<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">UNIVERSIDADE REGIONAL INTEGRADA DO ALTO URUGUAI E </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">DAS MISSÕES <span class="ff2 ws0">\u2013</span> URI ERECHIM </div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff1 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">DEPARTAMENTO DE <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ENGENHARIAS E C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>IÊNCI<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A DA COMPUTAÇÃ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O </div><div class="t m0 x4 h3 y4 ff1 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">CURSO DE GRADU<span class="_0 blank"> </span>AÇÃO EM ENGENHAR<span class="_0 blank"> </span>IA CIVIL<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h4 y5 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y8 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y9 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 ya ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yb ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yc ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 yd ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">TOPOGRAFIA I </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 ye ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y10 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y11 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h2 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">PROF. ME. LEANDRO PINTO </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y13 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y14 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y18 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h2 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2014 <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x3 y1d w2 h7" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2 </div><div class="t m0 xa ha y20 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">SUMÁRIO </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y21 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y22 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1 INTRODUÇÃO À TOPOGRAFIA <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls3 ws2">......................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span>4<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y23 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.1 DEFINIÇÃO <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>4<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y24 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.2 FINALIDADE <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>4<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y25 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.3 IMPORTÂNCIA <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.........................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>4<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y26 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.4 HISTÓRIA <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>5<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y27 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5 DIVISÃO <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.....................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>7<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y28 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5.1 Topometria <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_5 blank"></span>7<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y29 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5.2 Topologia <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_2 blank"></span>8<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2 ETAPAS DE UM PROJETO TOPOGRÁFICO <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls3 ws2">....................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span>8<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.1 LEVANTAMENTO <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">....................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>8<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.2 CÁLCULO <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>8<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.3 DESENHO <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_5 blank"></span>8<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y2e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3 MÉTODO DA IRRADIAÇÃO <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls3 ws2">............................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span>9<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.1 INTRODUÇÃO <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..........................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_4 blank"></span>9<span class="fs5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y30 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.2 DISTÂNCIAS <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">10<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y31 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.3 ÂNGULOS E POLIGONAIS <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">10<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y32 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.3.1 Tipos de poligonais <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.........................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">11<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y33 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4 ERRO ANGULAR <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">................................................................<span class="_0 blank"> </span>....................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">12<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y34 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4.1 Verificação do erro angular <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..........................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls2">12<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y35 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4.2 Tolerância para o erro angular <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">....................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">13<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y36 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4.3 Compensação do erro angular <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">13<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y37 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4 AZIMUTES <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">14<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y38 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4.1 Tipos de azimutes <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">............................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">15<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y39 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4.2 Conversão de azimutes <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">18<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4.3 Obtenção dos azimutes <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">19<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.4.4 Transporte de azimutes <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">19<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.5 RUMO <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.......................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">20<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.5.1 Transformações de azimutes e <span class="_8 blank"></span>rumos<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.....................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">21<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.6 PROJEÇÕES <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">22<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.7 COORDENADAS <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">....................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">22<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y40 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.8 ÁREA <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..........................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">23<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[4,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:701.210000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[4,"XYZ",68,704,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:680.250000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[4,"XYZ",68,465,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:659.290000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[4,"XYZ",68,178,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:638.320000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.970000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[5,"XYZ",68,493,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:617.360000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:596.400000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[7,"XYZ",68,684,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:575.440000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:554.480000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",68,549,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:533.520000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",68,505,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:512.560000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",68,337,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:491.600000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[8,"XYZ",68,194,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:470.640000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[9,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:449.680000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[9,"XYZ",68,704,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:428.710000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.970000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[10,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:407.750000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[10,"XYZ",68,167,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:386.790000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[11,"XYZ",68,614,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:365.830000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[12,"XYZ",68,477,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:344.870000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[12,"XYZ",68,429,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:323.910000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[13,"XYZ",68,543,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:302.950000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[13,"XYZ",68,218,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:281.990000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[14,"XYZ",68,253,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:261.030000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[15,"XYZ",68,365,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:240.070000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[18,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:219.110000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[19,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:198.140000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.970000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[19,"XYZ",68,322,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:177.180000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[20,"XYZ",68,467,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:156.220000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[21,"XYZ",68,498,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:135.260000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[22,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:114.300000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[22,"XYZ",68,367,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:93.340000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[23,"XYZ",68,593,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:72.379000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.961000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x3 y41 w3 hb" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y42 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.9 REPRESENTAÇÃO <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1">. <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">24<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y43 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4 MÉTODO DA POLIGONAÇÃO <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls3 ws2">......................................................................................<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ls5 ws4">25<span class="fs5 ls0 ws1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.1 INTRODUÇÃO <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">........................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">25<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y44 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.2 DISTÂNCIAS <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">25<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y45 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.3 ÂNGULOS E POLIGONAIS <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">26<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y46 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.3.1. Medida de ângulos<span class="ls1 ws3">.........................................................................................................................</span> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">26<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y47 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.3.2 Amarração das Poligonais <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">............................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">27<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y48 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.4 ERRO ANGULAR <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">................................................................<span class="_0 blank"> </span>....................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">29<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y49 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.4.1 Verificação do erro angular <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..........................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls2">29<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.4.2 Tolerância para o erro angular <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">....................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">30<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.4.3 Compensação do erro angular <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">30<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.5 AZIMUTES <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">31<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.5.1 Transporte de azimutes <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">32<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.6 PROJEÇÕES <span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.............................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">33<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.7 ERRO LINEAR <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">................................<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.........................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">33<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y50 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.7.1 Verificação do erro linear <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..............................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">33<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y51 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.7.2 Tolerância para o erro linear <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">........................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">35<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y52 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.7.3 Compensação do erro linear <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.......................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">35<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y53 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">4.<span class="ls0 ws1">7 COORDENADAS <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">....................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">37<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y54 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.8 ÁREA <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..........................................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">37<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y55 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4.9 REPRESENTAÇÃO GRÁFICA <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..............................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">39<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y56 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">5 DIVISÃO E DEMARCAÇÃO DE TERRAS <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls3 ws2">.......................................................................<span class="ls5 ws4">40<span class="fs5 ls0 ws1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y57 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">5.1 INTRODUÇÃO <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">........................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">40<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y58 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">5.2 DIVISÃO E DEMARCAÇÃO AMIGÁVEIS <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">........................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">41<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y59 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">5.3 DIVISÃO E DEMARCAÇÃO JUDICIAIS <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">...........................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">41<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y16 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">5.4 DIVISÃO DE TERRAS PELO MÉTODO ANALÍTICO <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">....................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">42<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y5a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">6 ÁREAS EXTRAPOLIGONAIS <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls3 ws2">..........................................................................................<span class="ls5 ws4">44<span class="fs5 ls0 ws1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y5b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">6.1 INTRODUÇÃO <span class="_2 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">........................................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">44<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y5c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">6.2 CÁLCULO DAS ÁREAS EXTRAPOLIGONAIS <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">.................................................................................<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_3 blank"></span><span class="ls2">45<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y5d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">6.2.1 Método dos trapézios <span class="_4 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">....................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_7 blank"></span><span class="ls2">45<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y5e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">6.2.2 Método dos triângulos <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls1 ws3">..................................................................................................................<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls2">46<span class="fs5 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y5f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">7 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS <span class="_6 blank"></span><span class="ls3 ws2">..................................................................................<span class="ls5 ws4">48<span class="fc2 ls4 ws1"> <span class="ff3 ls0"> </span></span></span></span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[24,"XYZ",68,413,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:735.790000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:714.830000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",68,704,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:693.870000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",68,585,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:672.910000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[26,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:651.950000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[26,"XYZ",68,708,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:630.980000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.970000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[27,"XYZ",68,434,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:610.020000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[29,"XYZ",68,190,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:589.060000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[29,"XYZ",68,142,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:568.100000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[30,"XYZ",68,559,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:547.140000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[30,"XYZ",68,282,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:526.180000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[31,"XYZ",68,286,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:505.220000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[32,"XYZ",68,415,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:484.260000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[33,"XYZ",68,565,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:463.300000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[33,"XYZ",68,221,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:442.340000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[33,"XYZ",68,173,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:421.370000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.970000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[35,"XYZ",68,581,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:400.410000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[35,"XYZ",68,338,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:379.450000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[37,"XYZ",68,661,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:358.490000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[37,"XYZ",68,275,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:337.530000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[39,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:316.570000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:295.610000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",68,704,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:274.650000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[41,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:253.690000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[41,"XYZ",68,373,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:232.730000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[42,"XYZ",68,637,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:211.770000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[44,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:190.800000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.970000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[44,"XYZ",68,704,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:169.840000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[45,"XYZ",68,364,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:148.880000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[45,"XYZ",68,316,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:127.920000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[46,"XYZ",68,553,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:106.960000px;width:471.650000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",68,756,null]'><div class="d m1" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:68.650000px;bottom:86.000000px;width:472.300000px;height:20.960000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y60 w4 hc" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">4 </div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">1 <span class="ls0">INTRODUÇÃO À TOPOGRA<span class="_8 blank"></span>FIA </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y62 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y63 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.1 DEFINIÇÃO </div><div class="t m0 xb h5 y64 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A <span class="_9 blank"> </span>palavra <span class="_9 blank"> </span>topografia <span class="_9 blank"> </span>deriva <span class="_9 blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m0 xc hd y65 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">palavras <span class="_a blank"> </span>gregas <span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="ff5 ws2">topos</span><span class="ls6"> <span class="ls8">e <span class="_b blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ff5 ws2">graphen,</span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>que </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y66 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">significa <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>descrição <span class="_d blank"> </span>exata <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>minuciosa <span class="_c blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y67 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">um <span class="_a blank"> </span>lugar <span class="_a blank"> </span>(DO<span class="_8 blank"></span>MINGUES, <span class="_a blank"> </span>1979). <span class="_a blank"> </span>Pode <span class="_a blank"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y68 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">definida <span class="_e blank"> </span>também <span class="_e blank"> </span>como <span class="_e blank"> </span><span class="ls2">a <span class="_e blank"> </span></span>ciência <span class="_e blank"> </span>que <span class="_e blank"> </span>tr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ata </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y69 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">do <span class="_d blank"> </span>levantamento <span class="_d blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>representação <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>uma<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y6a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">superfície <span class="_f blank"> </span>limitada <span class="_f blank"> </span>da <span class="_f blank"> </span>Terra<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_f blank"> </span>(MARQUES<span class="ls9">, </span></div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y6b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1998). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y6d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.2 FINALIDADE </div><div class="t m0 xb h5 y6e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A <span class="_10 blank"> </span>topografia <span class="_10 blank"> </span>tem <span class="_10 blank"> </span>por <span class="_10 blank"> </span>finalidade </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y6f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">determinar o conto<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rno, dimensão e posição </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y70 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de uma porção limitada acima ou abaixo da </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y71 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">superfície <span class="_c blank"> </span>terre<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stre <span class="_d blank"> </span>desconsiderando <span class="_d blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>sua </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y72 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">curvatura. <span class="_11 blank"> </span>Compete <span class="_11 blank"> </span>ainda <span class="_11 blank"> </span>à <span class="_11 blank"> </span>Topografia, <span class="_11 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y73 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">locação, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>no <span class="_0 blank"> </span>terreno, de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>proj<span class="_0 blank"> </span>etos elaborados </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y74 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">de <span class="_12 blank"> </span>Engenharia <span class="_13 blank"> </span>(DOMINGUES, <span class="_12 blank"> </span>1979). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y75 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Segundo <span class="_c blank"> </span>Marques <span class="_c blank"> </span>(1998), <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>Topografia <span class="_c blank"> </span>tem <span class="_c blank"> </span>como <span class="_c blank"> </span>objetivo <span class="_c blank"> </span>determinar <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sição, <span class="_c blank"> </span>em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y76 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">três <span class="_14 blank"> </span>dimensões, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>características <span class="_14 blank"> </span>naturais <span class="_14 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_14 blank"> </span>artificiais <span class="_a blank"> </span>sobre <span class="_14 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_14 blank"> </span>sob <span class="_14 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>superfície </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y77 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">terrestre. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y78 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y79 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.3 IMPORTÂNCIA </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 y7a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws1">A <span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="ls0">Topografia <span class="_11 blank"> </span>é <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_11 blank"> </span>base <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_15 blank"> </span>qualquer <span class="_15 blank"> </span>projeto <span class="_d blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_15 blank"> </span>qualquer <span class="_15 blank"> </span>obra <span class="_15 blank"> </span>realiza<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_15 blank"> </span>por </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">engenheiros. Po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r exemplo, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>os trabalho<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s de obr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as viárias, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>núcleos habitacionais, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>edifícios, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aeroportos, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>hidro<span class="_0 blank"> </span>grafia, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>usinas <span class="_14 blank"> </span>hidrelétricas, <span class="_a blank"> </span>telecomunicações, <span class="_a blank"> </span>sistemas <span class="_14 blank"> </span>de <span class="_14 blank"> </span>águ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_14 blank"> </span>e </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y7d w4 he" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">5 </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y42 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">esgoto, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>planejamento, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>urbanismo, </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y7e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">paisagismo, <span class="_17 blank"> </span>irrigação, <span class="_17 blank"> </span>drenagem, <span class="_17 blank"> </span>cultura, </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y7f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">reflorestamento <span class="_14 blank"> </span>etc., <span class="_14 blank"> </span>se <span class="_14 blank"> </span>desenvolvem <span class="_14 blank"> </span>em </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y80 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">função <span class="_18 blank"> </span>do <span class="_18 blank"> </span>terreno <span class="_18 blank"> </span>sobre <span class="_18 blank"> </span>o <span class="_18 blank"> </span>qual <span class="_18 blank"> </span>se </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y81 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">assentam (DOMINGUES, 1979). </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 y82 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsa ws1">É <span class="ls0">através <span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ls2">da </span>Topogra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>fia que se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>executa a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>medição<span class="_0 blank"> </span> e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o cálculo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>das á<span class="_0 blank"> </span>reas de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>terras, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y83 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">sua <span class="_0 blank"> </span>demarcação <span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ls8">e <span class="_19 blank"> </span></span>divisão <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>das <span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>perações <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Agrimensura, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>estuda-se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>loca<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y84 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">traçados <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de e<span class="_8 blank"></span>stradas <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de <span class="_11 blank"> </span>ro<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dagem <span class="_11 blank"> </span>e <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_11 blank"> </span>ferro,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_11 blank"> </span>as <span class="_11 blank"> </span>redes <span class="_11 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e distribuição <span class="_11 blank"> </span>de <span class="_11 blank"> </span>água,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_11 blank"> </span>os </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y85 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">sistemas <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>irrigação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>drenagem, <span class="_d blank"> </span>os <span class="_d blank"> </span>projetos <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>açudes, <span class="_d blank"> </span>redes <span class="_d blank"> </span>elétricas <span class="_d blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>obras <span class="_d blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y86 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">terraplanagem em geral (MARQUES, 1998). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y87 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y88 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.4 HISTÓRIA </div><div class="t m0 xe h5 y89 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Dos <span class="_1a blank"> </span>mais <span class="_1a blank"> </span>remotos <span class="_1a blank"> </span>te<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpos <span class="_1a blank"> </span>históricos, </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y8a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tem-se <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>informação <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>que <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>ciência <span class="_c blank"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y8b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">levantamentos <span class="_1b blank"> </span>topográficos tenh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a surgido </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y8c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">no <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Egito. <span class="_19 blank"> </span>As <span class="_0 blank"> </span>enchentes <span class="_0 blank"> </span>do <span class="_19 blank"> </span>Nilo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>arrebatavam </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y8d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">parte <span class="_1a blank"> </span>dessas <span class="_1a blank"> </span>terras <span class="_e blank"> </span>e <span class="_1a blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra <span class="_1a blank"> </span>necessário <span class="_1a blank"> </span>realizar </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y8e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">novos <span class="_1c blank"> </span>levantamentos <span class="_17 blank"> </span>das <span class="_1c blank"> </span>mesmas. <span class="_1c blank"> </span>Esses </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y8f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">levantamentos <span class="_1d blank"> </span>eram <span class="_1d blank"> </span>chamados <span class="_1d blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y90 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">medições. <span class="_1e blank"> </span>Como <span class="_1f blank"> </span>consequência <span class="_1e blank"> </span>desse </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y91 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">trabalho <span class="_19 blank"> </span><span class="lsa ws5">os</span> <span class="_19 blank"> </span>gregos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>desenvolveram <span class="_19 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ciência<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xf h5 y92 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">da geometria. </div><div class="t m0 xe h5 y93 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Heron <span class="_14 blank"> </span>(120 <span class="_a blank"> </span>a. <span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="ls2 ws2">C.</span>) <span class="_14 blank"> </span>sobressaiu-se <span class="_14 blank"> </span>na </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y94 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aplicação <span class="_15 blank"> </span>da <span class="_15 blank"> </span>geometria <span class="_15 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_15 blank"> </span>levantament<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_15 blank"> </span>to<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pográficos. <span class="_d blank"> </span>Ele <span class="_15 blank"> </span>foi<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_15 blank"> </span>o <span class="_15 blank"> </span>autor <span class="_15 blank"> </span>de <span class="_15 blank"> </span>diversos<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y95 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">tratados <span class="_20 blank"> </span>importantes <span class="_20 blank"> </span>de <span class="_20 blank"> </span>interesse <span class="_20 blank"> </span>para <span class="_20 blank"> </span>engenheiros, <span class="_20 blank"> </span>inclusive <span class="_20 blank"> </span>um <span class="_20 blank"> </span>chamado <span class="_20 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y96 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Nivelamento, qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e relata <span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_0 blank"> </span>métodos de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>levantamento <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de campo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, r<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ebatendo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>plano </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y97 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws1">e <span class="_e blank"> </span><span class="ls0">fazendo <span class="_e blank"> </span>cálculos. <span class="_e blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sse <span class="_e blank"> </span>tratado <span class="_e blank"> </span>descrevia <span class="_e blank"> </span>também <span class="_c blank"> </span>os <span class="_e blank"> </span>p<span class="lsb ws6">ri</span>meiros <span class="_e blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>quipamentos, <span class="_e blank"> </span>e, <span class="_e blank"> </span>por </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y98 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">muitos anos, os levantamentos gregos e egípcios <span class="ls8 ws7">er</span>am baseados na obra. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y99 w4 hf" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">6 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y42 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span> Novo avanço teve a arte dos le<span class="_8 blank"></span>vantamentos com a expansão do império romano. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Foram <span class="_0 blank"> </span>desenvolvidos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>no<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>métodos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>práticos, cujo <span class="_19 blank"> </span>melhor <span class="_0 blank"> </span>tratado <span class="_0 blank"> </span>nessa <span class="_0 blank"> </span>matéria<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>foi <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Frontinus (100 d. C.), sendo que permaneceu de modelo padrão por <span class="_8 blank"></span>vários anos. </div><div class="t m0 xb h5 y80 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A <span class="_10 blank"> </span>habilidade <span class="_22 blank"> </span>de <span class="_22 blank"> </span>engenharia <span class="_22 blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y81 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">romanos <span class="_e blank"> </span>foi <span class="_1a blank"> </span>demonstrada <span class="_1a blank"> </span>em <span class="_e blank"> </span>trabalhos <span class="_1a blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y82 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">construção <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>interesse<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>militar <span class="_e blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>império </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y83 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">romano. <span class="_23 blank"> </span>Devido <span class="_23 blank"> </span>à <span class="_9 blank"> </span>necessidade <span class="_23 blank"> </span>destas </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y84 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">construções, resultou na organização dos </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y85 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">métodos <span class="_1b blank"> </span>de <span class="_1b blank"> </span>levantamento<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. <span class="_1b blank"> </span>Equipamentos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y86 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">simples eram desenvolvidos e usados. </div><div class="t m0 xd hd y87 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Um <span class="_19 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_19 blank"> </span>an<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tigos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>manuscritos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>em <span class="_19 blank"> </span>ex<span class="_0 blank"> </span>istência <span class="_19 blank"> </span>é <span class="_19 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1a blank"> </span><span class="ff5">Codex<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_19 blank"> </span>Acerianus</span> <span class="_1a blank"> </span>escrito <span class="_19 blank"> </span>por </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y88 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">volta do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> século VI<span class="_0 blank"> </span> qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tém um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>apanhado do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s levantamentos feit<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os pelos ro<span class="_0 blank"> </span>manos<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="lsc">e </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y89 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">inclusas <span class="_d blank"> </span>diversas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span>páginas <span class="_15 blank"> </span>do <span class="_15 blank"> </span>trabalho <span class="_15 blank"> </span>de <span class="_15 blank"> </span>Frontinus. <span class="_d blank"> </span>O <span class="_15 blank"> </span>manuscrito <span class="_15 blank"> </span>foi <span class="_15 blank"> </span>encontrado <span class="_15 blank"> </span>no </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y8a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">século X por Serbert <span class="_11 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span> serviu como base <span class="_24 blank"> </span>para o seu texto em <span class="_24 blank"> </span>geometria<span class="_0 blank"> </span> que foi </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y8b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">largamente dedicado ao estudo dos levantamentos. </div><div class="t m0 xb h5 y8c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">O <span class="_20 blank"> </span>grande <span class="_25 blank"> </span>impulso <span class="_20 blank"> </span>na <span class="_20 blank"> </span>topografia </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y8d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ocorreu <span class="_c blank"> </span>no <span class="_c blank"> </span>século <span class="_c blank"> </span>XVI<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>quando <span class="_26 blank"> </span>em <span class="_26 blank"> </span>1571 <span class="_c blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y8e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">matemático inglês Thomas Digges <span class="_0 blank"> </span>publicou </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y8f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">um <span class="_19 blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_19 blank"> </span>primeiros <span class="_19 blank"> </span>tratado<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_19 blank"> </span>topográficos <span class="_1a blank"> </span>no </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y90 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">qual <span class="_27 blank"> </span>descrevera <span class="_27 blank"> </span>um <span class="_27 blank"> </span>instrumento </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y91 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">topográfico <span class="_28 blank"> </span>que <span class="_28 blank"> </span>foi <span class="_28 blank"> </span>precursor <span class="_28 blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y92 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">equipamentos atuais. </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 y93 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Após <span class="_1a blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>segunda <span class="_1a blank"> </span>guerra <span class="_e blank"> </span>mundial <span class="_1a blank"> </span>com <span class="_e blank"> </span>o <span class="_1a blank"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="_1a blank"> </span>da <span class="_e blank"> </span>ciência <span class="_1a blank"> </span>eletrônica <span class="_e blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y94 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">topografia <span class="_1b blank"> </span>teve <span class="_14 blank"> </span>um <span class="_14 blank"> </span>avanço <span class="_14 blank"> </span>espetacular<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. <span class="_1b blank"> </span>Hoje <span class="_14 blank"> </span>com <span class="_14 blank"> </span>o <span class="_14 blank"> </span>advento <span class="_1b blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_1b blank"> </span>distanci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ômetros </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y95 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">eletrônicos <span class="_d blank"> </span>conseguimos <span class="_d blank"> </span>precisão <span class="_d blank"> </span>qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>nossos <span class="_d blank"> </span>antepassados <span class="_15 blank"> </span>consideravam <span class="_d blank"> </span>impossível </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y96 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(MARQUES, 1998). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y97 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y98 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y9a w4 h10" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">7 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5 DIVISÃO </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 y7e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws1">A <span class="ls0">Topografia pode ser dividida em duas partes T<span class="_8 blank"></span>opometria e Topologia.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y80 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5.1 Topometria </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y81 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_21 blank"> </span>Segundo <span class="_26 blank"> </span>Marques <span class="_26 blank"> </span>(1998), <span class="_26 blank"> </span>a <span class="_26 blank"> </span>topo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>metria <span class="_e blank"> </span>é <span class="_26 blank"> </span>b<span class="_0 blank"> </span>aseada <span class="_e blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_e blank"> </span>princípios <span class="_c blank"> </span>da <span class="_26 blank"> </span>geometria </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y82 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">aplicada, <span class="_1c blank"> </span>que <span class="_1c blank"> </span>através <span class="_1c blank"> </span>de <span class="_1c blank"> </span>aparelho<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_17 blank"> </span>especiais, <span class="_1c blank"> </span>pr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ocede-se <span class="_1c blank"> </span>as <span class="_1c blank"> </span>medidas <span class="_1c blank"> </span>lineares <span class="_1c blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y83 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">angulares. <span class="_c blank"> </span>A <span class="_c blank"> </span>topometria <span class="_26 blank"> </span>se <span class="_c blank"> </span>divide <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_c blank"> </span>Planimetria <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>Altimetria,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>também <span class="_c blank"> </span>chamadas <span class="_c blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y84 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Placometria e Hipsometria, respectivamente. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y85 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y86 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5.1.1 Planimetria </div><div class="t m0 x10 h5 y87 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">É <span class="_1a blank"> </span>a <span class="_1a blank"> </span>parte <span class="_1a blank"> </span>da <span class="_1a blank"> </span>topometria <span class="_1a blank"> </span>que <span class="_1a blank"> </span>estuda <span class="_1a blank"> </span>os </div><div class="t m0 x11 h5 y88 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">levantamentos <span class="_11 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_11 blank"> </span>plano horizontal, <span class="_11 blank"> </span>ou seja,<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x11 h5 y89 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">determina <span class="_29 blank"> </span>as <span class="_29 blank"> </span>projeções <span class="_29 blank"> </span>horizontais <span class="_29 blank"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m0 x11 h5 y8a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">pontos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>do <span class="_1a blank"> </span>terreno, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>ou <span class="_1a blank"> </span>seja, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>as <span class="_1a blank"> </span>coordenadas <span class="_1a blank"> </span>X </div><div class="t m0 x11 h5 y8b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Y (repre<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sentação <span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="lsb ws6">bi</span>dimensional) (MA<span class="_0 blank"> </span>RQUES<span class="ls9">, </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h5 y8c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1998). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y8d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y8e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5.1.2 Altimetria </div><div class="t m0 xb h5 y8f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">É <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>par<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_0 blank"> </span>topometri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que <span class="_0 blank"> </span>trata <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y90 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">determinação <span class="_1a blank"> </span>do <span class="_e blank"> </span>relevo <span class="_1a blank"> </span>no <span class="_e blank"> </span>solo, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>ou <span class="_e blank"> </span>seja, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y91 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">coordenada <span class="_9 blank"> </span>Z <span class="_23 blank"> </span>(repre<span class="_8 blank"></span>sentação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>tridimen- </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y92 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">sional) <span class="_11 blank"> </span>dos pontos <span class="_11 blank"> </span>levantados no <span class="_24 blank"> </span>terreno </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y93 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(MARQUES, <span class="_17 blank"> </span>1998). <span class="_17 blank"> </span>Ao <span class="_b blank"> </span>con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>junto <span class="_17 blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>métodos <span class="_17 blank"> </span>abrangidos <span class="_17 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_17 blank"> </span>planimetria <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_17 blank"> </span>pela </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y94 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">altimetria dá-se o nome de planialtimetria. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y95 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y96 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y97 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y98 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y9b w5 h11" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">8 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.5.2 Topologia </div><div class="t m0 xb h5 y7e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">É a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>parte <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da Topografia <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que estuda <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y7f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">conformação <span class="_29 blank"> </span>do <span class="_29 blank"> </span>terreno, <span class="_29 blank"> </span>as <span class="_29 blank"> </span>leis <span class="_29 blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y80 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">modelado <span class="_2a blank"> </span>terrestre <span class="_2a blank"> </span>bem <span class="_2a blank"> </span>como <span class="_2a blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y81 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">nomenclatura dos acidentes <span class="_1b blank"> </span>topográficos, </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y82 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(MARQUES, <span class="_c blank"> </span>1998) <span class="_c blank"> </span>utilizando<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se <span class="_26 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_c blank"> </span>dados<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y83 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">obtidos através da topometria. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y84 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y9c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y9d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2 ETAPAS DE UM PR<span class="_8 blank"></span>OJETO TOPOGRÁ<span class="_8 blank"></span>FICO </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y9e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y9f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.1 LEVANTAMENTO </div><div class="t m0 x12 h5 ya0 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">São <span class="_2b blank"> </span>operações <span class="_2b blank"> </span>realizadas <span class="_2b blank"> </span>percorrendo <span class="_2b blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x13 h5 ya1 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">terreno, <span class="_11 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_15 blank"> </span>qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais <span class="_15 blank"> </span>se <span class="_11 blank"> </span>obtém <span class="_11 blank"> </span>as <span class="_11 blank"> </span>medidas <span class="_15 blank"> </span>lin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eares <span class="_15 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x13 h5 ya2 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">angulares <span class="_22 blank"> </span>que <span class="_22 blank"> </span>permitem <span class="_22 blank"> </span>continuar <span class="_22 blank"> </span>as <span class="_10 blank"> </span>próxi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mas </div><div class="t m0 x13 h5 ya3 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">etapas. </div><div class="t m0 x14 h5 ya4 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 ya5 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 ya6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.2 CÁLCULO </div><div class="t m0 x13 h5 ya7 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">São <span class="_10 blank"> </span>o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>perações <span class="_10 blank"> </span>realizadas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>no <span class="_10 blank"> </span>escritório <span class="_2c blank"> </span>com <span class="_2c blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x15 h5 ya8 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">finalidade <span class="_10 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2c blank"> </span>obter-se <span class="_2c blank"> </span>as <span class="_10 blank"> </span>coo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rdenadas <span class="_10 blank"> </span>horizon<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tais <span class="_10 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x15 h5 ya9 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">verticais, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>as <span class="_1a blank"> </span>quais <span class="_e blank"> </span>serão <span class="_e blank"> </span>usadas <span class="_1a blank"> </span>para <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_1a blank"> </span>confecção <span class="_1a blank"> </span>de <span class="_1a blank"> </span>plan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ta </div><div class="t m0 x15 h5 yaa ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">planimétrica ou planialtimétrica. </div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 yab ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yac ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.3 DESENHO </div><div class="t m0 x16 h5 yad ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">São as <span class="_1b blank"> </span>operações gr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>áficas destinadas a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x17 h5 yae ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">confecções <span class="_0 blank"> </span>das <span class="_19 blank"> </span>respectivas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>plantas, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>obedecendo </div><div class="t m0 x17 h5 yaf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">as normas da ABNT. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x18 yb0 w6 h12" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">9 </div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3 MÉTODO DA I<span class="_8 blank"></span>RRADIAÇÃO </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y62 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y63 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.1 INTRODUÇÃO </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 y64 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">O <span class="_b blank"> </span>método<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>da <span class="_1c blank"> </span>irradiação <span class="_17 blank"> </span>consiste <span class="_b blank"> </span>em<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>un<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ir <span class="_b blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m <span class="_b blank"> </span>pon<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to <span class="_17 blank"> </span>o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nde <span class="_b blank"> </span>fica <span class="_17 blank"> </span>locado <span class="_17 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y65 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">equipamento <span class="_26 blank"> </span>topo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gráfico <span class="_26 blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>todos <span class="_c blank"> </span>os <span class="_c blank"> </span>vértices <span class="_26 blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_26 blank"> </span>polígono<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>(Figura <span class="_26 blank"> </span>1) <span class="_c blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_26 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_26 blank"> </span>levantad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y66 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">através das leituras dos ângulos horizontais e das distâncias. </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 y67 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Geralmente <span class="_0 blank"> </span>usa-se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>esse <span class="_0 blank"> </span>método <span class="_0 blank"> </span>quando<span class="_0 blank"> </span> tivermos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>visibilidade<span class="_0 blank"> </span> da <span class="_19 blank"> </span>estação <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>todos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y68 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">os vértices do polígono. O local <span class="_8 blank"></span>da estação deve ser um ponto onde sejam visíveis todos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y69 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">os <span class="_e blank"> </span>vértices <span class="_1a blank"> </span>do <span class="_e blank"> </span>polígono<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. <span class="_1a blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_1a blank"> </span>estação <span class="_e blank"> </span>pode <span class="_e blank"> </span>estar <span class="_e blank"> </span>dentro <span class="_e blank"> </span>(Figura <span class="_e blank"> </span>1<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a) <span class="_e blank"> </span>ou <span class="_e blank"> </span>fora <span class="_e blank"> </span>do <span class="_e blank"> </span>polígono </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(Figura 1b<span class="lse ws8">).</span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yb1 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_2d blank"> </span> <span class="_2e blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x18 hd yb2 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Figura 1 <span class="ff6 lsd">\u2013</span> Medição dos <span class="_8 blank"></span>ângulos feita por um equipamento locado dentro (a) e fora (<span class="lsf ws9">b)</span> de </div><div class="t m0 x19 hd yb3 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsb ws1">um <span class="ls0">polígono. </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 yb4 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 yb5 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">É um método <span class="_0 blank"> </span>usado em áreas com <span class="_0 blank"> </span>vegetação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> de pequeno porte <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou em locais em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yb6 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">que <span class="_d blank"> </span>não <span class="_c blank"> </span>haja <span class="_d blank"> </span>construções <span class="_d blank"> </span>que <span class="_d blank"> </span>impossibilitem <span class="_d blank"> </span>a <span class="_d blank"> </span>visibilidade <span class="_c blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_c blank"> </span>v<span class="_0 blank"> </span>értices. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Em <span class="_d blank"> </span>caso <span class="_d blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yb7 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">áreas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>maiores <span class="_1a blank"> </span>podem-se <span class="_19 blank"> </span>faz<span class="_0 blank"> </span>er <span class="_19 blank"> </span>irradiações <span class="_19 blank"> </span>m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>últiplas, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>isto <span class="_1a blank"> </span>é, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>com <span class="_1a blank"> </span>duas <span class="_1a blank"> </span>ou <span class="_1a blank"> </span>mais <span class="_19 blank"> </span>esta<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ções </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yb8 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ou <span class="_26 blank"> </span>polos, <span class="_26 blank"> </span>basta <span class="_26 blank"> </span>apenas <span class="_26 blank"> </span>qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_26 blank"> </span>estejam <span class="_26 blank"> </span>interligadas <span class="_c blank"> </span>entre <span class="_c blank"> </span>si <span class="_26 blank"> </span>através <span class="_c blank"> </span>das <span class="_26 blank"> </span>distâncias <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_e blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yb9 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">ângulos horizontais. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yba ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 ybb ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x1a ybc w7 h13" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/84ad91d8-a6b7-43f2-acde-9ed6c857b140/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y1e ff4 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1b h9 y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls10 wsa">10<span class="ls0 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.2 DISTÂNCIAS </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 y7e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">As <span class="_a blank"> </span>distâncias <span class="_a blank"> </span>são <span class="_a blank"> </span>divididas <span class="_a blank"> </span>em <span class="_a blank"> </span>distância <span class="_a blank"> </span>inclinada<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>distância <span class="_a blank"> </span>horizontal. <span class="_a blank"> </span>A </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">distância <span class="_26 blank"> </span>inclinada <span class="_c blank"> </span>(Figura <span class="_c blank"> </span>2a) <span class="_c blank"> </span>é <span class="_26 blank"> </span>medida <span class="_c blank"> </span>entre <span class="_26 blank"> </span>do<span class="_0 blank"> </span>is <span class="_26 blank"> </span>pontos, <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_26 blank"> </span>plan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_26 blank"> </span>que <span class="_26 blank"> </span>seguem <span class="_c blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y80 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">inclinação <span class="_11 blank"> </span>da superfície <span class="_11 blank"> </span>do terreno. <span class="_11 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_11 blank"> </span>distância horizontal <span class="_11 blank"> </span>(Figu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra <span class="_11 blank"> </span>2b) <span class="_24 blank"> </span>é <span class="_11 blank"> </span>a distância </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y81 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">medida entre dois pontos, no pl<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ano horizontal. Este plano pode passar tanto pelo ponto </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y82 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">A, quanto pelo ponto B em questão. </div><div class="t m0 x1c h5 ybd ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1d hd ybe ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Figura 2 <span class="ff6 lsd">\u2013</span> Distância <span class="_8 blank"></span>inclinada (a) e d<span class="ls2 ws6">is</span>tância horizontal (b<span class="ls11 wsb">). </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 ybf ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 yc0 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">É <span class="_1b blank"> </span>importante <span class="_14 blank"> </span>lembrar <span class="_1b blank"> </span>que <span class="_14 blank"> </span>as <span class="_1b blank"> </span>gra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndezas r<span class="_0 blank"> </span>epresentadas <span class="_1b blank"> </span>pela <span class="_1b blank"> </span>pl<span class="_0 blank"> </span>animetria <span class="_1b blank"> </span>são: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yc1 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">distância <span class="_c blank"> </span>ho<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rizontal <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_d blank"> </span>ângulo <span class="_d blank"> </span>horizontal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_c blank"> </span>po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rtanto <span class="_d blank"> </span>devemos <span class="_c blank"> </span>ter <span class="_d blank"> </span>o <span class="_d blank"> </span>cuidado <span class="_d blank"> </span>de <span class="_d blank"> </span>manter </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yc2 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">sempre <span class="_14 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>trena <span class="_a blank"> </span>na <span class="_a blank"> </span>horizontal<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_14 blank"> </span>(Figu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra <span class="_14 blank"> </span>3)<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_14 blank"> </span>evitando-se <span class="_a blank"> </span>tomar <span class="_a blank"> </span>medidas <span class="_14 blank"> </span>inclinad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yc3 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">evitando-se também a catenária (curva). </div><div class="t m0 x1e h5 yc4 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1f hd yc5 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Figura 3 <span class="ff6 lsd">\u2013</span> Medida de distância horizontal <span class="_8 blank"></span>com trena. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yc6 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yc7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.3 ÂNGULOS E POLIGONAIS </div><div class="t m0 xd h5 yc8 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Na <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Planimetria, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ângu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(Figura <span class="_0 blank"> </span>4) <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>medido<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sempre <span class="_0 blank"> </span>na <span class="_0 blank"> </span>no <span class="_0 blank"> </span>plano <span class="_0 blank"> </span>horizontal, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>por </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yc9 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">isso o aparelho deve estar rigorosamente nivelado. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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