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ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Aula de revisão av 1
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ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Conteúdo Programático desta aula 
Main concepts from lessons 1 to 5 will be reviewed
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The structuralist
	The structuralist school emerges from theories of language and linguistics, and it looks for underlying elements in culture and literature that can be connected so that critics can develop general conclusions about the individual works and the systems from which they emerge. In fact, structuralism maintains that "...practically everything we do that is specifically human is expressed in language" (Richter 809). Structuralists believe that these language symbols extend far beyond written or oral communication. 	
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	For example, codes that represent all sorts of things permeate everything we do: "the performance of music requires complex notation...our economic life rests upon the exchange of labor and goods for symbols, such as cash, checks, stock, and certificates...social life depends on the meaningful gestures and signals of 'body language' and revolves around the exchange of small, symbolic favors: drinks, parties, dinners" (Richter 809). 
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Peirce and Saussure
Two important theorists form the framework of structuralism: Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure. Peirce gave structuralism three important ideas for analyzing the sign systems that permeate and define our experiences:
"iconic signs, in which the signifier resembles the thing signified (such as the stick figures on washroom doors that signify 'Men' or 'Women';
indexes, in which the signifier is a reliable indicator of the presence of the signified (like fire and smoke);
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-true symbols, in which the signifier's relation to the thing signified is completely arbitrary and conventional [just as the sound /kat/ or the written word cat are conventional signs for the familiar feline]" 
These elements become very important when we move into deconstruction in the Postmodernism resource. Peirce also influenced the semiotic school of structuralist theory that uses sign systems. 
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Logical- Power over individuals belongs to certain cultural categories, and beliefs such as God.
Functional- Certain rites and myths create and build up social order by having more people create strong beliefs. The greater the number of people who believe strongly in these myths more will the social order be strengthened.
Historical- Culture had its origins in society, and from those experiences came evolution into things such as classification systems
	Max Weber
	Weber innovated the idea of a status group as a certain type of subculture. Status groups are based on things
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such as: race, ethnicity, religion, region, occupation, gender, sexual preference, etc. These groups live a certain lifestyle based on different values and norms. They are a culture within a culture, hence the label subculture. Weber also had the idea that people were motivated by their material and ideal interests, which include things such as preventing one from going to hell. Weber also explains that people use symbols to express their spirituality, and that symbols are used to express the spiritual side of real events, and that ideal interests are derived from symbols.
Video about functionalism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcQPaOftgMw
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Ideology
Ideology is thus deliberately created by the powerful to ensure their continuing domination through the manipulation of others by means of false ideas:
By ideology I mean the mental frameworks- the languages, the concepts, categories, imagery of thought, and the systems of representation- which different classes and social groups deploy in order to make sense of, define, figure out and render intelligible the way society works…the theory of ideology helps us to analyze how a particular set of ideas comes to dominate 
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the social thinking of a historical bloc… and maintain its dominance and leadership over society as a whole. It has especially to do with the concepts and the languages of practical thought which stabilize a particular form of power and domination (Hall, 1996)
In this view, different groups (the powerful and the powerless) have their own ideologies- their own world views- and the battle between these ideologies is a struggle for power. An ideology becomes dominant throughout society, gives people a language and rules, which they use to understand the world around them. Hence ideological struggle is a struggle over the ‘correct’ way to think.
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What ´s the ‘dark side’ of identity in the modern age?
Weber suggested that in the modern age individual identity might find itself locked into an ‘iron cage of bureaucracy’. Individuals could be trapped into a life of petty rules and procedures with no sense of creativity – an awful future for active and creative individuals.
Simmel suggested that day-to-day life in the city might have important effects on one´s sense of identity. He noted that the city – or as he called it, the ‘metropolis’ – individuals can feel isolated and lonely precisely because they are surrounded by large numbers of other city dwellers, who tend not to have intimate personal relationships with all those around them:
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The feeling of isolation is rarely as decisive and intense when one actually finds oneself physically alone, as when one is a stranger, without relations, among many physically close persons, at a party, on the train, or in the traffic of a large city (Simmel, 1950). Hence city life poses problems for individual identity. On the one hand, one is free to be who one wants to be, since the culture of cities tends to be more cosmopolitan, forgiving and fluid. The impersonal nature of city life often means there are fewer ties to the group so it is easier to break free. On the other hand, the increase in freedom due to reduced social constraint means that
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one´s inner ‘mental life’ becomes even more important. With the constant ebb and flow of city life and the rapid turnover of people, ideas and identities , individuals might find the need to withdraw into themselves to find peace. This is what Simmel refers to as “the separation of the subjective from the objective life”.
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Conditions of the Modern Self
The modern self assumes an autonomy that seeks to reject the claims of authority, tradition, or community.
The modern self searches for personal therapy that only results in the subjective experience of well-being.
The true, the good, and the beautiful are undiscoverable, so they are judged as not applicable to human experience.
The modern self has moved from an emphasis on redemption of character to liberation from social inhibitions.
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Identity is self-constructed through self-consumption of products of desire.
Such claims about identity and truth call for a technical mastery of the environment, as well as a division between the public and private spheres of reality.
Post modernity
Post
modern ideas about society tend to be:
· There is a rejection of science evident in concerns about the environment and the damage 
causes by industrialisation.
· People tend to look at the negative side of progress rather than see the positive benefits 
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ESTUDOS CULTURAIS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
Post modern ideas about society tend to be:
There is a rejection of science evident in concerns about the environment and the damage 
	caused by industrialization.
People tend to look at the negative side of progress rather than see the positive benefits 
which can be seen by the rising tide of criticism of cars and transport policies.
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We are less likely to view things as a traditional dichotomy (e.g. male vs. female) but to 
see things as places on a continuum (gender as a number of possibilities)
· Much of what we do and see is referential, for instance the media often need a previous 
knowledge of other, similar media forms to be understood. Media cultures are complex and 
difficult to assimilate. 
All these concepts lead to a reflexive society.
Watch the video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvgURfZMGoQ 
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