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Exercise L35 Focusing on details
Questions 1 - 3 
The answer to the question of which flying bird is the largest in the world depends on whether birds are measured by weight, wing span or wing area. The South-African bustard is the heaviest. The average male weighs about 18 kilos. The bird with the longest wing span is the albatross, the longest measured was 3.4 meters, but there are sure to be others with a span of 3.6 meters. The bird with the largest wings is the South-American vulture, commonly called the condor.
Based on the professor’s description of birds answer the question about which flying bird is the largest.
Questions 4 - 7
A gear is a wheel, cylinder or other machine element that has teeth around its edge. These teeth usually interlock with the teeth of another gear in order to transfer motion within a machine. As one gear turns it moves the second gear in the opposite direction. The four most common gears are spur gears, worm gears, bevel gears and rack and pinion. A spur gear is a toothed wheel whose teeth are arranged around the outer diameter in the same plane as the wheel face. A worm gear consists of a continuous screw thread wrapped around a cylinder called a worm and a separate wheel whose teeth match with the worm. Bevel gears are comprised of two conical-shaped toothed wheels which intersect at 90°. A rack and pinion is an arrangement of gears in which a wheel matches with a straight toothed element known as a rack.
 Based on the professor’s description of several gears identify the following:
Questions 8 - 10
Since the seventh century large bells have been cast for use in both religious and secular institutions. The largest bell in the world is in Moscow. This famous king of bells, the ‘Emperor Bell’ was cast in 1734 and weighs about 200 tons. The next largest bell, weighing 171 tons is also located in Russia near Saint Petersburg. ‘Great Paul’, the bell at Saint Paul’s cathedral in London was cast in 1881 more than 150 years after the building was completed. Although Great Paul weighs the meager 17 tons it is the largest bell in England. Perhaps the baby of famous bells weighing only two tons is the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia. Cast in 1751, the Liberty Bell was commissioned to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Williams Penn’s Charter, Pennsylvania’s original constitution. The Liberty Bell was rung from the tower of Independence Hall on July 8th 1776 to summon Americans to hear the first public reading of the declaration of independence.
Based on the professor’s discussion identify the city where the following bells can be found.
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Questions 11 - 13 
Puppetry is an art form used for entertainment and education. It consists of a show in which puppets – figures made to represent humans and other creatures, authentic or mythical – are used to tell a story. Traditional puppets come in many forms. The most common type of puppet, and the easiest to make and use, is the hand puppet. This puppet is like a glove and is worn over the hand of the puppeteer. The puppeteer works the head and arms of the puppet by moving his or her fingers. Another common type of puppet is known as the marionette. The marionette looks much like a doll and has an elaborately jointed body that is controlled by strings. The puppeteer usually stands on a bridge over the stage and manipulates the marionette by pulling the strings. A third kind of puppet is the shadow puppet. These puppets are controlled by rods attached to their hands that the puppeteer manipulates from below the stage. The legs of the figure hang loosely allowing freedom of movement. The performance takes place behind the screen with the lighting such that the puppet cast a shadow.
Based on the professor’s description identify the following puppets.
Exercise L36 Using details
1. A stairway is comprised of various components fitting together to allow access from one floor of a building to another. The horizontal boards which are the pieces actually stepped on are called the treads. These should be sufficiently deep to enable users to place their feet comfortably without slipping. The vertical boards that meet each tread at right angles and that raise the stairway are called the risers. These can vary in height depending on architectural requirements. On many stairways the tread usually juts out a small amount over the riser, and this feature is known as a nosing. Each end of the treads and risers is supported on an inclined structure called a stringer that runs flush with the sides of the staircase and thus presents a diagonal saw-tooth pattern when viewed from the side. For safety a stairway will usually have a handrail on one side surmounting vertical supports called balusters. Balusters and handrails together are known as banisters, and these are firmly supported at the bottom and top of the stairs by heavy posts. While these features are common to most stairway types, the actual layout of the stairways will vary depending on space and esthetic considerations. If the stairway turns back on itself a total of 180° the landing, which is the flat area at the top of the stairs, will be twice the width of the stairs. If the stairs turn at right angles the landing will be the width of the stairs. Perhaps the most elegant layout is called a spiral stairway. This structure