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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Prof. Fábio Simas
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Main Topics
In this class you are going to:
Study Phrasal Verbs: concepts and types
 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
Hello everybody!
Phrasal verbs are part of a large group of verbs called “multi-part” or "multi-word” verbs. The preposition or adverb that follows the verb is called a particle.
Phrasal verbs and other multi-word verbs are an important part of the English language. However, they are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. They should be avoided in academic writing where it is preferable to use a formal verb such as “to postpone”
rather than “to put off”, “to congregate” rather than “to get together”, “to exit” rather than “to get out”.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
Phrasal verbs usually appear to be totally illogical to a non-native speaker, yet to the native speaker, there is a vague explicable logic.This is partially due to the fact that prepositions are governed by logic.The logic of each nationality varies considerably; that is why prepositions should never be translated as they will almost inevitably be wrong. 
Take a look: The teacher found it hard to put up with/tolerate the boy's silly behavior.
Let’s take a closer look at this intriguing subject.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
I- INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Read the following text:
 
‘When trees die, mushrooms grow on the tree. They break down the lignin and the cellulose which is the most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn you, end up with organic matter going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes on.”
 
There are four phrasal verbs: ‘break down', 'end up', 'go back' and 'go on'. 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Well 'break up' means to 'decompose', 'go back' means to 'return', 'go on' means to 'continue', and 'end up' means to' finish'. 
However, notice that 'break up' can sometimes mean 'finish' as well - we can 'break up' from school.
 
In formal writing, we would be more likely to use words like 'continue' or 'return', than phrasal verbs, which tend to be less formal. 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Learning phrasal verbs is one of the most challenging tasks for English learners. Phrasal verbs quickly become confusing for a few reasons:
One main verb many prepositions - Just think of the verb 'to get', here's a short list: get into, get through, get to, get into, get by, etc.
One phrasal verb, different meanings - Consider the phrasal verb 'pick up': pick up = learn, pick up = physically fetch, pick up = purchase, etc.
One phrasal verb, literal, figurative and idiomatic meanings - How about the verb 'put up': put up / literal = physically place on a shelf, put up / figurative = provide a place to sleep, put up / idiomatic = deal with a situation
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
A phrasal verb is a phrase composed by: 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
The combination creates a meaning different from the original verb alone. 
Example :
	
To get  =  to obtain	
I need to get a new battery for my camera.
To get together  =  to meet 
Why don’t we all get together for lunch one day?
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
VII - TYPES OF PHRASAL VERBS
There are three types of phrasal verbs:
In this lesson, we are going to study the first case, which is called “phrasal verb proper”
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
First of all, let’s see some examples of these types:
Verb + particle (adverb) (particle phrasal verbs)
a. They brought that up twice. – up is a particle, not a preposition.
b. You should think it over. – over is a particle, not a preposition.
c. Why does he always dress down? – down is a particle, not a preposition.
 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
Verb + preposition (prepositional phrasal verbs) 
Who is looking after the kids? – after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase after the kids.
b. They pick on Joseph. – on is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase on Joseph.
c. I ran into an old friend. – into is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase into an old friend. 
 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
Verb + particle (adverb) + preposition (particle-prepositional phrasal verbs)
Who can put up with that? – up is a particle and with is a preposition. 
b. She is looking forward to a rest. – forward is a particle and to is a preposition.
c. The other tanks were bearing down on my panther. – down is a particle and on is a preposition.
 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
How to make the difference?
One difference is that a particle phrasal verb can be intransitive or transitive, whereas a prepositional phrasal verb is always transitive. 
Why does he always dress down? – the verb is intransitive, so it is a particle phrasal verb.
Who is looking after the kids? – after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase after the kids – the verb is transitive, so it is a prepositional phrasal verb.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Nevertheless, what happens when a verb is transitive, because in this case we can have either a particle phrasal verb or a prepositional phrasal verb.
When the object of a particle verb is a definite pronoun, it can and usually does precede the particle. 
In contrast, the object of a preposition can never precede the preposition: 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
a. You can take on Susan. – on is a particle.
b. You can take her on. – The object of the particle verb can precede the particle. 
a. You can bank on Susan. – on is a preposition. (prepositional verb phrase)
b. *You can bank her on. – The object of the preposition cannot precede the preposition.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
a. He is getting over the situation. – over is a preposition. (prepositional verb phrase)
b. *He is getting it over. – The object of a preposition cannot precede the preposition.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
SHIFTING
If the particle phrasal verb is transitive, a shifting is possible, as we have just seen. Nevertheless, the shifting is possible with a pronoun or a small group of words.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
a. Mary made up a really entertaining story. – (CANONICAL WORD ORDER)
b. Mary made it up. – (RIGHT)
c. Mary made a really entertaining story up. (NOT COMMON)
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
LET’S EXERCISE
I. Fill in the blanks with: call off (postpone) , take down (to take apart; dismantle), put off (postpone), carry out (to put into practice or effect), shut away (place in a place where something cannot be removed or someone cannot escape), knock down (to bring to the floor), cut off (to interrupt the course or passage of), read out to read (something) aloud.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
1. And now I shall _____________ the names of the luck winners.
2. When are you going to _____________ those decorations? The wedding was two weeks ago.
3. Mother can come and live with us. I don’t want her _____________ in some institution.
4. The walkers got _____________ by the advancing tide.
5. They are going to _____________ the old bank and build some flats there instead.
6. They decided to _____________ some
research to see what people really thought.
7. They had to _____________ the match until next week because of the snow.
8. They have decided to _____________ the strike and return to work.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
KEY:
1. read out - 2. take down – 3. shut away - 4. cut off - 5. knock down - 6. carry out - 7. put off - 8. call off 
 
II. Use the following verbs (fill, get, put, switch, take, throw, turn, try) and the particles (away, down, off, on, out) and form meaningful sentences. 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
1) Quick! _____________ the bus. It's ready to leave.
2) The firemen were able to _____________the fire in Church Street.
3) It's dark inside. Can you _____________the light, please?
4) _____________the form, please.
5) I need some new clothes. Why don't you _____________these jeans?
6) It's warm inside. _____________ your coat.
7) This pencil is really old. You can _____________ it _____________.
8) It's so loud here. Can you _____________the radio a little.
KEY: 1) Get on 2) put out 3) switch on? 4) Fill in 5) try on 6) Take off 7) throw it away 8) turn down 
 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
VIII - TYPES OF PARTICLE PHRASAL VERBS
III.1 INTRANSITIVE AND TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS 
Some phrasal verbs are INTRANSITIVE . (An intransitive verb does not have an object.)
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
My car broke down.
The thieves got away. 
The bus broke down on the way to work. 
She got up early. 
I bore up.
Tell her to bear up! (to encourage from misfortune).
When I entered the room he looked up.
The children are growing up.
We set off for the beach. 
He fell off the ladder. 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Some phrasal verbs are TRANSITIVE.  (A transitive verb always has an object.)
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
III. 2 SEPARABLE VS. INSEPARABLE
 
When the phrasal verb is TRANSITIVE, it can be separable or inseparable.
SEPARABLE PHRASAL verbs can remain together or not when using an object that is a noun or noun phrase. The object can come before or after the particle.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Separable phrasal verbs MUST be separated when a pronoun is used:
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6f6gPG3p60
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Look at the illustration:
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NOTE: Attention to the shifting rules.
Switch off the light.
Switch the light off.
Switch it off.
Switch off it. (not possible)
John switched on the radio.
John switched the radio on.
John switched it on.
John switched on it. (not possible)
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Fred chatted up the girl with red hair. 
Fred chatted the girl up 
Fred chatted her up. 
Fred chatted the girl with red hair up. (not common)
INSEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS always remain together. It makes no difference if a noun or pronoun is used.
He scraped by on only $800 a month for two years. NOT He scraped it by for two years.
They splashed out on new office furniture. NOT They splashed it out.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NOTE: 
a) All phrasal verbs containing more than one particle are inseparable.
I've put up with the situation for more than two years.
 
b) Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs? Some dictionaries tell you when phrasal verbs are separable. If a dictionary writes "look (something) up", you know that the phrasal verb "look up" is separable, and you can say "look something up" and "look up something". It's a good idea to write "something/somebody" as appropriate in your vocabulary book when you learn a new phrasal verb, like this: 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
get up
break down
put something/somebody off
turn sthg/sby down
This tells you whether the verb needs a direct object (and where to put it).
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
IP: If you are not sure whether a phrasal verb is separable or inseparable, ALWAYS use a noun or nouns phrase and DO NOT separate. In this manner, you will always be correct!
LET’S EXERCISE:
Are the following sentences correct or incorrect?
1. Why do we always talk the weather about? 
2. My mother switched the radio off this morning.
3. I will look your letter forward to.
4. He was nice, but we turned down him.
5. I believe in ghosts, don't you?
KEY: 1. Incorrect - 2. Correct - 3. Incorrect - 4. Incorrect - 5. Correct - 6. Correct 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
PHRASAL NOUNS
An extension of the concept of phrasal verb is that of phrasal noun, where a verb + particle complex is nominalized. The particle may come before or after the verb.
standby: We are keeping the old equipment on standby, in case of emergency.
back-up: Neil can provide technical backup if you need it.
onset: The match was halted by the onset of rain.
input: Try to come to the meeting – we'd value your input.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
If the particle is in first place, then the phrasal noun is never written with a hyphen, if the particle comes second, then there is sometimes a hyphen between the two parts of the phrasal noun.
Take a look at this site to learn more and watch the video:
 
http://www.engvid.com/phrasal-verbs-as-nouns/
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
LET’S EXERCISE:
I. Choose the correct alternative: phrasal verb, phrasal noun (with or without a hyphen).
1. For those of you who won't be able to make it to Tuesday's exam, there will be a ________ exam on Friday at 8 A.M."
make up
makeup (or make-up)
make over
do again
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
2. This company has always struggled with a high staff __________. We need to start looking at our HR practices to see why employees leave so quickly.
turn around
turn over
turn down
turnover
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
3. _____ time at the hotel is 3 P.M. You may, however, arrive earlier and leave your bags at the front desk.
Check in
Check-in
Check out
Cheque
 
4. "There are too many of them. We don't have enough guns. Hurry! Call for _________!"
guns
back up
backup
back in
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
5. What time did you _________ this morning?
get up
getup
wake
getting up
 
6. With the economy as bad as it is these days, many larger corporations are looking for easy _________ opportunities of smaller companies.
take over
take care
turnaround
takeover
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
7. My friend has a very strange __________ about Chinese food. He won't eat it because he thinks all their ingredients used to crawl on the ground. I tell him their beef is beef, but he won't listen.
hang up
hang-up
hang on
hangover
 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
8. Kathy's teacher finally sent Kathy's parents a letter complaining about all the ________ stories Kathy told in class about why she didn't do her homework. Kathy's parents were very angry that Kathy told these lies.
make up
makeup
made-up (invented)
cosmetics
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
9. At Ronnie's party everyone talked about Jon's strange ______. He wore a tank top with a tie, and shorts with holes in the shape of hearts in them.
get over
get up
get on with
getup 
AULA 2: PHRASAL
VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
KEY:
I. Choose the correct alternative: phrasal verb, phrasal noun (with or without a hyphen).
Makeup (or make-up) – noun. A special examination for a student who has been absent from or has failed a previous examination.
2. Turnover – noun. An abrupt change; a reversal.
3. Check-in – noun. 
4. Backup – noun. Support or backing.
5. Get up – verb.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
6. Takeover – noun. The act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for something, especially the seizure of power, as in a nation, political organization, or corporation.
7. Hang-up - noun Informal - 1. A psychological or emotional difficulty or inhibition. 2. An obstacle to smooth progress or development.
8. Made-up - adjective. Invented
9. Getup – noun Informal - An outfit or costume.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
II. Fill in the blanks with the right proper noun.
BREAKDOWN-A typically sudden collapse in physical or mental health. 
BREAKTHROUGH-A major achievement or success that permits further progress, as in technology.   BREAKUP    - The discontinuance of a relationship, as a marriage or a friendship. 
 
COME-DOWN (or comedown) - A cause of disappointment or depression.      
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
CUTBACKS   - A decrease; a curtailment.
 
DROP-OUTS    (or dropout) - One who quits school.
GO-AHEAD  - Permission to proceed.
GROWN-UP  - Adult. 
HANDOUT   1. Food, clothing, or money given to the needy. 2. A folder or leaflet circulated free of charge.
LAY-OFFS   (or layoff) - The act of suspending or dismissing an employee, as for lack of work or because of corporate reorganization.   
  
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
LET-UP- Abatement; also, cessation.  
ONLOOKERS - One that looks on; a spectator.
  
OUTBURST-A sudden, violent display, as of activity or emotion.
OUTLOOK  - A point of view; an attitude. 
STOPOVER - An interruption in the course of a journey for stopping or visiting at a certain place.    TURNOUT      - The number of people gathered for a particular event or purpose; attendance.
UPBRINGING-The rearing and training received during childhood.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
Tony’s been demoted to Assistant Manager. What a ____________ for him!
The tourist office has a free ____________ on cheap accommodation in London.
Patricia suffered a nervous ____________ when she lost her job.
Miguel’s devotion to the company contributed to the ____________ of his marriage.
Scientists have made an important ____________ in the field of genetic engineering.
The planning authorities gave the school the ____________ for an extension.
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
7. At South London University, there were several _________ from the Computer Science course this year.
8. Tommy, ask a ____________ to help you next time you want to do some painting.
9. Keith has always had a rather narrow ____________ on life. I put it down to his strict ____________.
10. It poured down all day without any ____________.
11. The whole room was stunned into silence by Gordon’s angry ____________.
12. The ____________in the building trade are a direct result of the CUTBACKS in government spending. 
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
13. The advantage of flying Air Canada is that the fare includes a free ____________ in Vancouver. 14. Whenever Madeleine chairs a meeting, we get a much better TURNOUT. 15. To the delight of the ONLOOKERS, the Princess posed on the steps for photographs
KEY:
1. come-down - 2. handout - 3. breakdown - 4. breakup - 5. breakthrough - 6. go-ahead - 7. drop-outs - 8. grown-up - 9. outlook – upbringing - 10. let-up - 11. outburst - 12. lay-offs cutbacks - 13. stopover - 14. turnout - 15. onlookers
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
In this class, you:
Studied Phrasal Verbs: concepts and types
AULA 2: PHRASAL VERBS
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
Next, class we are going to study:
The difference between a prepositional verbs and a phrasal verbs. 
The definition of Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs.