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Livestock Science 265 (2022) 105094 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect LIVESTOCK SCIENCE Livestock Science ELSEVIER journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/livsci Check for Performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of goat kids updates supplemented with inulin Caroline Isabela da Silva a, Cibele Regina Schneider a Bruna , Hygino a Vanessa Duarte a , Ubiara Henrique Gomes Teixeira Claudete Regina Alcalde , Arildo José Braz de Oliveira b a Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil b Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. HIGHLIGHTS Higher carcass yields were observed after inulin supplementation. Blood parameters were positive influenced on the oxygen transport system. The animals exceeded the estimated daily weight gain. Between sexes, males shown superior results at most of the parameters ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Inulin is a fructooligosaccharide with prebiotic and bifidogenic properties, contributing to the intestinal health of Blood parameters animals. This study aimed to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and blood pa- Carcass evaluation rameters of Boer Saanen goat kids supplemented with inulin. Thirty animals were distributed in a completely Carcass yield randomized design in a 3x2 factorial scheme with three levels of inulin (0, 3, and 6 g/kg DM) and sex (male and Crossbred goat kids Prebiotics female). The diet was formulated and adjusted to gain 0.150 kg/day and the slaughter weight was 30 kg. Inulin Goat performance supplementation had a linear, positive effect on carcass yield (P= 0.03). However, animal performance, carcass characteristics, tissue proportions, and muscle proximate composition were not influenced by inulin levels. Males had a lower slaughter age, higher muscle proportion, lower fat, and higher protein content than females. Red blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels increased with inulin supplementation compare to the control treatment (PC.I. da Silva et al. Livestock Science 265 (2022) 105094 and high meat quality. Thus, prebiotics were introduced into functional Diets were composed of alfalfa hay (29% DM), soybean meal, ground food science due to concerns about antibiotic or hormone residues, corn, vitamin-mineral, supplement, and ammonium chloride (Table 1). consumer awareness, and safety issues, and now in animal feed as a Feed ingredients were mixed producing the total mixed rations and then strategy to promote intestinal health and prevent diseases (Samanta subjected to pelleting. The total mixed ration was formulated to meet et al., 2013). 16% of crude protein and 70 % of total digestible nutrient. Diets were According to Uyeno et al. (2015), prebiotics are non-digestible food adjusted to obtain a weight gain of 0.150 kg/day and leftovers of 10%. ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of one or a Animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and every 14 limited number of microbes. The most commonly used are carbohydrate days using a digital scale. Feed was offered in the morning, once a day, substrates, such as oligosaccharides or dietary fiber with low di- and before feeding, the leftovers were weighed to control dry matter gestibility. Several types of oligosaccharides have been suggested to intake. have specific functionalities in ruminants, where supplementation may improve the growth performance in either the pre- or post-weaning 2.2. Slaughter and carcass measurements stage, contributing to further improvements in growth performance at an older age. Studies have shown that supplementation of prebiotics in After reaching a body weight of 30.0 kg, goat kids were fasted from calf diets induced improvements in daily body weight gain and feed solids for 16 h, weighed (live weight), and transported to the slaugh- efficiency during the post-weaning period (Hasunuma et al., 2011) and terhouse 200 meters of the feedlot located on the experimental farm suggest that prebiotics can be used in diets for better growth and per- (Iguatemi Experimental Farm of the State University of Maringá). Then, formance (Ghosh and Mehla, 2012). the animals were stunned by electric shock (220 V for 8 s), and killed by Inulin is a fructooligosaccharide with prebiotic activity and a bifi- bleeding in a refrigerated environment, under supervision of the dogenic effect, and acts by stimulating the beneficial bacteria, estab- Municipal Inspection Service. lishing a healthy microbiota and consequently, improving health The gastrointestinal tract was removed and weighed. Carcasses were (Geron et al., 2013; Geigerová et al., 2017) since their balance is weighed (hot carcass weight), covered with plastic bags to prevent extremely important for animal welfare and performance, as it has a drying, but allowing the drainage of liquids that may accumulate during direct impact on the immune system. This study aimed to evaluate the the refrigeration period. The carcasses were hung by the tendons of the effect of inulin supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, legs on appropriate hooks, with a spacing of 17 cm, and stored for 24 h at loin and shoulder composition, and blood parameters of female and 5 °C. After this period, the cold carcass weight was determined. Com- male Boer X Saanen goat kids. mercial carcass yield was calculated as the ratio of hot carcass weight to empty body weight and empty body weight was evaluated as the live 2. Material and Methods weight minus the weight of the gastrointestinal tract. The biological carcass yield was determined by the ratio of hot carcass weight to final The experiment was conducted on the Iguatemi Experimental Farm body weight (Pereira Filho et al., 2005). of the State University of Maringá. The animals' care and management The following measurements were taken to determine compactness procedures were conducted according to the guidelines established by indices: leg length, carcass internal length, and croup width. Carcass the Committee of Ethics on the Use of Animals of the State University of compactness was calculated as the ratio of carcass weight to internal Maringá (Protocol 2217210519). carcass length. Leg compactness was calculated as the ratio of rump width to leg length. Carcasses were then cut longitudinally and sectioned. The loin (longissimus lumborum muscle) and shoulder of the 2.1. Animals and diets right half carcass were collected, placed in plastic containers, and stored in a freezer until analysis. Thirty Boer X Saanen goat kids (15 female and 15 male, initial body weight of 16.6 1.3 kg and 17.9 2.4 kg, respectively) were used in a 2.3. Dissection and proximate composition analysis completely randomized 3 X 2 factorial design, with five replications. The factors were inulin GR, Beneo) levels (0, 3, and 6 g/kg dry Cuts were thawed at room temperature and dissected using a scalpel matter, DM) and sex (female and male). Animals were kept in feedlot, and tweezers to determine muscle, fat, and bone proportions. Muscle remaining in the installation with individual stall, slatted floor, equip- samples were ground in a food processor, homogenized, and analyzed in ped with feeders and drinkers. duplicate for moisture (method 950.15), ash (method 942.05), crude protein (method of Kjeldahl 984.13), and lipids (method 920.39), ac- Table 1 cording to the AOAC (2000). Chemical-bromatological composition of the diet in g/kg of dry matter. Variables Inulin Diet g/kg DM 2.4. Blood analysis 0 3 6 Alfalfa Hay 290.00 285.3 During the experimental period, 81 days after the start, blood sam- Ground corn 539.00 530.00 ples of five male animals per treatment were collected from the jugular Soybean meal 155.00 152.45 vein into vacuum glass tubes containing EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra- Mineral-vitamin 25.00 25.00 Ammonium chloride 5.00 5.00 acetic acid). Samples were stored in a Styrofoam box containing ice and Dry matter 885.10 885.10 transported to a commercial veterinary laboratory in Maringá, Paraná, Organic matter 944.60 944.60 Brazil, for complete blood count analysis. Blood analyses were per- Crude protein 164.70 164.70 formed through an automatic hematology counter (Nihon Kohden Ether extract 32.90 32.90 Celltac using the impedance method for the complete blood count, Neutral detergent fiber 254.70 254.70 Non-fibrous carbohydrates 492.30 492.30 while total proteins were determined by the refractometry method. Total carbohydrates 747.00 747.00 1 Chemical composition (per kg of product): Calcium 240 g; Phosphorus 71 g; 2.5. Statistical analysis Potassium 28 g; Sulfur 20 g; Magnesium 20 g; Copper 400 mg; Cobalt 30 mg; Chromium 10 mg; Iron 250 mg; Iodine 40 mg; Manganese 1. 350 mg; Selenium Experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), 15 mg; Zinc 1,700 mg; Fluorine 710 mg; Vit. A 135,000 U.I; Vit. D3 68,000 U.I; and inulin levels were partitioned into orthogonal contrasts to investi- Vit. E 450 U.I. gate the linear and quadratic effects of diet and sex. The PROC MIXED 2C.I. da Silva et al. Livestock Science 265 (2022) 105094 procedure of SAS (version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used. percentages of muscle (P=0.03) and lower of fat (P=0.02) in relation to Effects were considered significant when P0.05) with inulin supplementation, however, there was an effect in relation to sex Where: dependent variable; = general mean; = fixed effect for muscle, fat, and bone (Table 5). The proportion of muscle of the level of inulin 2: 3 g; 3: 6 g of inulin); fixed effect of and fat differed between sexes, showing that females deposited more fat sex (j 1: male and 2: female); Tix Gj = interaction effect between level than males in the same growing period. of inulin and sex; lik = random residual error. Carcass chilling loss during the first 24 h post-mortem had a lower The statistical analysis for blood parameters was performed ac- mean than that reported in the literature (Gomes et al., 2011; Ferreira cording to the model: et al., 2017). This parameter is related to the amount of water present in muscle tissue and directly affects cut yield and the result can be attrib- uted to the fact that the carcasses were stored in plastic bags, to avoid Where: = dependent variable; mean; Ti = fixed effect greater cooling losses, which normally occur due to the thinner subcu- of the level of inulin = 2: 3 g; 3: 6 g of inulin); = random taneous fat cover (SCF) found in goats (Van Wyk et al., 2020). Possamai residual error. et al. (2015), in their research supplementing Saanen kids with pro- tected fat, had a similar carcass yield to that observed in this study, 3. Results and Discussion differing by three percentage points. This could be due to Saanen goats use for dairy production and therefore, they have less muscle pro- The inulin supplementation did not have an influence (P>0.05) on portions than Boer or Boer crossbreds. the productive performance results of Boer X Saanen goat kids (Table 2). Between sexes, male tissues had a higher percentage of muscle and The animals exceeded the estimated daily weight gain of 0.150 kg/day. lower percentage of fat than females. This result confirms that sex in- The average gain was 0.160 kg/day, with a feed conversion ratio of 4.04 fluences tissue deposition rates et al., 2009; Possamai et al., kg DM/kg gain. Between sexes, significant differences were 2015). Additionally, males had a higher moisture content and lower observed in the time required to achieve the slaughter weight, where total lipids than females, agreeing with data reported in literature males reached 30.0 kg 19 days before females. Inulin supplementation (Kessler et al., 2014). Chemical composition in muscles may be influ- resulted in higher carcass yields (Table 3). enced by age, slaughter weight, diet, breed, and sex. Lipids are major A positive linear relationship was observed between inulin levels and determinants of nutritional value, sensory quality (juiciness), and stor- yield where the supplementation resulted in a higher commercial age stability of meat. Moisture content, on the other hand, is related to carcass yield (P=0.03). According to et al. (2017), inulin has mineral and intramuscular lipid content in meat. Goat kids' meat is a bifidogenic effect in ruminants, leading to higher weight gain, and known for its high moisture and low-fat content. Fat content is higher in improves intestinal health by reducing coliforms and diarrhea inci- females because fat deposition occurs at an earlier age in females than in dence, resulting in better performance (Ayala-Monter et al., 2019). This males (Assis et al., 2015; Guerrero et al., 2017; Ferreira et al., 2018). confirms the obtained results which demonstrate that prebiotic supple- Supplementation with 3 or 6 g inulin/kg DM also influenced blood mentation can increase carcass production. According to Singh et al. parameters (P0.05) but there was an effect by sex, where males had higher Wang et al., 2021) and, in different degrees, lipid metabolism and Table 2 Productive performance of Boer X Saanen goat kids as a function of inulin levels and sex. Variables Inulin Diet g/kg DM Sex SEM P Value 0 3 6 Male Female L Q G G Initial body weight (kg) 16.92 17.06 17.05 0.689 17.40 16.62 0.562 0.89 0.93 0.34 0.94 Final body weight (kg) 30.56 30.36 30.95 0.545 30.80 30.45 0.445 0.61 0.56 0.57 0.84 Dry matter intake (kg/day) 0.894 0.883 0.924 0.05 0.851 0.949 0.04 0.68 0.67 0.10 0.28 Fattening days 83.40 93.70 86.80 5.38 83.66 92.26 4.39 0.65 0.20 0.17 0.62 Age at slaughter (days) 188.54 202.49 194.27 5.08 185.31 204.89 4.19 0.43 0.08 0.01 0.44 Daily weight gain (kg) 0.169 0.145 0.165 0.01 0.163 0.156 0.01 0.79 0.06 0.58 0.59 Total weight gain (kg) 13.59 13.34 13.92 0.44 13.62 13.62 0.37 0.61 0.45 0.98 0.78 Food conversion (kg) 3.88 4.27 3.99 0.164 3.87 4.24 0.14 0.66 0.11 0.06 0.21 Standard error of mean (SEM); L: linear effect; Q: quadratic effect; G: effect of sex; X G: effect of the interaction between inulin levels and sex. 3C.I. da Silva et al. Livestock Science 265 (2022) 105094 Table 3 Quantitative carcass characteristics of Boer X Saanen goat kids as a function of inulin levels and sex. Variables Inulin Diet g/kg DM Sex SEM P Value 0 3 6 Male Female L Q G I G Empty body weight (kg) 26.95 27.35 27.89 0.53 27.55 27.25 0.43 0.22 0.90 0.62 0.63 Warm carcass weight (kg) 14.62 14.92 15.40 0.32 15.06 14.89 0.25 0.09 0.82 0.65 0.54 Cold carcass weight (kg) 14.51 14.76 15.26 0.31 14.92 14.77 0.25 0.11 0.75 0.67 0.44 Chilling loss (%) 0.73 1.08 0.92 0.19 0.96 0.87 0.16 0.51 0.31 0.69 0.06 Carcass biological yield (%) 54.19 54.57 55.21 0.37 54.65 54.67 0.30 0.07 0.77 0.97 0.19 Carcass commercial yield (%) 47.42 48.66 49.32 0.58 48.45 48.48 0.03 0.68 0.96 0.06 Carcass compactness index (kg/cm) 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.01 0.34 0.44 0.94 0.83 Leg compactness index 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.01 0.69 0.73 0.01 0.70 0.18 0.29 1 Standard error of mean (SEM); L: linear effect; Q: quadratic effect; G: effect of sex; I X G: effect of the interaction between inulin levels and sex. Table 4 Composition of the Longissimus lomborum muscle of Boer X Saanen goat kids according to inulin levels and sex. Variables Inulin Diet g/kg DM Sex SEM P Value 0 3 6 Male Female L Q G G Muscle (%) 55.24 52.93 55.09 1.86 56.83 52.02 1.52 0.95 0.33 0.03 0.92 Fat (%) 14.91 20.31 18.31 2.14 14.74 20.94 1.75 0.27 0.17 0.02 0.66 Bone (%) 19.65 17.62 17.55 1.94 20.25 16.29 1.58 0.45 0.68 0.09 0.40 Residue (%) 6.67 5.09 6.01 0.788 5.42 6.43 0.643 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.79 Losses (%) 3.52 4.05 3.03 0.745 3.10 3.97 0.608 0.64 0.40 0.32 0.07 Muscle:Bone 2.94 3.69 0.542 3.16 3.78 0.443 0.28 0.61 0.32 0.43 Chemical composition Moisture (%) 73.82 73.18 73.81 0.612 74.50 72.70 0.499 0.98 0.40 0.02 0.21 Protein (%) 22.02 22.94 22.22 0.555 22.73 22.06 0.453 0.80 0.24 0.30 0.13 Ash (%) 0.878 0.914 0.882 0.018 0.881 0.902 0.015 0.88 0.16 0.34 0.62 Lipids (%) 1.81 2.13 2.05 0.202 1.69 2.31 0.165 0.40 0.43 0.01 0.58 1 Standard error of mean (SEM); L: linear effect; Q: quadratic effect; G: effect of sex; I X G: effect of the interaction between inulin levels and sex. Table 5 Composition of male and female Boer X Saanen goat kids shoulder as a function of inulin levels and sex. Variables Inulin Diet g/kg DM Sex SEM P Value 0 3 6 Male Female L Q G G Muscle (%) 62.88 61.79 62.95 1.24 65.06 60.02 1.01 0.97 0.46C.I. da Silva et al. Livestock Science 265 (2022) 105094 have contradictions, modulation of the intestinal microbiota by pre- M., V., E., H., Rada, V., 2017. Selection of biotics can improve immune system functions and consequently, animal prebiotic oligosaccharides suitable for synbiotic use in calves. Anim. Feed Sci. Techn 229, 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.011. performance, justifying the contradictory results due to the component Geron, L.J., Silva, H.F., Trautmann-Machado, R.J., Garcia, J., Mexia, A.A., Moura, D.C., characteristics, number of doses, and time of application. Ayala-Monter Ribeiro, M.G., Oliveira, E.B., 2013. Growth promoters additives (antibiotics, et al. (2019) did not observe differences in blood parameters between ionophores, probiotics, prebiotics and propolis) used in animal feed. PUBVET 7, 1304-1450. non-supplemented lambs and lambs supplemented with inulin or inulin Ghosh, S., Mehla, R.K., 2012. Influence of dietary supplementation of prebiotics and Lactobacillus casei but found that supplemented animals had greater (mannanoligosaccharide) on the performance of crossbred calves. Trop. Anim. weight gain, lower coliform counts in feces, and fewer diarrheal epi- Health Prod. 44, 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9944-8. Gomes, H.F.B., Menezes, J.J., Gonçalves, H.C., Cañizares, G.I.L., Medeiros, B.B.L., sodes during the pre-weaning period. Neto, A.P., Lorençon, R.V., Chávari, A.C.T., 2011. Goat carcass characteristics of five In the current study, platelet counts, total protein and leukocyte breed groups housed in confinement. Rev. Bras Zootec 40, 411-417. https://doi.org/ counts were within normal ranges for kids, corroborating results ob- 10.1590/S1516-35982011000200024. tained by Oliveira et al. (2012) and Kara et al. (2012), showing that Grand, E., Respondek, F., Martineau, C., Detilleux, J., Bertrand, G., 2013. Effects of short chain fructooligosaccharides on growth performance of preruminant veal calves. there was no effect of inulin supplementation on these parameters. J. Dairy Sci 96, 1094-1101. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4949. Guerrero, A., Campo, M.M., Olleta, J.L., Sañudo, C., 2017. Carcass and meat quality in 4. Conclusion goat. Goat Sci. 12, 267-286. Hasunuma, T., Kawashima, K., Nakayama, H., Murakami, T., Kanagawa, H., Ishii, T., Akiyama, K., Yasuda, K., Terada, F., Kushibiki, S., 2011. Effect of The outcomes of the present study indicated that inulin supple- cellooligosaccharide or synbiotic feeding on growth performance, fecal condition mentation can improve carcass yield, red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hormone concentrations in Holstein calves. Anim. Sci. J. 82, 543-548. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00861.x. and hematocrit levels in Boer X Saanen kids, with 3 g inulin/kg DM Hoffman, J.D., Yanckello, L.M., Chlipala, G., Hammond, T.C., Mc Culloch, S.D., Parikh, I, showing the best results and therefore being the recommended dose. et al., 2019. Dietary inulin alters the gut microbiome, enhance systemic metabolism, and reduces neuroinflammation in an APOE4 mouse model. PLoSONE 14 (8), e0221828. Authors contribution Kara, C., Orman, A., Gencoglu, H., Kovanlikaya, A., Meral, Y., Cetin, I., Deniz, G., 2012. Effects of inulin supplementation on selected faecal characteristics and health of Caroline Isabela da Silva: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal neonatal Saanen kids sucking milk from their dams. Animal 6, 1947-1954. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000900. analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & Kessler, J.D., Osório, M.T., Nörnberg, J.L., Osório, J.C., Esteves, R.M., Souza, A.P., editing, Project administration. Cibele Regina Schneider: Writing Arnoni, R.K., Borba, M.S., Oliveira, R.M., Ferreira, O.G., 2014. Chemical review & editing. Bruna Hygino: Methodology, Investigation, Writing. composition of meat from kids slaughtered at different ages. Arch. Zootec. 63, 153-160. Vanessa Duarte: Methodology, Investigation, Writing. Ubiara Henri- Kundrapu, S., Noguez, J., 2018. Chapter six laboratory assessment of anemia. Adv. Clin. que Gomes Teixeira: Methodology, Investigation, Writing. Claudete Chemis 83, 197-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2017.10.006 Regina Alcalde: Conceptualization, Validation, Resources, Writing Longobardi, F., Sacco, D., Casiello, G., Ventrella, A., Contessa, A., Sacco, A., 2012. review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Garganica kid goat meat: physico-chemical characterization and nutritional impacts. J. Food Comp. Anal. 28, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2012.08.007 Arildo José Braz de Oliveira: Methodology, Investigation, Writing. Markowiak, P., Slizewska, K., 2018. The role of probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics in animal nutrition. Gut Path 10, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0. Declaration of competing interest Marques, R.O., Menezes, J.J., Gonçalves, H.C., Medeiros, B.B., Rodrigues, L., Canizares, G.I., Gomes, H.F.B., Roça, R.O., 2013. Cut yields, carcass and tissue composition proportion in meat from young goats depending on the breed and The authors declare no conflict of interest. slaughter body weight. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 65, 1561-1569. https://doi.org/ 10.1590/S0102-09352013000500038. Masanetz, S., W., Meyer, H.H.D., Pfaffl, M.W., 2011. Effects of the prebiotics Acknowledgments inulin and lactulose on intestinal immunology and hematology of preruminant calves. Anim 5, 1099-1106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110002521. This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Muthyala, S.D.V., Shankar, S., Klemashevich, C., Blazier, J.C., Hillhouse, A., Wu, C., 2022. Differential effects of the soluble fiber inulin in reducing adiposity and altering Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de gut microbiome in aging mice. J. Nutr. Bioc. 105, 108999 https://doi.org/10.1016/ Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - (Finance Code 001), and to j.jnutbio.2022.108999. 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