Aula 7 - AFFIXES (1)

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Affixes 
What are affixes?
An affix is an element that is added to a base word or root to create a new or
inflected form. The most common affixes are prefixes, which attach to the
beginning of a base or root word, and suffixes, which attach to the end. We’ll
briefly cover both of these here, but you can continue on to their individual
sections to learn more.
There are also a number of other, less common affixes that are used in English,
which we’ll look at further on.
Prefixes
 
A prefix is a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a root or base word to
change its meaning in a sentence. Prefixes are never inflectional—that is, they do not
change the grammatical function of a word without changing its basic meaning. Instead,
prefixes are only ever derivational, serving to create new words with unique meanings.
Prefixes generally do not affect the spelling of the root word to which they are attached,
but we do sometimes have to alter the prefix itself depending on the spelling of the word it
precedes. For example, the prefix in- can change to ig- (before n-), il- (before l-), im-
 (before b-, m-, or p-), or ir- (before r-).
In addition, many prefixes are only able (or only tend) to attach to
certain parts of speech. For example, the prefix un- (meaning “not”) generally
only attaches to adjectives, as in unhappy or uncomfortable; when un- means
“to do the opposite of,” it only attaches to verbs, as in uncork or unlock.
Attaching un- to a noun, on the other hand, is usually not done—for instance,
 unbuilding or unsky are incorrect.
Meaning Usually attaches to Example words
 
anti-
(Occasionally
 hyphenated;
sometimes
 ant- before a
vowel,
especially a-)
1.Equal and
opposite to.
2. Opposing;
against; prejudicial
to.
3. Counteracting;
destroying;
neutralizing.
4. Enemy of or rival
to; false version of.
1.nouns, Greek
roots
2. adjectives, nouns
3. adjectives, nouns
4. nouns
1. antarctic, anticatalyst, anticlimax, antidote, antihero, antimatter,
 antipodes, antithesis, antonym
2. antagonist, antiapartheid, anticolonial, anticorruption, 
antidiscrimination, antiestablishment, antigovernment, antisocial, 
anti-war
3. anti-aircraft, antibacterial, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, 
antifungal, antifreeze, antihistamine, antipyretic, antitoxin, antiviral
4. antichrist, antipope
auto-
(occasionally
reduced
to aut-
 before
vowels)
1. Self; one’s own; of,
regarding, or performed by
the same person or thing.
2. Derived
from automatic(sometimes
 hyphenated).
3.Derived from automobile 
(sometimes hyphenated).
1.nouns,
adjectives, Latin
and Greek roots
2.nouns, verbs
3. nouns
1. autarchy, autism, autobiography, autoclave, autocracy, 
autograph, autoimmune, automatic, automobile, automotive, 
autonomy, autopsy
2. autofocus, autocorrect, autopilot, autosave, autosuggest, 
auto-tune
3. autobus, autocross, automaker, auto-mechanic
bi-
(Very rarely,
becomes bin-
 before vowels)
1. Two.
2. Having or
involving two.
3. Occurring at
intervals of two;
less formally,
occurring twice
within that
interval.
1.nouns, Latin roots
(and, less often,
verbs)
2. adjectives
3. adjectives, adverbs
1. biceps, bicycle, bifurcate, bipartisan, biped, bisect
2. bifocal, biconcave, biconvex, bilingual, binaural, binocular,
bidirectional, bilateral, bipolar
3. biannual, bicentennial, bihourly, bimonthly, biweekly
de-
(sometimes
hyphenated
when followed
by a vowel)
1. To reverse; to do or
cause to be the
opposite.
2. To extract, remove,
or eliminate from; to
be without.
3. Out of; away from;
off.
4. To reduce; to lower;
to move down from.
5. Thoroughly or
completely (used as
an intensifier).
1.nouns, verbs,
Latin roots
2.nouns, verbs,
Latin roots
3.nouns, verbs,
Latin roots
4.nouns, Latin
roots
5. verbs
1. decaffeinate, decelerate, decriminalize, decode,
 decommission,decompose, deconstruct, deemphasize, 
desegregate, destabilize
2. debunk, decalcify, deglaze, deice, delouse, despair,
 dethrone
3. decamp, defect, deflect, deplane, detrain
4. declass, degrade, deject, demean, descend, detest
5. debrief, defraud, despoil
mis-
(Mis- is in many
ways identical
to mal-,
though mis- is
much more
likely to be
paired with
verbs.)
1. Bad; wrong;
improper;
imperfect;
defective;
abnormal.
2. Badly; wrongly;
improperly;
imperfectly;
defectively;
abnormally.
1. nouns
2. verbs
1. misadventure, misbalance, misconception, misconduct, misconnection, 
misdiagnosis, misdirection, misdeed, misgivings, mishap, misinformation, 
misperception, mismatch, mistrust
2. misadjust, misbehave, miscalculate, miscarry, miscast, miscommunicate,
 
misconstrue, misdial, misdiagnose, mishear, misinform, misinterpret, 
mislabel, mislead, mistake, mismanage, misrepresent, misspell
Suffixes
A suffix is a group of letters that is added onto the end of a base or root word to
change its meaning. Unlike prefixes, which can only be derivational (forming a new
word with a unique meaning), suffixes can be either derivational
or inflectional (meaning that the grammatical function of the word is changed, but
its basic meaning is not).
Inflectional Suffixes
Inflectional suffixes can be applied to nouns (to form plurals), adjectives and adverbs
(to form comparatives and superlatives), and verbs (to
indicate tense and grammatical person). In some cases, the same suffix may be used
with different parts of speech to create different types of inflection.
Suffix Part of Speech Inflected Grammatical Function Example Words
“-s” Verbs
Forms the third-person
singular for most verbs.
hear→hears
run→runs
think→thinks
write→writes
“-s” Nouns
Changes most nouns from
singular to plural.
bank→banks
car→cars
pizza→pizzas
toy→toys
wire→wires
“-es” Verbs
Forms the third-person singular for verbs
ending in a sibilant sound (/s/, /z/, /ʧ/, or /ʃ/
) created by the endings “-ss,” “-z,” “-x,” “-sh,
” “-ch,” or “-tch,” as well as verbs ending in a
consonant + O.
approach→approaches
catch→catches
do→does
go→goes
hush→hushes
pass→passes
quiz→quizzes
“-es” Nouns
Forms the plural for nouns ending in a
sibilant sound (/s/, /z/, /ʧ/, or /ʃ/) as
created by the endings “-ss,” “-z,” “-x,” “-sh,”
“-ch,” or “-tch.”
coach→coaches
watch→watches
dish→dishes
box→boxes
bus→buses
kiss→kisses
waltz→waltzes
“-ed” Verbs
Forms the past simple tense and past participle of most
verbs.
ask→asked
burn→burned
dare→dared
hope→hoped
open→opened
talk→talked
walk→walked
“-en” Verbs Forms the past participle of some irregular verbs.
be→been
drive→driven
eat→eaten
give→given
got→gotten
sink→sunken
write→written
“-en” Nouns
Changes certain irregular nouns from singular to
plural.
ox→oxen
child→children
brother→brethren
“-ing” Verbs
Forms the present participle of verbs (as well as
the gerund form.)
build→building
care→caring
hear→hearing
pass→passing
read→reading
see→seeing
wear→wearing
“-er” Adjectives and Adverbs
Forms the comparative degree for
many adjectives and adverbs.
big→bigger
fast→faster*
happy→happier
high→higher*
sad→sadder
slow→slower*
“-est” Adjectives and Adverbs
Forms the superlative degree for
many adjectives and adverbs.
big→biggest
fast→fastest*
happy→happiest
high→highest*
sad→saddest
slow→slowest*
(*These words function either as adjectives or adverbs, depending on their use. Those without an
asterisk only function as adjectives.)
Suffixes that form verbs
Derivational suffixes that create verbs attach to nouns and adjectives:
“-en”
1. To become or cause to become.
2. To come or cause to have.
1. Adjectives
2. Nouns
black→blacken
broad→broaden
cheap→cheapen
fright→frighten
hard→harden
heart→hearten
length→lengthen
red→redden
sharp→sharpen
sick→sicken
strength→strengthen
“-ify” To make or cause to
become.
 Adjectives, nouns
ample→amplify
beauty→beautify
clear→clarify
diverse→diversify
dignity→dignify
glory→glorify
just→justify
pure→purify
null→nullify
simple→simplify
type→typify
“-ize”To become or cause to become; to do or
make that to which the suffix is attached.
Adjectives, nouns
accessory→accessorize
apology→apologize
capital→capitalize
civil→civilize
economy→economize
empathy→empathize
fertile→fertilize
industrial→industrialize
legal→legalize
human→humanize
standard→standardize
theory→theorize
union→unionize
“-al” Having the characteristics of or relating to. Nouns
artifice→artificial
bride→bridal
brute→brutal
center→central
emotion→emotional
form→formal
logic→logical
music→musical
politics→political
space→spatial
tide→tidal
“-ful”
1. Full of; characterized by.
2. Tending or able to.
1. Nouns
2. Verbs
beauty→beautiful
care→careful
delight→delightful
forget→forgetful
grace→graceful
joy→joyful
law→lawful
mourn→mournful
play→playful
respect→respectful
waste→wasteful
“-ic”
Having the
characteristics of or
relating to.
Nouns
acid→acidic
base→basic
comedy→comedic
galaxy→galactic
hero→heroic
irony→ironic
magnet→magnetic
myth→mythic
nostalgia→nostalgic
poetry→poetic
rhythm→rhythmic
system→systemic
“-ish”
1. Typical of, similar to, or related to.
2. Of or associated with (a particular nationality,
region, or language).
3. Inclined to or preoccupied with.
Nouns
book→bookish
boy→boyish
Britain→British
child→childish
clown→clownish
Denmark→Danish
fiend→fiendish
girl→girlish
nightmare→nightmarish
prude→prudish
self→selfish
Spain→Spanish
Sweden→Swedish
“less” Lacking; deprived of; without. Nouns
aim→aimless
blame→blameless
color→colorless
doubt→doubtless
home→homeless
hope→hopeless
limit→limitless
need→needless
point→pointless
rest→restless
self→selfless
time→timeless
use→useless
“-ous” Possessing; characterized by; full of. Nouns
advantage→advantageous
caution→cautious
disaster→disastrous
fame→famous
glamor→glamorous
joy→joyous
malice→malicious
nutrition→nutritious
religion→religious
pretense→pretentious
poison→poisonous
suspicion→suspicious
“-ways/-wise”
(“-wise” is much more
common, especially in
American English, except with
the root side, which almost
always becomes sideways)
1. In a specified manner,
direction, or position.
2. With reference or in
regard to. (sometimes
hyphenated)
Nouns,
 adjectives
clock→clockwise
business→businesswise
edge→edgewise (occasionally: 
edgeways)
health→health-wise
length→lengthwise (occasionally:
 lengthways)
like→likewise
other→otherwise
side→sideways
weather→weather-wise
“-ward”
In a specified direction
or position.
Nouns, adjectives,
adverbs
back→backward
down→downward
east→eastward
fore→forward
front→frontward
home→homeward
north→northward
on→onward
south→southward
to→toward
west→westward
Other Affixes
While prefixes and suffixes are by far the most common types of affixes in
English, there are a few others that appear less often: interfixes, simulfixes,
circumfixes, infixes, and suprafixes. Some of these are like prefixes and suffixes,
in that they attach a new letter or letters to an existing base word or root to
create a new term; others function by changing a letter within a word, or by
changing the pronunciation of a word.
Interfixes
An interfix (also known as a linking element) is a single letter (usually a vowel,
and especially O) that doesn’t have specific meaning in itself, but instead acts as
a connector between different words, roots, or word-forming elements.
For example:
∙ arachnophobia (O replaces “-id” from arachnid)
∙ discography (O attaches to the word disc)
∙ egotism (T attaches to the word ego)
∙ embryonic (N attaches to the word embryo)
∙ filmography (O attaches to the word film)
∙ hallucinogen (O replaces “-ation” from hallucination)
∙ herbicide (I attaches to the word herb)
∙ ionosphere (O attaches to the word ion)
∙ kleptomania (O replaces “-es” from the Greek root kleptes)
∙ lobotomy (O replaces “-e” from lobe)
∙ pesticide (I attaches to the word pest)
∙ speedometer (O attaches to the word speed)
∙ tracheotomy (O replaces “-a” from trachea)
 
 
There are also a number of informal, colloquial, or humorous terms that
writers sometimes coin by using an interfix with a noun and familiar ending
to mimic the structure of standard words. For example:
∙ applause-o-meter (mimics words like speedometer)
∙ blogosphere (mimics words like atmosphere)
∙ rodenticide (mimics words like pesticide)
∙ germophobia/germaphobia (mimics words like arachnophobia)
∙ smell-o-vision (mimics the word television)
Simulfixes
 
A simulfix is a letter or group of letters that changes within a word
(rather than being added to it) to indicate a shift in grammatical
meaning. The most common of these occur in nouns that have
irregular plural forms or verbs with irregular conjugations.
Irregular Nouns Irregular Verbs
man→men
woman→women
mouse→mice
goose→geese
louse→lice
tooth→teeth
foot→feet
knife→knives
wolf→wolves
leaf→leaves
thief→thieves
swim→swam→swum
sing→sang→sung
see→saw
run→ran
grow→grew
ride→rode
sit→sat
get→got
give→gave
drive→drove
think→thought
Circumfixes
 
Circumfixes are word elements that appear at both the end and beginning of a
base word, usually forming transitive verbs. There are only a few words that
could be said to feature circumfixes in English:
∙ enlighten
∙ enliven
∙ embolden
∙ evaporate
Infixes
 
Infixes are words or word elements that appear within a base word, usually
separated by hyphens. There are no “true” infixes in English; instead, they are all
formed colloquially in speech and writing, typically for the sake of adding emphasis
to a word.
Most commonly, infixes are used with words that have more than two syllables, and
they usually consist of expletives (curse words) or minced oaths (euphemistic
expressions meant to represent expletives without using the actual words).
For example:
∙ abso-bloody-lutely
∙ fan-frickin’-tastic
∙ un-stinkin’-believable
 
Suprafix
 
A suprafix (sometimes called a superfix) is unique among affixes in that it
refers to a change in a word’s pronunciation to indicate a difference in
grammatical function and meaning, rather than a change in spelling. The
name comes from the term suprasegmental, which refers to speech
sounds like stress and pitch rather than those related to the pronunciation
of letters.
Most often, suprafixes occur with words that can function as either a
noun or a verb.
Word Noun Verb
contest
con·test
(/ˈkɑn.tɛst/)
con·test
(/kənˈtɛst/)
desert
des·ert
(/ˈdɛz.ərt/)
de·sert
(/dɪˈzɜrt/)
increase
in·crease
(/ˈɪn.kris/)
in·crease
(/ɪnˈkris/)
object
ob·ject
(/ˈɑb.ʤɛkt/)
ob·ject
(/əbˈʤɛkt/)
permit
per·mit
(/ˈpɜr.mɪt/)
per·mit
(/ˈpɜr.mɪt/)
present
pres·ent
(/ˈprɛz.ənt/
pre·sent
(/prɪˈzɛnt/)
project
proj·ect
(/ˈprɑʤ.ɛkt/)
pro·ject
(/prəˈʤɛkt/)
rebel
reb·el
(/ˈrɛb.əl/)
re·bel
(/rɪˈbɛl/)
record
rec·ord
(/ˈrɛk.ərd/)
re·cord
(/rəˈkɔrd/)
refuse
ref·use
(/ˈrɛf.juz/)
re·fuse
(/rɪˈfjuz/)
subject
sub·ject
(/ˈsʌb.ʤɛkt/)
sub·ject
(/səbˈʤɛkt/)
Reference:
 
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Affixes.htm