Baixe o app para aproveitar ainda mais
Leia os materiais offline, sem usar a internet. Além de vários outros recursos!
INGLÊS AFT
Compartilhar
Prévia do material em texto
Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 2 de 124 Oi, pessoal! Tudo bem? Esto avanando nos estudos? Hoje daremos continuidade ao nosso curso de ingls com a Aula 04 sobre Comparativos, Superlativos e Oraes Condicionais. Tambm resolveremos diversas questes das bancas CESPE e ESAF, como de costume. Sempre que houver dvida, no deixe de post-la no frum do curso. Terei a maior satisfao em respond-la! Um grande abrao! Marina Marcondes Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 12 de 124 1. Exemplos em que o substantivo no pode ser omitido aps um adjetivo. Poor little baby! (Tadinho do beb!) (NUNCA: Poor little!) The most important thing for him is his job. (O mais importante para ele seu emprego.) (NUNCA: The most important for him is his job.) 3. Exemplos em que o substantivo pode ser dispensado. 2.1. O artigo ÒtheÓ seguido de adjetivo refere-se a um determinado conjunto de pessoas com uma caracterstica social e fsica semelhante. the blind - the dead - the deaf - the handicapped - the jobless - the mentally ill - the old - the poor - the rich - the unemployed - the young The old are very experienced. (Os idosos so muito experientes.) HeÕs afraid of the dead. (Ele tem medo dos mortos.) a) importante ressaltar que essas expresses com o artigo ÒtheÓ esto no plural. The dead à the dead people (NUNCA: the dead person) Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 13 de 124 b) Essas expresses tambm no podem ser empregadas no caso possessivo (demonstra que algo pertence ou est associado a algum ou a algum elemento, por meio do uso de um apstrofo seguido ou no de ÒsÓ). The life of the rich. (A vida dos ricos.) Rich peopleÕs life. (A vida dos ricos.) (NUNCA: The richÕs life.) c) O substantivo no necessrio nas seguintes estruturas: c.1) MORE ou MANY + adjetivo à sem substantivo: There are many young in this city. (H muitos jovens nesta cidade.) c.2) Quando no houver ÒtheÓ antes do adjetivo à BOTH + adjetivo + AND + adjetivo à sem substantivo: The company provides the same rights for both men and womem. (A empresa proporciona os mesmos direitos para homens e mulheres.) c.3) Adjetivos que indicam nacionalidade terminados em ÒshÓ ou ÒchÓ à utilizados aps o artigo ÒtheÓ à sem substantivo: The Spanish are a very happy. (Os espanhis so muito alegres.) c.4) Em algumas oraes à ÒtheÓ + adjetivo à no singular: the accused (o acusado; a acusada); the undersigned (o abaixo-assinado; a abaixo-assinada); the deceased (o falecido; a falecida); the former (o primeiro; a Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 14 de 124 primeira) e the latter (o ltimo; a ltima). c.5) Ideias abstratas à substantivo pode ser dispensado aps o adjetivo: He is interested in the supernatural. (Ele interessado no sobrenatural.) 4. Os adjetivos podem ser acompanhados de vrios complementos: 3.1. Preposio + substantivo / Preposio + ÒingÓ SheÕs intersted in cookery. (Ela est interessada em culinria.) SheÕs intersted in learning to cook. (Ela est interessada em aprender a cozinhar.) 3.2. Verbos no infinitivo She looks sad to see him. (Ela parece triste ao v-lo.) The pizza is ready to eat. (A pizza est pronta para comer.) 3.3. Oraes My mother is happy that I passed my exams. (A minha me est feliz que eu passei nas provas.) ItÕs importante that you drive safe. ( importante que voc dirija com segurana.) Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 15 de 124 CONDITIONAL (IF) CLAUSES - ORAÍES CONDICIONAIS As oraes condicionais (Òif clausesÓ) expressam a dependncia entre uma circunstncia ou condio e um fato ou resultado, que podem ocorrer no passado, presente ou futuro. Trata-se de perodos compostos, constitudos por uma orao principal, que demonstra a consequncia do cumprimento da condio e uma orao subordinada condicional (que inicia com ÒIf ou WhenÓ), sendo que a ordem entre as duas oraes varivel. a) A orao condicional pode vir antes ou depois da orao principal. necessrio usar vrgula quando iniciar a frase. If she wants to learn how to drive, she has to practice. (Se ela quer aprender como dirigir, ela tem que praticar.) b) ÒIfÓ e ÒWhenÓ podem ser usados um no lugar do outro quando significam "sempre que"/"toda vez que". If you put your hand in fire, you will burn yourself. (Sempre que/Toda vez que voc colocar sua mo no fogo, voc vai se queimar.) c) Quando a condio significar "caso", usa-se ÒIfÓ: If itÕs sunny today, IÕll go to the beach. (Se fizer / Caso faa sol hoje, eu irei praia.) (NUNCA: When itÕs sunny today...) Observe a diferena de significado: Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 20 de 124 - Este tipo de orao condicional refere-se a uma condio no-realizada no passado, ou seja, algo que teria acontecido se um fato anterior tivesse ocorrido. Como a ao no se concretizou no passado, tornou-se impossvel agora no presente. They wouldn't have missed the opportunity if they had paid attention. (Eles no teriam perdido a oportunidade se tivessem prestado ateno.) I would have travelled if I had had money. (Eu teria viajado se tivesse tido dinheiro.) Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 21 de 124 PROVAS TRADUZIDAS E COMENTADAS îrgo: Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Insdustrial - INPI Cargo: Tecnologista em Propriedade Industrial Banca: CESPE Ano: 2014 During US President Barak ObamaÕs recent trip to Brazil, a pilot agreement on patents was signed, allowing the Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) to participate in the Patent Prosecution Highway. The goal of this agreement is to increase the speed of patent registration. Since patent applications take an average of 8 years to be approved in Brazil, this agreement will hopefully aid in the goal of cutting that time in half by 2015. The president of INPI commented: ÒIn practical terms, we will eliminate the need in one patent office to reexamine parts of patente applications that have been denied in the other patent office. That will reduce the workload in both offices by around 10% to 15%Ó. Durante recente viagem ao Brasil do presidente dos EUA, Barak Obama, foi assinado um acordo piloto sobre patentes, permitindo que o Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI) participe do Exame Acelerado de Patentes. O objetivo deste acordo o de aumentar a velocidade de registo de patentes. Visto que pedidos de patentes levam em mdia 8 anos para serem aprovados no Brasil, este acordo vai ajudar na meta de reduzir esse tempo pela metade at 2015. O presidente do INPI comentou: "Em termos prticos, vamos eliminar a necessidade em um escritrio de patente do reexame de parte dos pedidos de patente, que tenham sido negados no outro escritrio de patentes. Isso reduzir a carga de trabalho em ambos os escritrios em cerca de 10% a 15%". Brazil has historically been at odds with the US and the multinational pharmaceutical industry on a variety of issues. Brazil has a national public health policy of promoting generic drug manufacturers and generallytends to be against Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 25 de 124 to music. The Internet makes it easier to create, market and sell music, as well as providing innovative services and 13 platforms to enjoy such creative content. At the same time, the opportunity to unlawfully acquire, and therefore infringe, copyright protected works is exponentially increased 16 by the digital world. Copyright infringement causes damage to the music industry. The sector is committed to finding solutions to mitigate the damage, but this canÕt be 19 achieved alone. O crescimento da Internet e da comunicao digital mudou substancialmente a maneira como ns adquirimos e ouvimos msica. A Internet torna mais fcil a criao do mercado e comrcio de msica, bem como o fornecimento de servios inovadores e plataformas para desfrutar de tais contedos criativos. Ao mesmo tempo, a oportunidade de adquirir ilegalmente e, portanto, infringir os trabalhos protegidos por direitos autorais aumentaram exponencialmente, em razo do mundo digital. A violao de direitos autorais provoca danos indstria da msica. O setor est empenhado em encontrar solues para atenuar os danos, mas isso no pode ser alcanado sozinho. In the UK, copyright is governed by legislation which is derived from national law, as well as internationally via 22 directives from European Union. Copyright is also the subject of much political debate. For example, the previous Labour Government took through Parliament the Digital 25 Economy Act to improve the enforcement of copyright law with regard to online infringement. The current Coalition government has undertaken a wider analysis of copyright law which they feel will modernise copyright for the digital age. No Reino Unido, os direitos autorais so regidos pela legislao que derivada do direito nacional, assim como no mbito internacional, por meio de diretrizes da Unio Europeia. Direito autoral tambm tema de muitos debates polticos. Por exemplo, o Governo Trabalhista anterior levou ao Parlamento o Ato da Economia Digital para melhorar a aplicao da lei de direitos autorais no que diz respeito violao online. O governo de coalizo atual tem empreendido uma anlise mais ampla da lei de direitos autorais que eles sentem que vai modernizar os direitos autorais para a era digital. Internet: (adapted). Internet: (adaptado). Based on the text above, judge the next items. Com base no texto acima, julgue os prximos itens. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 35 de 124 1 Most inventors seek a patent to obtain the actual or potential commercial advantages that go along with the right to exclude others. Given the high cost of research and 4 development, the opportunity to recoup these costs through commercial exploitation of the invention may be the primary justification for undertaking research in the first place. A maioria dos inventores buscam uma patente para obter as vantagens comerciais efetivas ou potenciais que acompanham o direito de excluir outros. Dado o elevado custo da pesquisa e desenvolvimento, a oportunidade de recuperar esses custos atravs da explorao comercial da inveno poder ser a principal justificativa para a realizao da pesquisa em primeiro lugar. 7 It is important to note that a patent (i.e. the right to exclude others) does not give the inventor the right to practice the invention. The inventor can practice his invention 10 only if by so doing he does not also practice the invention of an earlier unexpired patent. importante notar que uma patente (ou seja, o direito de excluir outras pessoas) no concede ao inventor o direito de executar a inveno. O criador pode por em prtica a sua inveno, somente se ao faz-lo no colocar em prtica o invento de uma patente j expirada anteriormente. The indirect exploitation of a patent may be exclusive, 13 e.g., by selling all rights in the patent or granting an exclusive license. Licenses can be non-exclusive, allowing many parties, including the inventor, to practice the invention 16 simultaneously. A patent may also provide commercial advantages in addition to the potential for an exclusive market position or licensing income. A patent often lends business 19 credibility to start up ventures and can open doors to both technical assistance and financing necessary to bring a new product to market. An improvement patent may also provide 22 the barter necessary to cross-license any basic patents held by others which block the path to market. A explorao indireta da patente poder ser exclusiva, por exemplo, por meio da venda de todos os direitos sobre a patente ou pela concesso de uma licena exclusiva. As licenas podem ser no exclusivas, permitindo que muitas partes, incluindo o inventor, coloquem em prtica a inveno simultaneamente. A patente tambm pode promover vantagens comerciais, alm do potencial para uma posio no mercado exclusivo ou a renda do licenciamento. Uma patente, frequentemente, concede credibilidade s empresas para iniciar empreendimentos e pode abrir portas para a assistncia tcnica e o financiamento necessrio para trazer um novo produto para o mercado. O aperfeioamento de uma Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 40 de 124 îrgo: Tribunal de Justia do Estado de Sergipe Ð TJ/SE Cargo: Tcnico Judicirio - Programao de Sistemas Banca: CESPE Ano: 2014 1 An information security assessment is the process of determining how effectively an entity being assessed (e.g., host, system, network, procedure, person Ñ known as the 4 assessment object) meets specific security objectives. Three types of assessment methods can be used to accomplish this Ñ testing, examination, and interviewing. Uma avaliao da segurana da informao o processo de determinao de quo efetivo uma entidade sendo avaliada (por exemplo, anfitrio, sistema, rede, procedimento, pessoa - conhecida como o objeto avaliao) atende aos objetivos especficos de segurana. Trs tipos de mtodos de avaliao podem ser usados para realizar esse objetivo - teste, exame e entrevistas. 7 Testing is the process of exercising one or more assessment objects under specified conditions to compare actual and expected behaviors. Examination is the process of checking, 10 inspecting, reviewing, observing, studying, or analyzing one or more assessment objects to facilitate understanding, achieve clarification, or obtain evidence. O teste o processo de exerccio de um ou mais objetos de avaliao sob condies especficas para comparar os comportamentos atuais e esperados. O exame o processo de verificao, inspeo, reviso, observao, estudo ou anlise de um ou mais objetos de avaliao para facilitar o entendimento, atingir o esclarecimento ou obter provas. 13 Interviewing is the process of conducting discussions with individuals or groups within an organization to facilitate understanding, achieve clarification, or identify the location of 16 evidence. Assessment results are used to support the determination of security control effectiveness over time. Technical guide to information security testing and assessment. A entrevista o processo de conduo de discusses com indivduos ou grupos dentro de uma organizao para facilitar a compreenso, alcanar o esclarecimento ou identificar o local de provas. Os resultados da avaliao so utilizados para sustentar a determinao da eficcia de controle de segurana ao longo do tempo. O tcnico guia o teste e a avaliaode segurana da informao. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 48 de 124 îrgo: Agncia Nacional de Aviao Civil (ANAC) Cargo: Tcnico em Regulao de Aviao Civil Banca: ESAF Ano: 2015/2016 Read Text 1 and answer questions 1-5 Leia o texto 1 e responda s perguntas 1-5 Text 1 Texto 1 Welcome to the Drone Age Bem-vindo ao Drone Age THE scale and scope of the revolution in the use of small, civilian drones has caught many by surprise. In 2010 AmericaÕs Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) estimated that there would, by 2020, be perhaps 15,000 such drones in the country. More than that number are now sold there every month. And it is not just an American craze. Some analysts think the number of drones made and sold around the world this year will exceed 1 million. In their view, what is now happening to drones is similar to what happened to personal computers in the 1980s, when Apple launched the Macintosh and IBM the PS/2, and such machines went from being hobbyistsÕ toys to business essentials. A importncia e o alcance da revoluo no uso de pequenos drones civis surpreenderam muitas pessoas. Em 2010, a Autoridade de Aviao Federal Americana (FAA) estimou que haveria, at 2020, possivelmente 15.000 desses drones no pas. Atualmente, um nmero maior do que esse vendido l todos os meses. E no apenas uma mania americana. Alguns analistas acreditam que o nmero de drones fabricados e vendidos em todo o mundo este ano ultrapassar 1 milho. Na viso deles, o que est acontecendo agora com os drones semelhante ao que aconteceu com os computadores pessoais nos anos 80, quando a Apple lanou o Macintosh e a IBM o PS/2, e tais mquinas passaram de brinquedos amadores para negcios essenciais. That is probably an exaggeration. It is hard to think of a business which could not benefit from a PC, whereas many may not benefit (at least directly) from drones. But the practical use of these small, remote-controlled aircraft is expanding rapidly. These involve areas as diverse as agriculture, landsurveying, Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 49 de 124 film-making, security, and delivering goods. Other roles for drones are more questionable. Their use to smuggle drugs and phones into prisons is growing. Instances have been reported in America, Australia, Brazil, Britain and Canada, to name but a few places. In Britain the police have also caught criminals using drones to scout houses to burgle. The crash of a drone on to the White House lawn in January highlighted the risk that they might be used for acts of terrorism. And in June a video emerged of a graffito artist using a drone equipped with an aerosol spray to deface one of New YorkÕs most prominent billboards. Isso provavelmente um exagero. difcil pensar em um negcio que no poderia se beneficiar com um computador pessoal, j que muitos podem no se beneficiar (pelo menos diretamente) com os drones. Mas o uso prtico dessas pequenas aeronaves controladas remotamente est se expandindo rapidamente. Elas envolvem reas to diversas como agricultura, levantamento topogrfico, cinema, segurana e entrega de mercadorias. Outras funes para os drones so mais questionveis. Seu uso para contrabandear drogas e telefones para as prises est crescendo. Casos foram relatados nos Estados Unidos, Austrlia, Brasil, Gr-Bretanha e Canad, para citar apenas alguns lugares. Na Gr-Bretanha, a polcia tambm capturou criminosos utilizando drones para explorar casas para arrombar. A coliso de um drone no gramado da Casa Branca em janeiro ressaltou o risco de que eles possam ser usados para atos de terrorismo. E, em junho, surgiu um vdeo de um grafiteiro utilizando um drone equipado com um spray de aerossol para desfigurar um dos outdoors mais importantes de Nova York. How all this activity will be regulated and policed is, as the FAAÕs own flat-footed response has shown, not yet being properly addressed. There are implications for safety (being hit by an out-of-control drone weighing several kilograms would be no joke); for privacy, from both the state and nosy neighbours; and for sheer nuisance Ñ for drones can be noisy. But the new machines are so cheap, so useful and have so much unpredictable potential that the best approach to regulation may simply be to let a thousand flyers zoom. Como toda essa atividade ser regulamentada e policiada, conforme demonstrou a prpria resposta rude da FAA, ainda no est sendo devidamente abordada. H implicaes para a segurana (ser atingido por um drone descontrolado pesando vrios quilogramas no seria brincadeira); para a privacidade, tanto do Estado quanto de vizinhos intrometidos; e por mero incmodo - drones podem ser barulhentos. Mas as novas mquinas so to baratas, to teis e possuem tanto potencial Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 63 de 124 îrgo: Ministrio do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) Cargo: Auditor-Fiscal do Trabalho (AFT) Banca: ESAF Ano: 2010 Read the text and answer questions 31-33. Leia o texto e responda s questes 31-33. Companies in the rich world are confronted with a rapidly ageing workforce. Nearly one in three American workers will be over 50 by 2012, and America is a young country compared with Japan and Germany. China is also ageing rapidly, thanks to its one-child policy. This means that companies will have to learn how to manage older workers better. Empresas no mundo rico enfrentam um rpido envelhecimento da fora de trabalho. Quase um em cada trs trabalhadores americanos estar acima dos 50 em 2012 e os estados Unidos um pas jovem comparado ao Japo e Alemanha. A China tambm est a envelhecendo rapidamente, graas a sua poltica do filho nico. Isso significa que as empresas tero de aprender a gerenciar melhor os trabalhadores mais velhos. Most companies are remarkably ill-prepared. There was a flicker of interest in the problem a few years ago but it was snuffed out by the recession. The management literature on older workers is a mere molehill compared with the mountain devoted to recruiting and retaining the young. A maioria das companhias so consideravelmente mal preparadas. Havia uma fagulha de interesse no problema h alguns anos atrs, mas foi extinta pela recesso. A literatura sobre gesto dos trabalhadores mais velhos um pequeno monte em comparao com a montanha dedicada a recrutar e reter os jovens. Companies are still stuck with an antiquated model for dealing with ageing, which assumes that people should get pay rises and promotions on the basis of age. They have dealt with the burdens of this model by periodically ÒdownsizingÓ older workers or encouraging them to take early retirement. This has created a dual labour market for older workers, of cosseted insiders on the one hand and unemployed or retired outsiders on the other. As empresas ainda esto presas a um modelo antiquado para Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 70 de 124 Read the text and answer questions 34-37. Leia o texto e responder a perguntas 34-37. Minister calls for wider flexible working rights Ministro exige direitos trabalhistas flexveis mais amplos British government ministers are considering giving all employees the right to ask for flexible working hours Òfrom the beginningÓ of a new job as part of plans to encourage a fundamental shift in workinghabits. Ministros do governo britnico esto considerando conceder a todos os empregados o direito de solicitar horrios de trabalho flexveis "desde o incio" de um novo emprego como parte dos planos para incentivar uma mudana fundamental nos hbitos de trabalho. The Work and Pensions Secretary, Yvette Cooper, says her office is working with employers and organisations such as the federation of small businesses to draw up new ways of supporting men as well as women and non-parents as well as parents working more flexible hours. A Secretria de Trabalho e Penses, Yvette Cooper, diz que seu gabinete est trabalhando com empregadores e organizaes, tais como a Federao das pequenas empresas, para elaborar novas formas de proporcionar horrios mais flexveis aos homens, s mulheres, s pessoas sem filhos, assim como aos pais que trabalham. The current rules are limited to parents of children under 16 and carers, and Cooper wants to extend them. ÒYou want people to offer flexible working from the beginning and we need to look again at how the legislation can support different ways of doing that,Ó she said. As regras atuais so limitadas aos pais de crianas menores de 16 anos e aos cuidadores, e Cooper quer estend-las. "Voc quer que as pessoas oferecem trabalho flexvel desde o incio e ns precisamos rever a forma como a legislao pode suportar diferentes maneiras de fazer isso", disse ela. ÒThere will be some areas where itÕs not possible to fit round particular school hours or particular things where the nature of the business makes it hard Ð but what you need is the cultural change for everybody to think differently.Ó CooperÕs proposals come as the government announced that fathers will be given the right to six monthsÕ paternity leave. "Haver algumas reas onde no ser possvel ajustar alguns horrios escolares especficos ou circunstncias peculiares Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 82 de 124 îrgo: Ministrio do Planejamento, Oramento e Gesto (MPOG) Cargo: Analista de Planejamento e Oramento (APO) Banca: ESAF Ano: 2010 Text 1 text 1 Source:http://www.niallferguson.com/site/FERG/Templates/General. aspx?pageid=194 Fonte: http: //www.niallferguson.com/site/FERG/Templates/General. aspx? pageid = 194 The Ascent of Money A ascenso do dinheiro Synopsis Sinopse Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot: Call it what you like, it matters. To Christians, love of it is the root of all evil. To generals, itÕs the sinews of war. To revolutionaries, itÕs the chains of labour. But in The Ascent of Money, Niall Ferguson shows that finance is in fact the foundation of human progress. WhatÕs more, he reveals financial history as the essential back-story behind all history. The evolution of credit and debt was as important as any technological innovation in the rise of civilization, from ancient Babylon to the silver mines of Bolivia. Banks provided the material basis for the splendours of the Italian Renaissance, while the bond market was the decisive factor in conflicts from the Seven YearsÕ War to the American Civil War. Grana, dinheiro vivo, tutu, verdinhas, contos: Chame do que quiser, isso importa. Para os cristos, o amor a ele a raiz de todo o mal. Para os generais, fundo para armas de suprimentos de uma guerra. Para os revolucionrios, so as correntes do trabalho. Mas, na Ascenso do Dinheiro, Niall Ferguson mostra que as finanas so de fato a base do progresso humano. Alm do mais, ele revela a histria financeira como bastidor essencial por trs de toda a histria. A evoluo do crdito e dbito foi to importante como qualquer inovao tecnolgica na ascenso da civilizao, desde a antiga Babilnia at as minas de prata da Bolvia. Bancos forneceram a base material para o esplendor do Renascimento Italiano, enquanto o mercado de ttulos foi o Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 83 de 124 fator decisivo nos conflitos desde a Guerra dos Sete Anos at a Guerra Civil Americana. With the clarity and verve for which he is famed, Niall Ferguson explains why the origins of the French Revolution lie in a stock market bubble caused by a convicted Scots murderer. He shows how financial failure turned Argentina from the worldÕs sixth richest country into an inflation-ridden basket case Ð and how a fi nancial revolution is propelling the worldÕs most populous country from poverty to power in a single generation. Com a clareza e entusiasmo pelos quais ele famoso, Niall Ferguson explica por que as origens Revoluo Francesa encontram-se em uma bolha do mercado de aes causada por um assassino escocs condenado. Ele mostra como fracasso financeiro transformou a Argentina de sexto pas mais rico do mundo em um caso perdido dominado pela inflao - e como uma revoluo financeira est impulsionando o pas mais populoso do mundo da pobreza ao poder em uma nica gerao. Yet the most important lesson of the worldÕs financial history is that sooner or later every bubble bursts Ð sooner or later the bearish sellers outnumber the bullish buyers Ð sooner or later greed flips into fear. And thatÕs why, whether youÕre scraping by or rolling in it, thereÕs never been a better time to understand the ascent of money. Ainda assim, a lio mais importante da histria financeira mundial que cedo ou tarde toda bolha estoura - mais cedo ou mais tarde os vendedores pessimistas superam os compradores otimistas - mais cedo ou mais tarde a ganncia transforma-se em medo. E por isso que, se voc est sobrevivendo com pouco ou rolando nele, nunca houve um melhor momento para entender a ascenso do dinheiro. 21- This text could best be characterized as Esse texto poderia ser melhor definido como a) the abstract of a doctoral dissertation. o resumo de uma tese de doutorado. b) a detailed review of a book on economics. um relatrio detalhado de um livro sobre economia. c) a defense of money for publication in the popular press. a defesa do dinheiro para publicao na imprensa popular. d) publicity summarizing a recently-published book. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 89 de 124 ÒYou need a new model of economic development Ñ one that is based on raising peopleÕs standards of living by maintaining their natural capital, not just by converting that natural capital to ranching or industrial farming or logging,Ó said Jos Mara Silva, a conservation expert. Right now people protecting the rainforest are paid a pittance Ñ compared with those who strip it Ñ even though we now know that the rainforest provides everything from keeping CO2 out of the atmosphere to maintaining the flow of freshwater into rivers. "Voc precisa de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento econmico - um que seja baseado na elevao do padro de vida das pessoas atravs da manuteno de seu capital natural, no apenas por meio da converso do capital natural em pecuria, agricultura industrial ou explorao madeireira", disse Jos Maria Silva, um especialista em conservao. Neste momento, as pessoas que esto protegendo a floresta tropical recebem uma ninharia - em comparao com aqueles que a derrubam Ð apesar de sabermos agora que a floresta tropical fornece tudo, desde a manuteno do CO2 fora da atmosfera at a manuteno do fluxo de gua doce nos rios. The good news is that Brazil has put in place all the elements of a system to compensate its forest-dwellers for maintaining the forests. Brazil has already set aside 43 percent of the Amazon rainforest for conservation andfor indigenous peoples. Another 19 percent of the Amazon, though, has already been deforested by farmers and ranchers. A boa notcia que o Brasil colocou no lugar todos os elementos de um sistema para compensar os seus silvcolas pela manuteno das florestas. O Brasil j reservou 43 por cento da floresta amaznica para a conservao e para os povos indgenas. Outros 19 por cento da Amaznia, no entanto, j foi desmatada pelos agricultores e pecuaristas. 25- The main message of the first paragraph is that A mensagem principal do primeiro pargrafo que a) deforestation is less damaging to the environment than was traditionally believed. desmatamento menos prejudicial ao ambiente do se acreditava tradicionalmente. b) vehicles driven by standard fuels are responsible for 17% of all CO2 emissions. veculos movidos a combustveis comuns so responsveis por 17% de todas as emisses de CO2. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 95 de 124 the BRIC group of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China. ItÕs an emerging power that some investors have just learned about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time. De repente, todo mundo est falando sobre o Brasil. Isso faz sentido, considerando que o colosso da Amrica do Sul venceu o presidente Obama em Chicago, sua cidade natal, para sediar as Olimpadas de 2016. Ele tambm foi beneficiado por ser a parte "B" do grupo BRIC de pases emergentes, alm da Rssia, êndia e China. uma potncia emergente que alguns investidores acabaram de conhecer, embora os profissionais j terem sido informados a respeito dela h algum tempo. From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in the world. It has large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the worldÕs playing fields. De 2003 a 2007, o Brasil bateu recordes de supervits comerciais e seu produto interno bruto, de 1,99 trilhes de dlares, o dcimo maior do mundo. Ele possui amplos e bem desenvolvidos setores agrcolas, minerador, manufatureiro e de servios e sua economia maior do que todas as outras naes da Amrica do Sul juntas. O Brasil est expandindo sua presena nos mercados mundiais e, como vimos, nos campos de atuao do mundo. There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average and noted powerhouse Serbia. BrazilÕs richest 10% reaps 43% of its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. BrazilÕs bottom 10% earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our industry observers are ready to buy. H tambm algumas desvantagens significativas para o Brasil. Apesar de seu poderoso PIB, a desigualdade de renda alarmante significa que sua renda per capita est 102» posio no mundo, ligeiramente atrs da mdia global e da notvel potncia Srvia. Os 10% mais ricos do Brasil colhem 43% de sua riqueza; nos EUA esse nmero de 30%. Os 10% inferiores do Brasil ganham mseros 1,1%. Ainda assim, h muito o que gostar aqui e os observadores da nossa indstria esto prontos para comprar. 28- The writerÕs attitude to investment in Brazil is A atitude do escritor quanto ao investimento no Brasil Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 101 de 124 PROVAS ANTERIORES îrgo: Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Insdustrial - INPI Cargo: Tecnologista em Propriedade Industrial Banca: CESPE Ano: 2014 During US President Barak ObamaÕs recent trip to Brazil, a pilot agreement on patents was signed, allowing the Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) to participate in the Patent Prosecution Highway. The goal of this agreement is to increase the speed of patent registration. Since patent applications take na average of 8 years to be approved in Brazil, this agreement will hopefully aid in the goal of cutting that time in half by 2015. The president of INPI commented: ÒIn practical terms, we will eliminate the need in one patent office to reexamine parts of patente applications that have been denied in the other patent office. That will reduce the workload in both offices by around 10% to 15%Ó. Brazil has historically been at odds with the US and the multinational pharmaceutical industry on a variety of issues. Brazil has a national public health policy of promoting generic drug manufacturers and generally tends to be against ÒblockbusterÓ drugs, rallying for large pharmaceutical companies to bring down treatment costs. Brazil has also been a forerunner in producing generic versions of key AIDS drugs. Internet:<http://info.articleonepartners.com> (adapted). According to the text above, judge the following items. 31 INPI was allowed to take part in the Patent Prosecution Highway by means of the signature of an experimental covenant. 32 The agreement will bring about a reduction of 10% to 15% in the time necessary for the approval of patent applications in the near future. 33 The US and Brazil have a record of not agreeing over the production and sale of popular and profitable drugs. 34 The last sentence of the text can be correctly translated as: O Brasil tambm tem estado na vanguarda da produo de verses genricas de medicamentos essenciais contra a AIDS. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 102 de 124 1 Intellectual property is the economic framework which underpins the music industry and other British creative industries. Copyright is the currency of that framework. Every 4 song or recording made by a creator or artist can be licensed for value in the UK and globally, therefore generating a substantial positive balance of export income for the UK 7 from copyright licensing. It provides an incentive to industry to invest in new creative content. The growth of the Internet and digital communications 10 has fundamentally changed the way we acquire and listen to music. The Internet makes it easier to create, market and sell music, as well as providing innovative services and 13 platforms to enjoy such creative content. At the same time, the opportunity to unlawfully acquire, and therefore infringe, copyright protected works is exponentially increased 16 by the digital world. Copyright infringement causes damage to the music industry. The sector is committed to finding solutions to mitigate the damage, but this canÕt be 19 achieved alone. In the UK, copyright is governed by legislation which is derived from national law, as well as internationally via 22 directives from European Union. Copyright is also the subject of much political debate. For example, the previous Labour Government took through Parliament the Digital 25 Economy Act to improve the enforcement of copyright law with regard to online infringement. The current Coalition government has undertaken a wider analysis of copyright law which they feel will modernise copyright for the digital age. Internet: (adapted). Based on the text above, judge the next items. 35 British politicians are willing to cooperate with the music industry by passing legislation meant to counter the unlawful acquisition of copyrighted material from the Internet. 36 The word ÒunderpinsÓ (l.2) can be correctly replaced by underscores without changing the meaning of the sentence.37 The way music is recorded and sold via the Internet has done away with the need for copyright legislation in the United Kingdom. 38 The word ÒthereforeÓ (l.5) can be correctly replaced by thus without changing the meaning of the sentence. 39 Behavioral changes in music consumers, brought about by the new Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 103 de 124 possibilities offered by the digital world, have considerably affected the music industry. 1 BrazilÕs patent system shares many similarities with that of the United States, but there are notable differences. For the most part, these differences are traceable to the unique 4 aspects of the United States system, which awards a patent to Ò[w]hoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or 7 any new and useful improvement thereofÓ. The Òfirst to inventÓ system requires more than the date of application to determine the owner of a disputed patent, which makes 10 administration more difficult than the first-to-file system used almost everywhere else in the world. Another major difference between Brazil and the United States is who can 13 apply for a patent. In the United States, the applicant for a patent must be the inventor, and only natural persons can be inventors, whereas in Brazil, both individuals and legal entities 16 can invent and own patents. Brazil also expressly prohibits patenting substances derived from living organisms and transgenic microorganisms 19 that do not meet the three requirements of patentability: novelty, inventive activity and industrial application. Brazil further restricts the patenting of transgenic microorganisms to 22 those that possess a characteristic not normally attainable by the species in natural conditions. Laws of nature, abstract ideas, physical phenomena, and naturally occurring 25 substances are not patentable. However, a refined natural substance, provided that it has a new use, is patentable. Internet: (adapted). Judge the following items based on the text above. 40 In Brazil, as in the United State, for something to be considered patentable it must be original, like a new composition of matter, it must have industrial applicability, like a new and useful process, and it must be considered a creative activity, like a new abstract idea. 41 The word ÒwhichÓ (l.5) refers to ÒaspectsÓ (l.4). 42 Transgenic microorganisms are not considered patentable in Brazil unless they present a feature that is not found in the species in its natural state. 43 In the Brazilian patent system, any individual can be an inventor but only natural persons can own a patent. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 104 de 124 44 Although the patent systems in Brazil and in the United States have much in common, the American system is simpler to manage since it privileges the inventors in the process of application for a patent. 1 Most inventors seek a patent to obtain the actual or potential commercial advantages that go along with the right to exclude others. Given the high cost of research and 4 development, the opportunity to recoup these costs through commercial exploitation of the invention may be the primary justification for undertaking research in the first place. 7 It is important to note that a patent (i.e. the right to exclude others) does not give the inventor the right to practice the invention. The inventor can practice his invention 10 only if by so doing he does not also practice the invention of an earlier unexpired patent. The indirect exploitation of a patent may be exclusive, 13 e.g., by selling all rights in the patent or granting an exclusive license. Licenses can be non-exclusive, allowing many parties, including the inventor, to practice the invention 16 simultaneously. A patent may also provide commercial advantages in addition to the potential for an exclusive market position or licensing income. A patent often lends business 19 credibility to start up ventures and can open doors to both technical assistance and financing necessary to bring a new product to market. An improvement patent may also provide 22 the barter necessary to cross-license any basic patents held by others which block the path to market. Internet: (adapted). Judge the following items according to the text above. 45 By cross-licensing a patent, an inventor will usually miss the opportunity of having access to market and thus of earning income from that particular invention. 46 In line 7, the expression Òi.e.Ó means in Portuguese isto or ou seja. 47 In line 1, ÒactualÓ can be correctly replaced by up-to-date. 48 A patent is a legal measure which gives the inventor the exclusive right to commercially exploit his/her invention regardless of the existence of any previous patents whatsoever. 49 The possibility of making profit from an invention, in an amount enough to cover the money spent in research, is one of the reasons inventors engage in Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 105 de 124 research in the first place. 50 In line 15, the word ÒpartiesÓ can be correctly translated into Portuguese as interessados. îrgo: Tribunal de Justia do Estado de Sergipe Ð TJ/SE Cargo: Tcnico Judicirio - Programao de Sistemas Banca: CESPE Ano: 2014 1 An information security assessment is the process of determining how effectively an entity being assessed (e.g., host, system, network, procedure, person Ñ known as the 4 assessment object) meets specific security objectives. Three types of assessment methods can be used to accomplish this Ñ testing, examination, and interviewing. Testing is the 7 process of exercising one or more assessment objects under specified conditions to compare actual and expected behaviors. Examination is the process of checking, inspecting, 10 reviewing, observing, studying, or analyzing one or more assessment objects to facilitate understanding, achieve clarification, or obtain evidence. Interviewing is the process of 13 conducting discussions with individuals or groups within an organization to facilitate understanding, achieve clarification, or identify the location of evidence. Assessment results are 16 used to support the determination of security control effectiveness over time. Technical guide to information security testing and assessment. Internet: <http://csrc.nist.gov> (adapted). Based on the above text, judge the following items. 23 In the text, the word ÒaccomplishÓ (l.5) has the same meaning as ÒachieveÓ (l.11). 24 Testing, examination and interviewing are methods which can result in effective assessments of people. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 106 de 124 25 In the text, Òused toÓ (l.16) could be correctly replaced by accustomed, without changing the meaning of the text. 26 In the text, the word ÒassessedÓ (l.2) is synonymous with the word accessed. 1 Facebook wasnÕt the first to offer security researchers bounties for reporting vulnerabilities Ñ but the social network reports it paid out $1.5m in 2013 for bug reports, and says it 4 is increasing the amount of cash on offer in the coming year. According to the advertising giant, it received 14,763 7 reports of suspected flaws last year, an increase of 246 per cent on the 2012 figure. Unfortunately for FacebookÕs security team there were a lot of false positives in there, and only 687 10 write-ups turned out to be worth paying for Ñ and, thankfully, roughlysix per cent were classified as high- severity issues. 13 US researchers found 92 correct flaws, with an average payday of $2,272 each, while the British contingent sent in 40 valid bugs each worth $2,950 on average. FacebookÕs highest 16 payout went to Brazilian researcher Reginaldo Silva, who earned $33,500 for finding an XML external entity vulnerability within a PHP page. Iain Thomson. How much is a security bug report worth to Facebook? About $2,100. Internet: (adapted). Based on the text, judge the items that follow. 27 The word ÒfigureÓ (l.8) means number. 28 The smallest amount Facebook paid for a bug report wasnÕt for Brazilian Reginaldo Silva. 29 In 2013, Facebook paid about 2,100 dollars for each of the 14,763 bug reports. 30 The expression Òsocial networkÓ (l.2) refers to ÒFacebookÓ (l.1). 31 Facebook didnÕt pay some of the 687 write-ups. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 107 de 124 îrgo: Agncia Nacional de Aviao Civil (ANAC) Cargo: Tcnico em Regulao de Aviao Civil Banca: ESAF Ano: 2015/2016 Read Text 1 and answer questions 1-5 Text 1 Welcome to the Drone Age THE scale and scope of the revolution in the use of small, civilian drones has caught many by surprise. In 2010 AmericaÕs Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) estimated that there would, by 2020, be perhaps 15,000 such drones in the country. More than that number are now sold there every month. And it is not just an American craze. Some analysts think the number of drones made and sold around the world this year will exceed 1 million. In their view, what is now happening to drones is similar to what happened to personal computers in the 1980s, when Apple launched the Macintosh and IBM the PS/2, and such machines went from being hobbyistsÕ toys to business essentials. That is probably an exaggeration. It is hard to think of a business which could not benefit from a PC, whereas many may not benefit (at least directly) from drones. But the practical use of these small, remote-controlled aircraft is expanding rapidly. These involve areas as diverse as agriculture, landsurveying, film-making, security, and delivering goods. Other roles for drones are more questionable. Their use to smuggle drugs and phones into prisons is growing. Instances have been reported in America, Australia, Brazil, Britain and Canada, to name but a few places. In Britain the police have also caught criminals using drones to scout houses to burgle. The crash of a drone on to the White House lawn in January highlighted the risk that they might be used for acts of terrorism. And in June a video emerged of a graffito artist using a drone equipped with an aerosol spray to deface one of New YorkÕs most prominent billboards. How all this activity will be regulated and policed is, as the FAAÕs own flat-footed response has shown, not yet being properly addressed. There are implications for safety (being hit by an out-of-control drone weighing several kilograms Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 108 de 124 would be no joke); for privacy, from both the state and nosy neighbours; and for sheer nuisanceÑfor drones can be noisy. But the new machines are so cheap, so useful and have so much unpredictable potential that the best approach to regulation may simply be to let a thousand flyers zoom. [Source: The Economist September 26th 2015- adapted] 1- As used in the text, the word ÒdroneÓ is best defined as a) a high-pitched noise which can cause serious annoyance. b) an unmanned flying machine that has many possible uses. c) an object used exclusively by criminals for nefarious purposes. d) a multi-purpose flying aid designed for film-makers and artists. e) an unstoppable bore which probably needs to be banned. 2- According to the text, five years ago AmericaÕs Federal Aviation Authority a) failed to perceive the importance of personal computers. b) exaggerated the probable number of drones in circulation today. c) expected the number of drones to fall below one million soon. d) seriously underestimated the number of drones sold today. e) condoned the use of unmanned aircraft for illegal ends. 3- The concluding sentence of the text suggests that the best policy for drones may be to regulate them a) for safety and privacy reasons. b) as strictly as possible. c) for cost and reliability. d) as often as possible. e) as little as possible. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 109 de 124 4- In Paragraph 2 line 11, the verbs Òto scoutÓ and Òto burgleÓ mean respectively a) to survey and to break into. b) to access and to police. c) to look down on and to shoot. d) to eavesdrop and to harass. e) to film and to embezzle. 5- The word ÒwhereasÓ in Paragraph 2 line 2 could best be replaced by a) since. b) once. c) moreover. d) while. e) because. Read Text 2 and answer questions 6-9 Text 2 Busy air traffic control facilities lack enough controllers WASHINGTON Ñ Thirteen of AmericaÕs busiest air traffic control facilities are suffering from a shortage of air traffic controllers, a problem that demands Òurgent attention,Ó a government watchdog told lawmakers on Tuesday. The facilities also are under stress because a large share of their controllers are still being trained and are not yet competent to work on their own, he said. Many of their experienced controllers also are eligible to retire, Hampton said. Officials with the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, the union representing controllers, also complained about the difficulty in moving an experienced controller from a less-busy workplace to a busy one. Managers are reluctant to let workers go for fear they wonÕt be readily replaceable, he said. And employees may oppose moving to Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 110 de 124 an area where the cost of living is higher Ñ New York, for example. Washington Post 6/12/15 [adapted] 6- In relation to air traffic controllers, the text expresses concern that a) they are too retiring. b) there are too many of them. c) there are too few of them. d) they are mainly immovable. e) they are usually incompetent. 7- The expression Òa government watchdogÓ in Paragraph 1 line 3 and 4 refers to a) a specially trained sniffer canine at airports. b) an official inspector or inspection committee. c) a state paymaster and his acolytes. d) a presidential aircraft supervisor. e) an understaffed civil service department. 8- According to Paragraph 1, many air traffic controllers a) are suffering from stress. b) are currently uneducated. c) demand frequent attention. d) still need supervision at work. e) do not get on with their colleagues. 9- Objections to changing place of work may come from a) trades unions and Congressmen. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 111 de 124 b) workers and the unemployed. c) workersÕ wives or husbands and families. d) employees in training and experienced workers. e) air traffic controllers and their superiors. îrgo: Ministrio do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE) Cargo: Auditor-Fiscal do Trabalho (AFT) Banca: ESAF Ano: 2010 Read the text and answer questions 31-33. Companies in the rich world are confronted with a rapidly ageing workforce. Nearly one in three American workers will be over 50by 2012, and America is a young country compared with Japan and Germany. China is also ageing rapidly, thanks to its one-child policy. This means that companies will have to learn how to manage older workers better. Most companies are remarkably ill-prepared. There was a fl icker of interest in the problem a few years ago but it was snuffed out by the recession. The management literature on older workers is a mere molehill compared with the mountain devoted to recruiting and retaining the young. Companies are still stuck with an antiquated model for dealing with ageing, which assumes that people should get pay rises and promotions on the basis of age. They have dealt with the burdens of this model by periodically ÒdownsizingÓ older workers or encouraging them to take early retirement. This has created a dual labour market for older workers, of cosseted insiders on the one hand and unemployed or retired outsiders on the other. But this model cannot last. The number of young people, particularly those with valuable science and engineering skills, is shrinking. And governments are raising retirement ages and Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 112 de 124 making it more diffi cult for companies to shed older workers, in a desperate attempt to cope with their underfunded pension systems. Feb 4th 2010 | From The Economist print edition [adapted] 31- According to the text, businesses a) are fully prepared to deal with an ancient workforce. b) cannot cope with an infl ux of elderly workers. c) are incapable of growing old gracefully. d) must get rid of older workers through streamlining operations. e) must learn to deal with the need to keep older staff employed. 32- In paragraph 2, the author claims that the recent economic recession has a) awakened an interest in science and engineering among younger workers. b) caused the number of young people seeking jobs in business to increase. c) extinguished what little interest firms had shown in how to manage an older staff. d) made a mountain of business management out of a managerial molehill. e) led many firms to dismiss older workers in their periodic staff reductions. 33- The text suggests that the governments of industrialized countries are a) trying to stop companies dismissing older members of their workforce. b) refusing to employ younger workers because of their expensive pensions. c) cutting the retirement pensions of valuable workers on the basis of age. d) making desperate attempts to cope with an ineffi cient labour market. e) regretting their generosity to workers who have taken early retirement. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 113 de 124 Read the text and answer questions 34-37. Minister calls for wider flexible working rights British government ministers are considering giving all employees the right to ask for fl exible working hours Òfrom the beginningÓ of a new job as part of plans to encourage a fundamental shift in working habits. The Work and Pensions Secretary, Yvette Cooper, says her office is working with employers and organisations such as the federation of small businesses to draw up new ways of supporting men as well as women and non-parents as well as parents working more flexible hours. The current rules are limited to parents of children under 16 and carers, and Cooper wants to extend them. ÒYou want people to offer flexible working from the beginning and we need to look again at how the legislation can support different ways of doing that,Ó she said. ÒThere will be some areas where itÕs not possible to fi t round particular school hours or particular things where the nature of the business makes it hard Ð but what you need is the cultural change for everybody to think differently.Ó CooperÕs proposals come as the government announced that fathers will be given the right to six monthsÕ paternity leave. There will be a legal right to take the motherÕs place at home for the last three months of a nine-month maternity break; they would receive £123 a week in statutory pay. Fathers would then be entitled to take a further three monthsÕ unpaid leave. The move was criticised by some business leaders. (From: The Guardian, Friday 29 January 2010 -slightly adapted) 34- According to the text, current British laws on working timetables are designed mainly for a) women who work as secretaries for the government. b) parents of young children and teenagers, as well as care workers. c) men who have been in their current jobs for some time. d) women extending their maternity leave with unpaid work. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 114 de 124 e) those who want a change in the cultural mentality of businesses. 35- With regard to paternity leave, the government has given men the right to a) take six monthsÕ paid leave as soon as their baby is born. b) care for a baby if the mother returns to work within three months. c) receive their full salary to look after the baby for three out of the first six months. d) take a three-month break receiving payment when the baby is six months old. e) stay at home with the babyÕs mother on unpaid leave for six months. 36- The Work and Pensions Secretary a) a has been personally attacked by company bosses who dislike her plans. b) believes fl exible working hours are a drawback for many workers. c) is seeking employersÕ cooperation for new proposals on working hours. d) shows scant regard for the needs of parents wanting fl exible timetables. e) wants pensions to be paid to fathers who care for their neonate infants. 37- Ms Cooper hopes her new proposals will give more flexible working hours a) from the outset, to workers of both genders. b) to fathers of babies, concurrently with mothers. c) after six months, to those established in their jobs. d) to senior staff who want to start a family. e) to parents and youth workers up to the age of sixteen. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 115 de 124 Read the text and answer questions 38-40. The International Labour Organization The International Labour Organization (ILO) is devoted to advancing opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. Its main aims are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue in handling work- related issues. Origins and history The ILO was founded in 1919, in the wake of a destructive war, to pursue a vision based on the premise that universal, lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon decent treatment of working people. The ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946. ILOÕs vision of decent work Work is central to peopleÕs well-being. In addition to providing income, work can pave the way for broader social and economic advancement, strengthening individuals, their families and communities. Such progress, however, hinges on work that is decent. Decent work sums up the aspirations of people in their working lives. Tripartism and social dialogue The ILO is the only ÔtripartiteÕ United Nations agency in that it brings together representatives of governments, employers and workers to jointly shape policies and programmes. This unique arrangement gives the ILO an edge in incorporating Ôreal worldÕ knowledge about employment and work. Source: http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/lang--en/index.htm38- The International Labour Organization seeks to a) encourage social equality at international level. b) foster workersÕ rights and good working practices. c) stamp out protectionism and restrictive practices. d) promote national wealth through higher productivity. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 116 de 124 e) overturn protective practices in the workplace. 39- The founders of the ILO believed that a) the people must wake up again after a damaging war. b) decent social rights must be promoted by advanced countries. c) individualsÕ mercenary aims reinforce community life. d) good working conditions are essential to maintain world peace. e) the ILO favours tripartite progress between men, women and the UN. 40- The phrase Ògives the ILO an edgeÓ [paragraph 4 line 4] means a) offers the ILO a shove. b) cuts the ILO to the quick. c) sends the ILO to the rearguard. d) lumps the ILO together with. e) provides the ILO with an advantage. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 117 de 124 îrgo: Ministrio do Planejamento, Oramento e Gesto (MPOG) Cargo: Analista de Planejamento e Oramento (APO) Banca: ESAF Ano: 2010 Text 1 Source:http://www.niallferguson.com/site/FERG/Templates/General. aspx?pageid=194 The Ascent of Money Synopsis Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot: Call it what you like, it matters. To Christians, love of it is the root of all evil. To generals, itÕs the sinews of war. To revolutionaries, itÕs the chains of labour. But in The Ascent of Money, Niall Ferguson shows that finance is in fact the foundation of human progress. WhatÕs more, he reveals financial history as the essential back-story behind all history. The evolution of credit and debt was as important as any technological innovation in the rise of civilization, from ancient Babylon to the silver mines of Bolivia. Banks provided the material basis for the splendours of the Italian Renaissance, while the bond market was the decisive factor in confl icts from the Seven YearsÕ War to the American Civil War. With the clarity and verve for which he is famed, Niall Ferguson explains why the origins of the French Revolution lie in a stock market bubble caused by a convicted Scots murderer. He shows how financial failure turned Argentina from the worldÕs sixth richest country into an inflation-ridden basket case Ð and how a financial revolution is propelling the worldÕs most populous country from poverty to power in a single generation. Yet the most important lesson of the worldÕs fi nancial history is that sooner or later every bubble bursts Ð sooner or later the bearish sellers outnumber the bullish buyers Ð sooner or later greed flips into fear. And thatÕs why, whether youÕre scraping by or rolling in it, thereÕs never been a better time to understand the ascent of money. 21- This text could best be characterized as Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 118 de 124 a) the abstract of a doctoral dissertation. b) a detailed review of a book on economics. c) a defense of money for publication in the popular press. d) publicity summarizing a recently-published book. e) a psychological explanation of the power of money. 22- The five words that open the text [Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot] in paragraph 1 line 1 are a) economic jargon for the proceeds of human labour. b) synonyms for money in colloquial usage. c) alternative expressions meaning profit. d) everyday words for things money can buy. e) indications of the evil referred to in the next line. 23- The pronoun ÔitÕ in paragraph 3 line 5 refers to a) fear b) greed c) bubble d) scraping e) money 24- The writer of the book attempts to prove that money is a) a serious cause of harm. b) a vital resource in times of war. c) essentially a question of surface bubbles. d) at the root of all human advanced. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 119 de 124 e) usually an expendable asset. Text 2 Source: The New York Times November 11, 2009 [slightly adapted] Trucks, Trains and Trees By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN No matter how many times you hear them, there are some statistics that just bowl you over. The one that always stuns me is this: Imagine if you took all the cars, trucks, planes, trains and ships in the world and added up their exhaust every year. The amount of carbon dioxide, or CO2, all those cars, trucks, planes, trains and ships collectively emit into the atmosphere is actually less than the carbon emissions every year that result from the chopping down and clearing of tropical forests in places like Brazil, Indonesia and the Congo. We are now losing a tropical forest the size of New York State every year, and the carbon that releases into the atmosphere now accounts for roughly 17 percent of all global emissions contributing to climate change. [É] ÒYou need a new model of economic development Ñ one that is based on raising peopleÕs standards of living by maintaining their natural capital, not just by converting that natural capital to ranching or industrial farming or logging,Ó said Jos Mara Silva, a conservation expert. Right now people protecting the rainforest are paid a pittance Ñ compared with those who strip it Ñ even though we now know that the rainforest provides everything from keeping CO2 out of the atmosphere to maintaining the flow of freshwater into rivers. The good news is that Brazil has put in place all the elements of a system to compensate its forest-dwellers for maintaining the forests. Brazil has already set aside 43 percent of the Amazon rainforest for conservation and for indigenous peoples. Another 19 percent of the Amazon, though, has already been deforested by farmers and ranchers. 25- The main message of the first paragraph is that a) deforestation is less damaging to the environment than was traditionally believed. b) vehicles driven by standard fuels are responsible for 17% of all CO2 Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 120 de 124 emissions. c) the statistics surrounding forest clearance are grossly exaggerated. d) it is time to limit the CO2 emissions from the worldÕs fleet of cars and trucks. e) forest clearance causes more CO2 emissions than all the worldÕs vehicles together. 26- The new model of economic development advocated in the text involves a) offering adequate fi nancial reward to those who preserve the forest. b) raising peopleÕs living standards through squandering natural capital. c) putting a ban on large-scale cattle farming, planting and wood extraction. d) making farmers pay for the fl ow of freshwater they use in the Amazon. e) paying small sums of money to inhabitants who can keep trees standing. 27- The writer Ôs view of Brazilian action shows a) sharp criticism of BrazilÕs failure to curb deforestation. b) mixture of praise for new policies and regret for past destruction. c) unqualified praise for BrazilÕs far-sightedness. d) a 43% approval rating for government policy for the region. e) a 19% disapproval rating for farming and ranching in the Amazon. Text 3 Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 121 de 124 Source: http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/12/brazil-etf-emerging- intelligentinvesting-markets.htmlBuy Into Brazil David Serchuk [For bes Magazine] ThereÕs a lot to like about South AmericaÕs biggest economy. Hosting the Olympics and World Cup doesnÕt hurt either. Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016 Olympics. It has also benefi ted by being the ÒBÓ part of the BRIC group of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China. ItÕs an emerging power that some investors have just learned about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time. From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in the world. It has large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the worldÕs playing fields. There are also some signifi cant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average and noted powerhouse Serbia. BrazilÕs richest 10% reaps 43% of its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. BrazilÕs bottom 10% earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our industry observers are ready to buy. 28- The writerÕs attitude to investment in Brazil is a) out and out enthusiasm for the countryÕs prospects. b) reluctant dismissal of BrazilÕs potential. c) encouragement with minor reservations. d) unmitigated acclaim for the worldÕs 10th largest economy. e) deliberate analysis of various pitfalls for investors. Ingls p/ AFT 2017 Prof a Marina Marcondes e Prof. Roberto Witte Ð Aula 04 www.estrategiaconcursos.com.br 122 de 124 29- Paragraph 1 of the text refers to BrazilÕs hosting of the 2016 Olympic Games as a) one in the eye for US investors looking for good prospects. b) a Brazilian victory in long-standing bitter economic rivalry with the USA. c) an example of unfair practices in Brazilian commercial behavior. d) an explanation of why Brazil is a new focus of attention. e) a good reason to invest in Brazil for quick investment profi ts. 30- Calling Brazil Òthe ÒBÓ part of the BRIC group of emerging nationsÓ [paragraph 1 line 4], indicates that a) compared to Russia, India and China, BrazilÕs growth is second-rate. b) the acronym BRIC contains an explicit reference to Brazil. c) BrazilÕs economy is till only grade B for investors. d) Brazil lags behind the A-rated industrialized countries. e) emerging nations are now only slightly behind developed countries.
Continue navegando
Materiais relacionados
Compartilhar