Aula 01

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Língua Inglesa Fonética e Fonologia
Paula Cristina 
Bullio
Aula 1
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Phonetics And Phonology In English
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Presentation
Speaking a determined language  some knowledge which is not only linguistic. 
Speakers of a second language  characteristics of their first language transferred to the second language.
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Introduction 
Phonetics and Phonology in English 
Phonetics is the study of sound in speech. Phonetics focuses on how speech is physically created and received.
Phonology focus on how patterns in both speech and non-verbal communication create meaning, and are interpreted. 
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In any language we can identify a small number of regular sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes. 
For example, in the words “pin” and “pen” there are different phonemes, as there are different consonants in the words “bet” and “pet”. 
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Because English spelling is very confusing, it is particularly important to learn to think of English pronunciation in terms of phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet.
TWO
T0O
TO
TO
TO
T0O
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
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Phonetics 
Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker.
Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener.
Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener.
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These areas are inter-connected through the common mechanism of sound, such as wavelength (pitch), amplitude, and harmonics.
Phonology is concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. 
The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. 
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 Phonology 
For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to theoretical linguistics.
Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception, resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory phonology.
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Phonemes and Graphemes
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
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Sound–letter correspondences are the relationships between sounds (or phonemes) and letters (or graphemes). 
Knowledge of sound–letter relationships means knowing, for example, that the /t/ sound is represented by the letter t. 
It also means knowing that the sound /s/ can be represented by more than one letter, for example, s as in soft and c as in city. 
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Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
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Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
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Letters are used to represent sounds in the language.
Letter recognition is the ability to recognize and name the letters of the alphabet. Instruction that focuses on letter–sound relationships is known as phonics.
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The phonemic alphabet (or chart) is designed to help to develop your awareness of pronunciation.
Pronunciation is the physical side of language, involving the body, the breath, the muscles, acoustic vibration and harmonics. 
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The pronunciation of words in many languages, as distinct from their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change over time. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Traditional orthography in some languages, (particularly French and English).
However, in other languages, such as Spanish and Italian, there is a more consistent—though still imperfect—relationship between orthography and pronunciation (phonemic orthography).
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Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
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The phonetic alphabet
Phonetic transcription can provide a function that orthography cannot  relationship between symbols and sounds.
Phonetic transcription allows us to step outside orthography and examine differences in pronunciation.
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Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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Transcription 
It is possible to observe that in online dictionaries or paper ones, we have access to the phonetic transcription 
right after the written 
word using the 
symbols // to 
identify it.
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Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
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Phonemic Chart
UNDERHILL, A. Sound Foundations – Learning and teaching pronunciation, Macmillan, Oxford, 2005
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References
Reading
Goldsmith, John A. (1995). "Phonological Theory". In John A. Goldsmith. The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 1-4051-5768-2.
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Jacobs, Haike. "Understanding Phonology", Hodder & Arnold, 1998. 2nd edition 2005.
Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2008). The Phonological Enterprise. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-953397-0.
Halle, Morris (1954). "The strategy of phonemics". Word 10: 197–209.
Ladefoged, Peter. (1982). A course in phonetics (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Martinet, André (1949). Phonology as functional phonetics. Oxford:: Blackwell.
References
GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
HARLEY, Trevor A., The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory, 2nd ed. Psychology Press, 2001
ROACH, P. English Phonetics and Phonology – a pratical course, Cambridge, CUP, 2009
UNDERHILL, A. Sound Foundations – Learning and teaching pronunciation, Macmillan, Oxford, 2005
Língua Inglesa Fonética e Fonologia
Paula Cristina 
Bullio
Atividade 1
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flower
flour
their
there
meet
meat
cite
sight
site
wear
where
by
buy
bye
peace
peas
dye
die
crews
cruise
whose
who’s
passed
past
whether
bear
weigh
heal
break
weather
bare
way
heel
brake
cell
sell
male
mail
fair
fare
maid
made
they’re
higher
know
no
wood
bored
board
would
road
hire
rode
Scanned from GODOY, S.; GONTOW, C.; MARCELINO, M. English Pronunciation for Brazilians. SP, Disal, 2006
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