Inglês estrutura básica aula 2

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INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa  
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In this class, you will be able to:
- Evaluate and understand trough examples and explanations, the following sequence: morphemes => words => phrases => clauses => sentences. This will provide you the basic knowledge to begin your English Syntax studies; 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In this class, you will be able to:
- Deepen discussions in relation to linguistic and syntactic terminology;
- Recall the importance and the dimension of mastering syntactical analysis establishing connections with Portuguese in order to sediment the studied content, as well as to bring up to discussion the basic syntactic roles played by parts words when connected in sentences 
– subject and predicate 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In this class, you will be able to:
Discuss and understand the different functions and multiple classifications that predicate can assume;
- Connect the notions of transitivity with the studied grammar notions.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Words´ arrangement
Words, as you surely know, are the vehicles that transfer thoughts from individual minds to collective interaction when arranged in a logical and compatible way. This logical and compatible arrangement is actually syntax making communication possible when well administrated. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Morphology X Syntax
For definition, morphology can be understood as the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes appearing in different idioms and other linguistic units, such as words , affixes , parts of speech. 
Morphology – the word study.
Syntax – the sentence study. (combination)
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Discourse analysis
Structural analysis
Structural analysis makes us understand the functioning of a language.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
This analysis and description developed throughout centuries result in a meticulous method for classifying languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used in each language. The resulting method goes from the analytic posture, used only with isolated morphemes, through the agglutinative process. Each revealing the essence of words that will perform a complex role when inserted in sentences.
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The concept of morpheme
The minimal unit of form and meaning -- arises naturally in the analysis of every language. The concept of word is trickier. Words can be made up of several morphemes, and may include several other words, it is easy to find cases where a particular sequence of elements might arguably be considered either a word or a phrase. 
Let´s define “word”?
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Language structure – the smallest unit to the largest.
Phonemes
Phrases
Discourse
Morphemes
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
What is a “word”?
A word, in any language, is the smallest free form that may be pronounced in isolation with semantic (in relation to its meaning) or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme – Yeah! , red, quick, run, expect, or several - rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected, whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word.
Let´s define “word”?
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The term word may refer to a spoken word or to a written word, or sometimes to the abstract concept behind either. The spoken ones are made up of units of sound called phonemes, and written words of symbols called graphemes, such as the letters of English.
Let´s define “word”?
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Phrase – A phrase is a group of two or more grammatically linked words without a subject and predicate  
Clause - a group of grammatically-linked words with a subject and predicate is called a clause 
According to the Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, a clause is a group of words containing a subject and verb, usually forming part of a compound or complex sentence. 
Important Concepts
And what about Syntax? – Main concepts
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.
Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky.
They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night.
Examples
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
It's not a very easy thing to define a sentence. Many grammarians have tried but there is some disagreement about precisely what a sentence is. A sentence is the written expression of a complete thought. In most sentences the reader is given one complete piece of information. This unit teaches you how sentences work and how to write a good sentence.
Sentence
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
A sentence needs to contain the following:
a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop at the end
a subject (person / people or thing(s) that is / are doing something)
a verb (action or doing word).
Sentence
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
All around the world, majority of idioms behave in a similar way and have similar structures. The occurrence of communicative situations in which SUBJECTS an PREDICATE are considerably perceived and to acknowledge them is to begin to understand the way language behave all around the world. 
Sentence
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The basic English sentence form is the statement form, the declarative sentence. A well-formed (shapely, studly) declarative sentence must have both a subject, something the statement is about, and a predicate, something that is said about the subject. A declarative sentence which lacks a subject or predicate is not grammatically complete, and we call it an incomplete sentence or a sentence fragment. There is such a thing as a legitimate use of a sentence fragment--certainly in response to a question--but when in doubt, avoid them. 
Sentence
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Word order – the importance of syntax
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPyo8-Pr55Q&feature=fvsr
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Certainly this noticeable pattern reveals the basic components that are the basis of languages themselves – SUBJECT and PREDICATE. The basic parts of a sentence are the subject, the verb, and (often, but not always) the object. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Subject
The part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates what it
is about, or who or what performs the action (the agent) is called subject. It is typically a noun, a noun-phrase or pronoun. In a declarative sentence, the subject usually appears before the verb . In interrogative sentences , the subject usually follows the first part of a verb. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Predicate
"The predicate typically describes a property of the person or thing referred to by the subject, or describes a situation in which this person or thing plays some role. In elementary clauses describing an action, the subject normally indicates the actor, the person or thing performing the action, while the predicate describes the action, as in Kim left and People complained."
(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006)
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
As it was said a bit earlier, sentences and clauses have typical elements and these elements make sentences differ. This is related also, and primarily, to the type of verb element. A verb can be TRANSITIVE, INTRANSITIVE. When a verb is transitive it means that it is a verb that requires both a direct subject and one or more objects. See the example below:
My sister broke the window.
According to the instructions, we must leave this conditioner in our hair for twenty minutes.
The audience attentively watched the latest production of The Trojan Women.
(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006)
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Predicate
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no object. This differs from a transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. An intransitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb , expressing a doable activity. Second, it willnot have a direct object receiving the action. Take a look at the following example:
1. My father cried.
(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006)
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Now...
Many verbs have both a transitive and an intransitive function, depending on how they are used. The verb break, for instance, sometimes takes a direct object ("Rihanna breaks my heart") and sometimes does not ("When I hear your name, my heart breaks").
A ditransitive verb is one that takes two complements, a direct object and an indirect object at the same time.
Examples
He gave her the letter.
.
Verbs in the sentence structure
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 2-Estudos de Sintaxe - Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Next class...
The concept of syntagma;
The types of syntagmas in English;
- Phrases and its classification
Tema da Apresentação