being one of the first endocrine organs
to be formed, has an important role in embryonic development. The pharynx floor of
all arches also contribute to the formation of the tongue.
Because the head contains many different structures also review notes on: skull,
sensory (placode, vision, hearing, smell, taste), respiratory (pharynx),
integumentary(tooth, hair) and endocrine (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus).
Head Links: Introduction | Medicine Lecture | Medicine Lab | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | Science Lab | pharyngeal arch |
Craniofacial Seminar | mouth | palate | tongue | placode | skull | neural crest | Head and Face Movies | head abnormalities |
Category:Head
Historic Head Embryology
Some Recent Findings
Review - MR Imaging of the Fetal Face "The human face is a complex anatomic structure with an equally complex
embryologic development. Derangement of the developmental process can result in various structural anomalies, which
range from a mainly cosmetic deformity, such as cleft lip, to potentially life�threatening conditions such as arhinia. These
anomalies (a) can occur as isolated anomalies; (b) can be associated with intracranial, spinal, or dental anomalies; or (c) can
be a part of various syndromes, thus serving as diagnostic clues in such cases. Proper evaluation of fetal facial deformities
can help in prognostication, family counseling, and prenatal or early postnatal intervention. Ultrasonography (US) is the first
line of investigation in these cases. However, when US does not allow complete evaluation of these anomalies owing to its
inherent limitations, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows comprehensive evaluation of the anomaly itself and also
evaluation of various associations and the treatment approach. The embryology of the fetal facial structures is considered
with regard to the MR imaging technique and the MR imaging anatomy. The MR imaging features of various structural
anomalies are described and classified into six groups, namely, orofacial clefts, orbital anomalies, nasal anomalies, facial
masses, external ear anomalies, and abnormal face shape or profile." Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Branchial anomalies in children: A report of 105 surgical cases "Branchial anomalies (BAs) account for 20% of all
congenital masses in children. We sought to review the incidence of involvement of individual anomalies, diagnostic
methods, surgical treatment, and complications of BAs in children. ...A total of 33 (31�4%) cases presented with first BAs, 13
(12�4%) presented with second BAs, and 59 (56�2%) presented with third and fourth BAs, including 6 cases of congenital
lower neck cutaneous fistula."
More recent papers  
Older papers  
Textbooks
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th Edition) by Keith L.
Moore and T�V�N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter Chapter 10 The
Pharyngeal Apparatus pp201 - 240.
Larsen’s Human Embryology by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH.
Francis-West - Chapter 12 Development of the Head, the Neck, the Eyes, and the
Ears pp349 - 418.
Head Movies
UNSW Students
Objectives
List the main structures derived from the pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts.
Know the stages and structures involved in the development of the face.
Predict the results of abnormal development of the face and palate.
[1]
[2]
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg
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https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Pharyngeal_arch_cartilages.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Pharyngeal_arch_cartilages.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_Crest_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=P#pharynx
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endocrine_-_Pituitary_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endocrine_-_Thyroid_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Skull_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_System_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Placodes
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_-_Vision_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_-_Hearing_and_Balance_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_-_Smell_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_-_Taste_Developmenthttps://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Respiratory_System_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Respiratory_System_-_Upper_Respiratory_Tract
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Integumentary_System_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Integumentary_System_-_Tooth_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Integumentary_System_-_Hair_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endocrine_System_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endocrine_-_Pituitary_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endocrine_-_Thyroid_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Endocrine_-_Parathyroid_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Thymus_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=BGD_Lecture_-_Face_and_Ear_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=BGDB_Practical_-_Face_and_Ear_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_Head_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=2016Lecture-Head-Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=ANAT2341_Lab_6
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Pharyngeal_arches
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=AACP_Meeting_2013_-_Face_Embryology
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Mouth_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Placodes
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Skull_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_Crest_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Movies#Head_and_Face
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Head_Development_-_Abnormalities
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Category:Head
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Historic_Embryology_Papers
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Movies#Head_and_Face
Human embryo pharyngeal arches (Stage 13
oral cavity floor)
Briefly summarise the development of the tongue.
The Pharynx
The cavity within the pharyngeal arches forms the pharynx.
The pharynx contributes to 2 endocrine organs, in the roof the [endocrine7.htm pituitary] (hypophysis) and the floor the thyroid.
The thyroid gland being one of the first endocrine organs to be formed has an important role in embryonic development. The
pharynx floor of all arches also contribute to the formation of the [head6.htm tongue].
Pharyngeal Arch Components
Major features to identify for each: arch, pouch, groove and membrane. Contribute
to the formation of head and neck and in the human appear at the 4th week. The
first arch contributes the majority of upper and lower jaw structures.
Early Face and Pharynx
Pharynx - begins at the buccopharyngeal membrane (oral membrane),
apposition of ectoderm with endoderm (no mesoderm between)
Pharyngeal Arch Development
branchial arch (Gk. branchia= gill)
arch consists of all 3 trilaminar embryo layers
ectoderm- outside
mesoderm- core of mesenchyme
endoderm- inside
Neural Crest
Mesenchyme invaded by neural crest generating connective tissue components
cartilage, bone, ligaments
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage13_oral_cavity_floor02.jpg
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https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage13_pharyngeal_arch_excerpts.gif
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_Crest_Development
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arises from midbrain and hindbrain region
Arch Features
Each arch contains: artery, cartilage, nerve, muscular component
Arches and Phanynx Form the face, tongue, lips, jaws, palate, pharynx and neck cranial nerves, sense organ components, glands
Humans have 5 arches - 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (Arch 5 does not form or regresses rapidly)
from in rostro�caudal sequence, Arch 1 to 6 from week 4 onwards
arch 1 and 2 appear at time of closure of cranial neuropore
Face - mainly arch 1 and 2
Neck components - arch 3 and 4 (arch 4 and 6 fuse)
Arch Features
arch
groove
externally separates each arch
also called a cleft
only first pair persist as external auditory meatus
pouch
internally separates each arch
pockets from the pharynx
membrane
ectoderm and endoderm contact regions
only first pair persist as tympanic membrane
Pharyngeal Arch 1 (Mandibular Arch) has 2 prominances
smaller upper- maxillary forms maxilla, zygomatic bone and squamous part of temporal
larger lower- mandibular, forms mandible
Pharyngeal Arch 2 (Hyoid Arch)
forms most of hyoid bone
Arch 3 and 4
neck structures
Arch Arteries
Arch 1 - mainly lost, form part of maxillary artery
Arch 2 - stapedial arteries
Arch 3 - common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries
Arch 4 - left forms part of aortic arch, right forms part right subclavian
artery
Arch 6 - left forms part of left pulmonary artery , right forms part of right
pulmonary artery
placental vein -> liver -> heart -> truncus arteriosus -> aortic sac -> arch
arteries -> dorsal aorta -> placental artery Human embryo (5mm, lateral view) showing
pulmonary arteries
Arch 5 Artery?
Congdon (1922) Table 1
Arch Cartilage
Arch 1 - Meckel's cartilage, horseshoe shaped
dorsal ends form malleus and incus
midpart forms ligaments (ant. malleus, sphenomandibular)
ventral part forms mandible template
Arch 2 - Reichert's cartilage
dorsal ends form stapes and Temporal bone styloid process
ventral part ossifies to form hyoid bone components
lesser cornu and superior body
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.68
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Contributions_to_Embryology_Carnegie_Institution_No.68
Meckel's cartilage, first pharyngeal arch
Pharyngeal arch cartilages
trigeminal
Arch 3- forms greater cornu and inferior part of hyoid
Arch 4&6- form laryngeal cartilages, except epiglottis (from hypobranchial
eminence)
Arch Muscle
Arch 1 - muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, tensor tympanic, ant. belly digastric
Arch 2 - muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, post. belly digastric
Arch 3 - stylopharyngeus
Arch 4&6 - crycothyroid, pharynx constrictors, larynx muscles, oesophagus (st.
muscle)
Head and Heart Muscle On the left side of the body (right part of figure) the facial expression muscleshave been removed to
show the masticatory muscles.
Arch Nerve
Arch 1 - CN V trigeminal, caudal 2/3 maxillary and mandibular, cranial 1/3
sensory nerve of head and neck, mastication motor
Arch 2 - CN VII facial
Arch 3 - CN IX glossopharyngeal
Arch 4&6 - CN X vagus, arch 4- superior laryngeal, arch 6- recurrent laryngeal
Arch Pouches
Arch 1 - elongates to form tubotympanic recess, tympanic cavity, mastoid
antrum, eustachian tube
Arch 2 - forms tonsillar sinus, mostly oblierated by palatine tonsil
Arch 3 - forms inferior parathyroid and thymus
Arch 4 - forms superior parathyroid, parafollicular cells of Thyroid
Thyroid Gland
not a pouch structure
first endocrine organ to develop day 24
from floor of pharynx
descends thyroglossal duct (which closes)
[6]
Masseter Stylophar
yngeus
Phary
nx
constr
ictors
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Meckel.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Meckel.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Pharyngeal_arch_cartilages.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Pharyngeal_arch_cartilages.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Gray0778.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Gray0778.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Head_and_heart_muscle_cartoon.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Head_and_heart_muscle_cartoon.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Gray1024.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Gray1024.jpg
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https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Gray1028.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Gray1030.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Gray1030.jpg
Pituitary
Frontonasal prominence (Week 7, 44 - 48 days,
CRL 13 - 17 mm)
upper end at foramen cecum
Anterior Pituitary
not a pouch structure
boundary epitheilal ectoderm in the roof of the pharynx
forms a pocket (Rathke's pouch) that comes into contact with the ectoderm of
developing brain.
Rathke's pouch is named after German embryologist and anatomist Martin
Heinrich Rathke (1793 — 1860).
Face Development
Begins week 4 centered around stomodeum, external
depression at oral membrane
5 initial primordia from neural crest mesenchyme
single frontonasal prominence (FNP) - forms forehead, nose dorsum and apex
nasal placodes develop later bilateral, pushed medially
paired maxillary prominences - form upper cheek and upper lip
paired mandibular prominences - lower cheek, chin and lower lip
Frontonasal Process
The frontonasal process (FNP) forms the majority of the superior part of the early
face primordia. It later fuses with the maxillary component of the first pharyngeal
arch to form the upper jaw. Failure of this fusion event during the embryonic period
leads to cleft lip. Under the surface ectoderm the process mesenchyme consists of
two cell populations; neural crest cells, forming the connective tissues; and the
mesoderm forming the endothelium of the vascular network.
A chicken developmental model study has identified a specific surface region, the
Frontonasal Ectodermal Zone (FEZ), initially induced by bone morphogenetic proteins
that appears to regulate the future growth and patterning of the frontonasal process.
The specific frontonasal ectodermal zone was located in the frontonasal process
ectoderm flanking a boundary between Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Fibroblast growth
factor 8 (Fgf8) expression domains.
Head/Skull
chondrocranium forms base of skull
in lower vertebrates encases brain
cranial vault
calveria
facial skeleton
pharyngeal arches
Adult Skull MRI Links:Skull Development - MRI
Viscerocranium
Page | Play
Temporal Bones
Page | Play
Occipital - Frontal
Page | Play
Parietal-Zygomatic
Page | Play
Sensory Placodes
During week 4 a series of thickened surface ectodermal patches form in pairs rostro�caudally in the head region.
Recent research suggests that all sensory placodes may arise from common panplacodal primordium origin around the neural
plate, and then differentiate to eventually have different developmental fates.
These sensory placodes will later contribute key components of each of our special senses (vision, hearing and smell). Other
species have a number of additional placodes which form other sensory structures (fish, lateral line receptor). Note that their
initial postion on the developing head is significantly different to their final position in the future sensory system
Otic placode
in the stage 13/14 embryo (shown below) the otic placode has sunk from the surface ectoderm to form a hollow epithelial ball, the
otocyst, which now lies beneath the surface surrounded by mesenchyme (mesoderm). The epithelia of this ball varies in thickness
and has begun to distort, it will eventually form the inner ear membranous labyrinth.
Lens placode
lies on the surface, adjacent to the outpocketing of the nervous system (which will for the retina) and will form the lens.
[7]
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Historic-pituitary.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Historic-pituitary.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage18_em11.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage18_em11.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Skull_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_1
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_1
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_1
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/2/2b/Skull_viscerocranium_01.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_2
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_2
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_2
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/4/42/Skull_temporal_bones_1.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_3
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_3
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_3
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/4/43/Skull_frontal_and_occipital_bones_1.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Adult_Skull_Movie_4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/f/fe/Skull_parietal_bones_1.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage16-18_face_animation.gif
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage16-18_face_animation.gif
Sensory placodes (week 5)
Developing skull Computed Tomography (CT)
image showing normal sutures.
Links: Lens Development
Nasal placode
has 2 components (medial and lateral) and will form the nose olfactory epithelium.
Links: Smell Development | Placodes
Head Growth
continues postnatally - fontanelle allow head distortion on birth and early growth
bone plates remain unfused to allow growth, puberty growth of face
Fetal head growth (circumference)
Second and third
trimesters
Second trimester
Skull Overview
Chondrocranium - formed from paraxial mesoderm
cranial end of vertebral column
modified vertebral elements
occipital and cervical sclerotomebone preformed in cartilage (endochondrial ossification)
Cranial Vault and Facial Skeleton - formed from neural crest
muscle is paraxial mesoderm
somitomeres and occipital somites
Calveria - bone has no cartilage (direct ossification of mesenchyme)
bones do not fuse, fibrous sutures 1. allow distortion to pass through birth canal 2. allow growth of the brain
6 fontanelles, posterior closes at 3 months, anterior closes at 18 months
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage14_sem2a-limb.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage14_sem2a-limb.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Skull_CT_normal_sutures.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Skull_CT_normal_sutures.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Computed_Tomography
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Vision_-_Lens_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Sensory_-_Smell_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Placodes
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph01.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph01.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph01.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph01.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph02.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_growth_circumference_graph02.jpg
Links: Skull Development
Palate
The palate has two key stages of development during embryonic and an early fetal involving the fusion of structures (epithelia to
mesenchymal).
Embryonic
Primary palate, fusion in the human embryo between stage 17 and 18, from an epithelial seam to the mesenchymal bridge.
Fetal
Secondary palate, fusion in the human embryo in week 9. This requires the early palatal shelves growth, elevation and fusion
during the early embryonic period. The fusion event is to both each other and the primary palate. palatal shelf elevation |
secondary palate
Links: palate
Ear Auricles
form from 6 hillocks (week 5)
3 on each of arch 1 and 2
Tongue Development
] ]
Ectoderm of the first arch surrounding the stomodeum forms the epithelium lining the buccal cavity.
Also the salivary glands, enamel of the teeth, epithelium of the body of the tongue.
As the tongue develops "inside" the floor of the oral cavity, it is not readily visible in the external views of the embryonic
(Carnegie) stages of development.
Contributions from all arches, which changes with time
begins as swelling rostral to foramen cecum, median tongue bud
Arch 1 - oral part of tongue (ant 3/2)
Arch 2 - initial contribution to surface is lost
Arch 3 - pharyngeal part of tongue (post 1/3)
Arch 4 - epiglottis and adjacent regions
Tongue muscle
Tongue muscles originate from the somites.
Tongue muscles develop before masticatory muscles and is completed by birth.
Masticatory muscles originate from the somitomeres.
These muscles develop late and are not complete even at birth.
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Skull_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage17-18_Primary_palate.gif
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Stage17-18_Primary_palate.gif
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Palatal_shelves_animation.gif
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Palate.gif
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue1.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue1.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue2.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue2.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue3.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue3.png
tongue muscle
Salivary Glands
epithelial buds in oral cavity (week 6 to 7) extend into mesenchyme
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Links: Salivary Gland Development | Tongue Development | Development
Animation - Tongue
Pharyngeal Arch Tables
Pharyngeal Arch Nerve Artery
Neural Crest
(Skeletal
Structures)
Muscles Ligaments
1
(maxillary/mandibular)
trigeminal (CN V)
maxillary artery
(terminal branches)
mandible, maxilla,
malleus, incus
muscles of
mastication,
mylohyoid, tensor
tympanic, ant. belly
digastric
ant lig of malleus,
sphenomandibular
ligament
2
(hyoid)
facial (CN VII)
stapedial (embryonic)
corticotympanic
(adult)
stapes, styloid
process, lesser
cornu of hyoid,
upper part of body
of hyoid bone
muscles of facial
expression, stapedius,
stylohyoid, post. belly
digastric
stylohyoid ligament
3
glossopharyngeal
(CN IX)
common carotid,
internal carotid
arteries
greater cornu of
hyoid, lower part
of body of hyoid
bone
stylopharyngeus
4
vagus (CN X)
superior laryngeal
branch
part of aortic arch
(left), part right
subclavian artery
(right)
thyroid, cricoid,
arytenoid,
corniculate and
cuneform
cartilages
crycothyroid, soft
palate levator veli
palatini (not tensor
veli palatini)
6
vagus (CN X)
recurrent laryngeal
branch
part of left pulmonary
artery (left), part of
right pulmonary
artery (right)
thyroid, cricoid,
arytenoid,
corniculate and
cuneform
cartilages
larynx intrinsic
muscles (not
cricothyroid muscle)
Structures derived from Pouches
Each pouch is lined with endoderm and generates specific structures.
PouchOverall Structure Specific Structures
1 tubotympanic recess tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube
2 intratonsillar cleft crypts of palatine tonsil, lymphatic nodules of palatine tonsil
3 inferior parathyroid gland, thymus gland
4 superior parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial body
5 becomes part of 4th pouch
Structures derived from Grooves
Only the first groove differentiates into an adult structure and forms part of the external acoustic meatus.
Structures derived from Membranes
At the bottom of each groove lies the membrane which is formed from the contact region of ectodermal groove and endodermal
pouch. Only the first membrane differentiates into an adult structure and forms the tympanic membrane.
Movies
There are a number of movies representing development of different features of the head and face.
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue-muscle.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Tongue-muscle.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Salivary_Gland_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Development_Animation_-_Tongue
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Development_Animation_-_Tongue
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development#CN_V_Trigeminal
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Musculoskeletal_System_-_Skull_Development#Mandible_Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Middle_Ear_Development#Malleus
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Middle_Ear_Development#Incus
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development#CN_VII_Facial
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Middle_Ear_Development#Stapeshttps://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Middle_Ear_Development#Stapedius
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development#CN_IX_Glossopharyngeal
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development#CN_X_Vagus
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development#CN_X_Vagus
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Movies#Head_and_Face
Face Development
Page | Play
Palate (oral view)
Page | Play
Palate (front view)
Page | Play
Tongue
Page | Play
Mandible Growth
Page | Play
Links: Head and Face Movies | Movies
References
�. Nagarajan M, Sharbidre KG, Bhabad SH & Byrd SE. (2018). MR Imaging of the Fetal Face: Comprehensive Review.
Radiographics , , 170142. PMID: 29652578 DOI.
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�. Graham A & Richardson J. (2012). Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus. Evodevo , 3, 24. PMID:
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�. Talbot JC, Johnson SL & Kimmel CB. (2010). hand2 and Dlx genes specify dorsal, intermediate and ventral domains within
zebrafish pharyngeal arches. Development , 137, 2507-17. PMID: 20573696 DOI.
�. Bamforth SD, Chaudhry B, Bennett M, Wilson R, Mohun TJ, Van Mierop LH, Henderson DJ & Anderson RH. (2013). Clarification
of the identity of the mammalian fifth pharyngeal arch artery. Clin Anat , 26, 173-82. PMID: 22623372 DOI.
�. Diogo R, Kelly RG, Christiaen L, Levine M, Ziermann JM, Molnar JL, Noden DM & Tzahor E. (2015). A new heart for a new head
in vertebrate cardiopharyngeal evolution. Nature , 520, 466-73. PMID: 25903628 DOI.
�. Foppiano S, Hu D & Marcucio RS. (2007). Signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins directs formation of an ectodermal
signaling center that regulates craniofacial development. Dev. Biol. , 312, 103-14. PMID: 18028903 DOI.
Reviews
Gupta P, Tripathi T, Singh N, Bhutiani N, Rai P & Gopal R. (2020). A review of genetics of nasal development and morphological
variation. J Family Med Prim Care , 9, 1825-1833. PMID: 32670926 DOI.
Nagarajan M, Sharbidre KG, Bhabad SH & Byrd SE. (2018). MR Imaging of the Fetal Face: Comprehensive Review. Radiographics ,
, 170142. PMID: 29652578 DOI.
Abramyan J & Richman JM. (2018). Craniofacial development: discoveries made in the chicken embryo. Int. J. Dev. Biol. , 62, 97-
107. PMID: 29616744 DOI.
Adameyko I & Fried K. (2016). The Nervous System Orchestrates and Integrates Craniofacial Development: A Review. Front
Physiol , 7, 49. PMID: 26924989 DOI.
Kuratani S & Schilling T. (2008). Head segmentation in vertebrates. Integr. Comp. Biol. , 48, 604-10. PMID: 20607135 DOI.
Grevellec A & Tucker AS. (2010). The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: Development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Semin.
Cell Dev. Biol. , 21, 325-32. PMID: 20144910 DOI.
Articles
Choe CP & Crump JG. (2015). Dynamic epithelia of the developing vertebrate face. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. , 32, 66-72. PMID:
25748249 DOI.
Shone V & Graham A. (2014). Endodermal/ectodermal interfaces during pharyngeal segmentation in vertebrates. J. Anat. , 225,
479-91. PMID: 25201771 DOI.
Thi Thu HN, Haw Tien SF, Loh SL, Bok Yan JS & Korzh V. (2013). Tbx2a is required for specification of endodermal pouches during
development of the pharyngeal arches. PLoS ONE , 8, e77171. PMID: 24130849 DOI.
Search PubMed
Search term: Head Development | Pharyngeal Arch Development | | Face Development
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Face_Development_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Face_Development_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Face_Development_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/d/dd/Face_001.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development_1_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development_1_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development_1_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/8/8f/Palate_001.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development_2_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development_2_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Palate_Development_2_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/7/78/Palate_002.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/5/57/Tongue_001.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Mandible_Growth_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Mandible_Growth_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Mandible_Growth_Movie
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/0/02/Postnatal_human_mandible_growth.mp4
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Movies#Head_and_Face
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Movies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29652578
https://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170142
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29287855
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.10.035
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020903
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-9139-3-24
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20573696
https://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.049700
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22623372
https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22101
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25903628
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14435
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028903
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.09.016
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32670926
https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1265_19
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29652578
https://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170142
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616744
https://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.170321ja
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26924989
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00049
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20607135
https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icn036
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20144910
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25748249
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2015.02.003
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201771
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12234
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130849
https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077171
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Head+Development
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pharyngeal+Arch+Development
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Face+Development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies.shtml
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Help:Reference_Tutorial
[Expand]
NCBI - Policies and Guidelines | PubMed | Help:Reference Tutorial
Books
Hinrichsen K. The early development of morphology and patterns of the face in the human embryo. Berlin ; New York : Springer-
Verlag, c1985
Additional Images
Adult axial skeleton Adult skull (lateral
simplified)
Fetal head lateral (12
weeks)
Fetal head medial
(12 weeks)
Fetal head section
(12 weeks)
adult mandible
adult hyoid
Historic
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Development or the Face
Fig. 1. Showing the
formation of the face
by the Nasal,
Maxillary, and
Mandibular
processes in an
embryo of the 4th
week.
Fig. 2. Showing the
parts of the face
formed from the
Nasal, Maxillary and
Mandibular
processes.
Fig. 3. Showing the
structures formed in
the MesialNasal
Processes.
Fig. 4. Showing the
trough�shaped
Vomer of the newly
born.
Fig. 5. Showing the
suture on the face
between the
premaxilla and
maxilla in the skull of
a young orang.
Fig. 6. Showing the
structures formed in
the Lateral Nasal
Processes.
Fig. 7. Coronal
section of the skull
of a 7th month
human foetus to
show the cartilages
of the Lateral and
Mesial Nasal
Processes and the
bones formed round
them.
Fig. 8. Showing the
ingrowth of the
palatal plates of the
two maxillary
processes early in
the 2nd month.
(After Kollmann.) .
Fig. 9. Showing the
Hard Palate at birth.
The premaxillary
part is formed from
the Mesial Nasal
Processes ; the
remainder by the
Palatal Plates of the
Maxillary Processes.
Fig. 10, a, b, c.
Showing what
become of the
skeletons of the
Mandibular Arch
(Meckel's Cartilage)
and Maxillary
Process (Palato-
quadrate Cartilage).
Fig. 10 D. Illustrating
Gadow's view of the
origin of the
Auditory Ossicles
and Tympanic Plate.
Fig. 11. Showing the
manner in which the
development of the
Maxillary Antrum
affects the size of
the palate and
position of the molar
teeth.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies.shtml
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Help:Reference_Tutorial
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Axial_skeleton.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Axial_skeleton.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Human_skull_lateral_simplified.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Human_skull_lateral_simplified.png
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_medial.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_medial.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_section.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Fetal_head_section.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Musculoskeletal-_adult_mandible.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Musculoskeletal-_adult_mandible.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Musculoskeletal-_adult_hyoid.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Musculoskeletal-_adult_hyoid.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_Human_Embryology_and_Morphology_1
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig001.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig001.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig002.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig002.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig003.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig003.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig004.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig004.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig005.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig005.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig006.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig006.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig007.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig007.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig008.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig008.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig009.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig009.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig010a-c.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig010a-c.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig010d.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig010d.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig011.jpg
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=File:Keith1902_fig011.jpg
[Expand]
Fig. 12. Showing the
Centres of
Ossification and age
changes in the
Lower Jaw.
Fig. 13. The chief
types of the
Temporo-Maxillary
Articulation. A.
Carnivorous Type. B.
Omnivorous Type. C.
Herbivorous Type.
Fig. 14. Showing the
Chief Changes after
birth in the form of
the
TemporoMaxillary
Articulation.
Fig. 15 A. Sagittal
Section showing the
Stomodaeum and
position of the Oral
Plate in the 3rd
week.
Fig. 15 B. Showing
the parts of the
Buccal and Nasal
Cavities formed from
the Stomodaeum.
The relative position
of the Oral Plate is
indicated.
Development of the Pharynx and Neck
Fig. 21a. Showing
the Visceral Arches
and Cleft-
depressions in the
Pharyngeal Wall of a
4th week human
Embryo. Each
Visceral Arch
contains an Aortic
Arch. (After His.)
Fig. 21b. Showing
the position of the
Heart, Visceral and
Aortic Arches in a
fish. (Diagrammatic
— after Gegenbaur.)
Fig. 22. Showing the
Primitive Pharynx of
a 3rd week embryo
in sagittal section,
bounded by the
Visceral Arches.
(After His.) .
Fig. 23. Showing the
Floor of the Pharynx
of a 4th week human
embryo. (After His.)
Fig. 24. Schematic
Section of a Visceral
Arch.
Fig. 25. Showing the
position of the
External Cleft
Depressions in the
Adult.
Fig. 26. Showing
what become of the
Cartilages of the
Visceral Arches.
Fig. 27. Showing
what become of the
Nerves of the
Visceral Arches,
hyoid arch) is
represented by the
chorda tympani and
great superficial
petrosal.
Fig. 28. Showing
what become of the
Aortic Arches in the
adult. Only the
shaded parts persist.
Fig. 29. The
condition of the
Eight and Left Doral
Aortae in a 6th week
human foetus.
Fig. 30. Showing the
Buccal and
Pharyngeal parts of
the Tongue.
Fig. 31. Showing the
origin of the tongue
in the floor of the
primitive pharynx.
(After His.)
Fig. 32. Showing the
origin of the
Submaxillary and
Sublingual Glands
from furrows
between the gum
and tongue during
the flth week. (After
His.) .
Fig. 33. Showing the
position of the
Visceral Clefts in the
Adult.
Fig. 34. Showing the
origin of the Tonsil,
Thymus, and Thyroid
from the Internal
Cleft Recesses
during the 4th week.
(After His.).
Terms
Head Terms (expand to view) 
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Essentials of Facial Growth Enlow and Hans
Cite this page: Hill, M�A. (2024, December 20) Embryology Head Development. Retrieved from
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