Lesson 3

Prévia do material em texto

Lesson 3, narration
Ao final desta aula, você será capaz de:
1. Identificar diferentes contextos discursivos relacionados à tipologia narrativa;
2. reconhecer características específicas da narração;
3. conhecer diversos gêneros narrativos;
4. verificar o uso da narração para relatar acontecimentos históricos.
In any context – oral, visual or written - a Narrative text presents characters who act in time and space, organized by someone: the narrator. So, everything in that type of text depends on him/her, on how he/she “tells” the story.
"In narrative writing, an author has a chance to make his or her mark on the world by relating a story that only he or she can tell. Whether it comes from a personal experience or it’s one that the writer has imagined, the point of a narrative is to bring one's subject to life. By using sensory details, the five Ws and H (who, what, where, when, why, and how), and basic story structure, any subject can be made exciting."
 TEXT 1 
It was already late when we set out for the next town, which according to the map was about fifteen miles away on the other side of the hills. There we felt sure that we would find a bed for the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the village, but luckily, we met no one as we drove swiftly long the narrow winding road that led to the hills. As we climbed higher, it became colder and rain began to fall, making it difficult at times to see the road. I asked John, my companion, to drive more slowly. 
After we had travelled for about twenty miles, there was still no sign of the town which was marked on the map. We were beginning to get worried. Then, without warning, the car stopped. A quick examination showed that we had run out of petrol. Although we had little food with us, only a few biscuits and some chocolate, we decided to spend the night in the car. 
Our meal was soon over. I tried to go to sleep at once, but John, who was a poor sleeper, got out of the car after a few minutes and went for a walk up the hill. Soon he came running back. From the top of the hill he had seen, in the valley below, the lights of the town we were looking for. We at once unloaded all our luggage and, with a great effort, managed to push the car to the top of the hill. Then we went back for the luggage, loaded the car again and set off down the hill. In less than a quarter of an hour we were in the town, where we found a hotel quite easily. 
BYRNE, Donn. Intermediate Comprehension Passages. São Paulo: Longman, 1993.
TEXT 2
Half an hour before daybreak, three of the boys assembled, as they agreed near the old bridge. The fourth, a boy by the name of Tolly, 'had not turned up. His absence did not greatly surprise the others. They knew that his mother did not want him to come on this expedition into the forest.[1: came together as a group]
Charles who was the oldest and their accepted leader, waded downstream to the place where their boat was tied up in the shelter of some overhanging bushes. Then he rowed the boat back to the shallow water near the bridge, where the boys loaded it with the provisions, blankets and other things which they were taking on their journey.[2: [intransitive, transitive] to walk with an effort through something, especially water or mud]
Dawn was just breaking as they climbed into their boat and pushed off from the bank. A swift current carried them downstream, so there was no need to row. They took it in turns to keep the boat in the centre of the river. Three hours later, they entered the forest where they intended to spend the next few days.
"Let's go ashore now and make some tea," suggested Charles. "No one will see us here."
It was forbidden to light fires in the forest, but people rarely came this way. While Charles tied the boat up, the other two boys set about gathering wood for a fire. When they came back, each with a large handful of sticks, they found Charles looking very worried.
"We haven't got any matches," he announced gloomily. "Tolly was going to bring them."
This was bad news. They were miles away now from the nearest shop.
BYRNE, Donn. Intermediate Comprehension Passages. São Paulo: Longman, 1993.
Everything in a narrative depends on the narrator, on the voice which is “telling” the story, on his/her perspective.
 
Watch the video and notice how the narrator presents the subject, “bringing it to life”:
Narrating is to create, through language, another real context. For example, paintings can also create real or imaginary contexts, tell stories and make up plots.
 
In the late 19th century, Belmiro de Almeida painted scenes of Brazilian daily life.
 
See the painting “Arrufos” (Temporary resentments) 
 
The lightly ironic tone with which the scene is portrayed reveals a narrative focus.
Narrative details are specific bits of action which, when built into a sequence, show the reader what is happening in the narrative.
 
Click the PDF icon and read the following Narrative text and pay attention to the way the author details his story.
 TEXT 1 
It was already late when we set out for the next town, which according to the map was about fifteen miles away on the other side of the hills. There we felt sure that we would find a bed for the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the village, but luckily we met no one as we drove swiftly long the narrow winding road that led to the hills. As we climbed higher, it became colder and rain began to fall, making it difficult at times to see the road. I asked John, my companion, to drive more slowly. 
After we had travelled for about twenty miles, there was still no sign of the town which was marked on the map. We were beginning to get worried. Then, without warning, the car stopped. A quick examination showed that we had run out of petrol. Although we had little food witch us, only a few biscuits and some chocolate, we decided to spend the night in the car. 
Our meal was soon over. I tried to go to sleep at once, but John, who was a poor sleeper, got out of the car after a few minutes and went for a walk up the hill. Soon he came running back. From the top of the hill he had seen, in the valley below, the lights of the town we were looking for. We at once unloaded all our luggage and, with a great effort, managed to push the car to the top of the hill. Then we went back for the luggage, loaded the car again and set off down the hill. In less than a quarter of an hour we were in the town, where we found a hotel quite easily. 
BYRNE, Donn. Intermediate Comprehension Passages. São Paulo: Longman, 1993.
In a NARRATIVE text, chronology is essential as it recreates an experience through time. Therefore, the order of events is crucial. 
Click the PDF icon and read text 2.
TEXT 2
Half an hour before daybreak three of the boys assembled, as they agreed near the old bridge. The fourth, a boy by the name of Tolly, 'had not turned up. His absence did not greatly surprise the others. They knew that his mother did not want him to come on this expedition into the forest.
Charles who was the oldest and their accepted leader, waded downstream to the place where their boat was tied up in the shelter of some overhanging bushes. Then he rowed the boat back to the shallow water near the bridge, where the boys loaded it with the provisions, blankets and other things which they were taking on their journey.
Dawn was just breaking as they climbed into their boat and pushed off from the bank. A swift current carried them downstream, so there was no need to row. They took it in turns to keep the boat in the centre of the river. Three hours later they entered the forest where they intended to spend the next few days.
"Let's go ashore now and make some tea," suggested Charles. "No one will see us here."
It was forbidden to light fires in the forest, but people rarely came this way. While Charles tied the boat up, the other two boys set about gathering wood for a fire. When they came back, each with a large handful ofsticks, they found Charles looking very worried.
"We haven't got any matches," he announced gloomily. "Tolly was going to bring them."
This was bad news. They were miles away now from the nearest shop.
BYRNE, Donn. Intermediate Comprehension Passages. São Paulo: Longman, 1993.
 Activity
Insert the following expression in the paragraph so that they establish a chronological line for the presented facts. Click each expression and drop it to the CORRECT space.
Notice that, more than telling a story, a Narrative essay also communicates a main idea or a lesson learned. Click the PDF icon and read the text 3.
TEXT 3
An Event That Changed My Life
Life is about making choices, but some of them can even change our life. Two years ago, I decided to come to America to join my husband who is a doctoral student in a university, although I knew it was really a challenge to me. This significant decision that I’ve made changed everything about me and my life.
That was a tough decision to make. It meant I would leave my homeland, friends and go to a far-away place from my family. I had to adjust to the alien environment. Moreover, I had to finish my contract on a very decent job. My parents worried about my future, but I still thought life was wonderful and the world was big.
Arriving in a new country was exciting and discomforting. America is a wonderful place to live, which is full of adventure and challenge. I was attracted by the Western culture. Meanwhile, I am also troubled by different language. Although I began to learn English in middle school from ABC, my listening and oral abilities tend not to be adequate. I had to study hard to improve my English, so that I can understand what the people said.
Since I came to America, I’ve made great progress not only in foreign language but also in adaptive capacity. From what I saw, read, and talked with my husband and friends, I realized that I want to go back to school to improve myself. Because many American universities have opening academics and education thoughts, advanced facilities, and sufficient funding support. After making an effort, I have been admitted to the university and have been granted a scholarship. Getting the admission of university was important to reorganize my life.
In the past two years, I’ve learned a lot here. This experience not only broadens my view but also enriches my life. It changed my life for the good. I will try my best to do everything well, in order not to regretful in the following year.
There is “narration” in several genres, depending on how someone recalls or tells a story. 
 
For example, in fiction, the narrator may recall events throughout the story taking on different types of voice. 
Click the PDF icon and read the text 4.
 TEXT 4 
The children stopped chattering as Miss Hughes entered the classroom. Then they stood up as one body and said in a loud chorus: "Good morning, teacher." Miss Hughes smiled, said good morning too and told the class to sit down. At a glance there seemed to be about thirty-five pupils in the class. The majority were girls. She noticed several intelligent faces. All the pupils were watching her intently waiting no doubt to find out what sort of person she was. 
"I suppose you want to know my name," she said. But before she could tell them, someone in the class called out, "It's Miss Hughes." Everybody laughed. Miss Hughes laughed too. 
"News travels quickly," she said. "I'm afraid it will take me longer to learn all your names." 
Miss Hughes opened the attendance register and called their names in turn. When she came to the last name on the list, John Young, she noticed that he had been absent for over a month. "What's the matter with John Young?" she asked, looking up. "He's in hospital, Miss Hughes," said a fair-haired girl in the front row. "He's broken his leg." "He slipped on the ice," added one of the boys. "Has anyone been able to see him in hospital?" Miss Hughes asked. 
No one replied. (…) 
BYRNE, Donn. Intermediate Comprehension Passages. São Paulo: Longman, 1993.
Watch this helpful video bellow: 
On the other hand, in a Narrative essay, there is a specific point of view, which includes information that the narrator reveals at certain times, as well as actions that the narrator supplies to set up a dilemma and to solve it, or to pass along information.
"Narrative is the recounting of a series of facts or events and the establishing of some connection between them.” (John A. Ross)
 TEXT 5 
Diane had a problem. Her ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) symptoms were affecting her work and she was on the verge of being fired. Her greatest difficulty was in prioritizing her tasks; she tended to major on the minors. 
Through counseling, she determined to make a last-ditch effort to communicate with her boss about her problems. She did not make demands but suggested certain ways the boss could help her be a better worker. (Her counselor helped her devise these ideas.) 
First, she asked if she could meet with the boss for a few minutes at the start of each day to go over her list of things to do. The boss would identify the most important projects for her to tackle. Diane asked for "time spacing" on her monthly reports-intermediate deadlines in mid-month. Previously, she had waited until the last minute to prepare these, but now she asked her boss to hold her accountable to those earlier deadlines. 
Diane also asked for a flex-time arrangement. She knew she had to be there for most of the working day, but she got her best work done when no one else was around. The boss agreed to let her come to work an hour-and-a-half late and stay an hour-and a-half late, so she could have that prime time at the end of her working day. In fact, the boss agreed to all her suggestions. He had to spend a few extra minutes with her, but he got a much more effective employee out of this arrangement. 
http://www2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_7/narrative.html#4
A lot of songs may be characterized by instrumental resources combined with lyrical tales. Most of them tell a story which reflects on real life concerns such as love, loneliness, loss, work, religion, infidelity and even events in the news. So, we may also find the narrative type in the lyrics of such songs. 
 Watch this video so that you can identify those Narrative characteristics in the song Diary (Bread):
It’s important to emphasize the writing style of a narrative:
 
Events, memories and personal experiences are used to illustrate a story. So, it’s also an effective style to use when a personal experience influenced the author.
Read the first excerpt from “Playground Memory”, by Norway Cabuyadao. Click the PDF icon and read the text 5.
 TEXT 6 
“Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled “warm and fuzzy feelings.” As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grand Canyon and have jumped on the beds at Caesar’s Palace in Lake Tahoe. However, I have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the trips that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them “dirt devils”, to swarm around me.” 
The author illustrates the story using memories which are presented in details. 
Read More: http://www.papercamp.com
While writing a narrative, it’s advisable to vary the sentence structure so that the reading can flow nicely."Whenever you incorporate narrative into your writing, remember that good narrators use concrete, vivid language to show their readers what is happening. They strive for visual elements to add presence to their writing."
(Maxine C. Hairston, Successful Writing, 3rd ed. W.W. Norton, 1992)
When we read a novel, a tale, when we watch a movie or a soap opera, we are in the context of fiction. Of course, that type of narrative is different from the one presented, for example, in a documentary or in a biography once facts can be somehow proved to be real. 
 
Whatever the case may be, a good narrative depends on the author’s ability to combine multiple elements to compose a story.
Challenge: Practice your English!
Some Narrative samples. Click in each box.
In a novel:
 
Read “Independent People”, by Halldór Laxness, in: <http://www.amazon.com/Independent-People-Halldor-Laxness/dp/0679767924>.
In a tale:
 Read “A Haunted House” by Virginia Woolf, in: <http://www.world-english.org/woolf_haunted_house.htm>.
In a movie:
 
“A film narrative is the story that the movie is telling, whether that narrative is linear or fractured.” (Jared Drake)
 
Click to hear: www.ehow.com/video_4755820_what-film-narrative.html 
 
Video Transcript
“Hi, my name is Jared Drake and I'm going to talk to you about film narrative. Your film's narrative is your movie's story. There are all kinds of narrative. There are linear narratives which tell the story from A to B, they start at one moment, from one moment and they go all the way until problem is resolved. You can have fractured narratives which is where the story jumps back and forth in time. It starts when the guy's 35 years old and flashes back to his or her old childhood, then jumps forward to when they're older and then back again and you kind of have to piece it all together for yourself as the viewer. Elements that you can use in narratives, you can use flashbacks, you can use voice overs, you can use multiple perspectives, maybe you don't have one main character but you have a number of main characters, you can, the clasic Hollywood narrative typically ends with a happy ending. You can do your own thing and maybe you have a sad ending. There are all kinds of narratives available that you can use and you can make up your own even if you wanted to.”
In a biography:
 
Click to watch and read about Whoopi Goldberg: <http://www.biography.com/people/whoopi-goldberg-9314384>.
In a documentary:
 
Click to watch “Climate wars: episode 1”: <http://freedocumentaries.org/int.php?filmID=411>.
Taking a look at Fictional Narratives:
Notice that the narrator acts as a mediator between the narrative and the reader/watcher/listener.
 
In fiction, it’s the narrator who creates, reveals and produces the characters. This way, he manages to make the reader/watcher/listener get familiarized with their interests, emotions and behavior.
 
That’s possible because characters, in that context, belong to a fictional reality that is produced by language.
 
Read the strips below:
Mafalda and the happiness
Fonte: <http://seusuperego.wordpress.com/tag/mafalda 
Click the PDF icon and read the characters in Mafalda comic strips.
The Characters
Mafalda: The main character, is an Argentine girl--around five or six years old-
-with strong political views. She's very concerned about war, poverty, and the state of the world, and is often reading the newspaper, listening to the news on her radio, or consulting her globe. Mafalda hates soup and loves the Beatles.
"Mama" (Raquel) and "Papa" (no name): Mafalda's mother is a housewife, much to Mafalda's chagrin. Her father works for an insurance company, loves plants, and sympathizes with Mafalda's world view.[3: /ʃəˈɡrɪn/ [uncountable] (formal) a feeling of being disappointed or annoyed]
Felipe: A dreamer who is deeply scared of school, even though he's the brightest and oldest member of the gang. He often wages intense internal battles with his conscience and his innate sense of responsibility. Felipe loves reading comic books, particularly "The Lone Ranger".
Manolito: The son of a Spanish (Galician) shopkeeper, more concerned with business and money than anything else. He works in his father's shop.
Susanita: A frivolous gossip whose greatest ambition in life is to be a mother and dedicated housewife.
Miguelito: Somewhat of a rebel, most of the time he is a little too eager to get into philosophical debates. A descendant of Italian immigrants, his grandfather is very fond of Benito Mussolini.
Guille: Mafalda's little brother. He has a pathologic dependence on his pacifier.
Libertad: A diminutive girl whose name means "Freedom". She always says what's on her mind.
Taken from: http://www.squidoo.com/mafalda
Now, watch the movie below and see how creative the “new producer” was once he gave an unexpected ending to the classical “well-succeeded” Batman.
Considering the fact that the character Batman never “loses”, we may say the “new producer” led the spectator to surprising emotions and behaviors, which confirms the various possibilities concerning creation in fiction narratives:
Who is the narrator?
Attention! The author is NOT the narrator.
The author is someone who produces a text. The narrator is the one who TELLS the story, responsible for the organization of the presented facts. Notice that the narrator belongs to the text. Indeed, the narrator exists because the text does too.
 
Remember that the common types of narratives are: Biographical, Fictional and Personal.
In all of them, there is always a narrator. For example, if the author is writing about a marital disruption, caused by separation, he/she may choose among several narrators: the woman, the man, their daughter, their therapist, their neighbor etc. But, in any situation, it will be necessary to establish a narrative focus and decide the type of narrator.
Click the PDF icon and read the text 7.
 Text 7 
“I walk into my house and I am surprised that the front door was a left a little ajar. I know my husband is a lot more careful than that and he would never leave the door open like that. “Hello?” I call out as I enter the house and take my coat off. Another thing that I notice immediately is a peculiar smell, a mixture of roses and some herbal spices. My house never smells like this, I think to myself. A clatter of dishes comes from the kitchen as I approach the living room. There is definitely someone in the house, and it is not my husband! I panic. I go into the garage and come out with a heavy walking stick that grandpa left the last time he was at our place. I steady the stick and walk cautiously into the living room, getting ready to smack the prowler as soon as I see him or her. I edge closer toward the kitchen wall and stand behind the door, breathing heavily. This is it, I think to myself, I have to rush in and surprise the intruder. I am about to run in when I hear someone singing from inside the kitchen. “Richard, is that you?” I call out. “Yes, honey. Come on in. I have a surprise for you!” Relieved that it was in fact my husband in the kitchen, I drop the stick and walk into the kitchen, only to be amazed that the dining table is all set out, with flowers and candles, and my husband standing there in my apron, cooking me a lavish dinner. “What's all this?” I ask. “Surprise! I love you my love!” Richard says and I cannot help but run to him and kiss him on his lips. [4: (of a door) slightly open]
It is amazing how much things can change in one year, I think while driving back home from the courthouse. Everything was so good and we were so happy. I wonder what happened and how things turned out like the way they have. I wish I could view the last one year of my life like a book and try to understand exactly what went wrong and where. I take a right turn into the street where our house, my house, is and a slight tear begins to roll down my eyes. I console myselfas I park in my driveway, telling myself that some things are just not meant to be. I wonder if this is true and I wonder if things would have been different if I had acted out differently.” 
Taken from http://www.tailoredessays.com 
 Writing about someone else’s experience: someone outside the story is the narrator. 
“Charles who was the oldest and their accepted leader, waded downstream to the place where their boat was tied up in the shelter of some overhanging bushes. Then he rowed the boat back to the shallow water near the bridge, where the boys loaded it with the provisions, blankets and other things which they were taking on their journey.” 
BYRNE, Donn. Intermediate Comprehension Passages. São Paulo: Longman, 1993. 
 Writing about your own experience: someone directly involved in the story is the narrator. 
“One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day of no particular importance. It was late in the fall in Merced, California on the playground of my old elementary school; an overcast day with the wind blowing strong. I stood on the blacktop, pulling my hoodie over my ears. The wind was causing miniature tornados; we called them “dirt devils”, to swarm around me.” (Playground Memory, by Norway Cabuyadao) 
 Writing about a made-up experience: characters are created to overcome and solve a problem. 
“So Barely Credible told the Queen of Hearts that her one and only wish was to live in a princedom where ordinary folks didn’t expect anything but hoped for it all. She was an ordinary princess—not exceptionally pretty, nor exceptionally bright, nor exceptionally talented. But the young princess could do something exceptionally well—she could imagine. She imagined great reversals. Mornings where the sun would be prized for its warmth. Full days without want. A place where the weak would be made strong. Times where people would divide their shares. Where real life would pause its frantic [hectic] bid for fortune. But of course, the townsfolk scoffed at Barely Credible saying, “What is fortune without misfortune?” And they called her barely credible. Nothing could be that simple. Yet, this was a tragic kingdom. For each heart lacked sympathy for one another, and each heart was bowed down with contempt. For though they expected profitable things, each day their hearts broke anew, for they feared. They feared hope, believing hope to be a great and deceitful evil.” 
(Evelyn Galbraith - Taken from: http://www.writingclasses.co.uk/story52.html) 
Notice that Pronoun Reference in a paragraph is very much important while writing a Narrative in third person.
Activity
Fill the following paragraphs with appropriate pronouns. Consider that they were extracted from a narrative in which the narrator presents someone else’s experience.
“The next day Inspector Robinson got a message to say that the man had been seen in a small seaside town.  Inspector Robinson immediately went there. When __he___ reached the police station, the inspector in charge had a second message __for___ him. The owner of a small restaurant on the seafront had just telephoned. According to __him___, a person like the wanted man was having dinner in _his____ restaurant.”
“The next day Inspector Robinson got a message to say that the man had been seen in a small seaside town.  Inspector Robinson immediately went there. When he reached the police station, the inspector in charge had a second message for him. The owner of a small restaurant on the seafront had just telephoned. According to him, a person like the wanted man was having dinner in his restaurant.”
BYRNE, Donn. Intermediate Comprehension Passages. São Paulo: Longman, 1993.
“Though __his___ father had been a television producer when _he____ lived in Vietnam and __his___ mother had been a dancer and an actress, neither one was happy when ___their__ son, Xuan Tri (Dustin) decided to become an actor here in the United States. __They___ thought Dustin should be an engineer and __they___ worked hard to pay for __his___ college. In fact, __they___ went on paying for ___his__ college tuition for more than a year after __he___ had dropped out because _they____ thought _he____ was still in school. When __they___ found out ____he_ had been taking acting lessons and auditioning for TV roles, __they___ were very angry and disappointed.”
“Though his father had been a television producer when he lived in Vietnam and his mother had been a dancer and an actress, neither one was happy when their son, Xuan Tri (Dustin) decided to become an actor here in the United States. They thought Dustin should be an engineer and they worked hard to pay for his college. In fact, they went on paying for his college tuition for more than a year after he had dropped out because they thought he was still in school. When they found out he had been taking acting lessons and auditioning for TV roles, they were very angry and disappointed.”
Narrative Space
“This is the physically existing environment in which characters live and move”.
 (BUCHHOLZ; JAHN, 2005).
When we make reference to the space in a narrative text, we can find two types:
Physical and Psychological Spaces.
 The former refers to the mental image of the physical settings in which the actions occur, while the latter focus on mental characteristics concerning the characters: their experiences, feelings, dreams, thoughts, or everything that reveals the motivation for their behavior.
Click and watch the video “A story for tomorrow”. You’re going watch and listen to a motivating story and, at the same time, notice the details that build the scenes both in visual and psychological spaces.
Narrative Space
A time, or chronological order is natural for narration. Events must be recorded in the order in which they occur. Thus, when you tell a story, a natural order is required.
A space order is also very useful when the writer wishes to report what he sees. The “movement” of each paragraph must have some continuity which a reader can recognize and follow.
 
Click on the PDF icon and read the excerpt below taken from a report on the sinking of the “Titanic”. Notice all the individual acts which build the scene of the disaster.
The Titanic Sinks
Shortly after the two final lifeboats were lost, the forward funnel collapsed and crushed part of the bridge and people in the water. People on deck began jumping overboard in hopes of reaching a lifeboat. The Titanic’s stern rose into the air and everything not connected crashed into the ocean. The electrical system failed, the ship broke into two pieces, and the bow went under. A few minutes later at about 2:20am on April 15, the stern stank into the ocean.
For those who jumped overboard in hopes of being rescued by a lifeboat, hope was dim. Only two of the 18 lifeboats launched picked people up after the rescue. 5 were saved by lifeboat 4, and lifeboat 14 went back and rescued four people, one who died afterward.
The two severed pieces of the glorious titanic acted very differently as they plummeted toward the ocean floor. The bow sunk relatively peacefully, as it was already filled with water. The bow of the Titanic is now embedded 60 feet in the bottom of the ocean floor. The stern’s decent was a little more violent as the pressure differential caused implosion as the bow sank into the ocean.
Just under four hours after the disaster the RMS Carpathia arrived in the area and began rescuing survivors. At 8:30 she picked up the last lifeboat with survivors and left the area bound for New York.
Taken from http://www.titanicuniverse.com/titanic-sinks
Nesta aula, você:
Compreendeu a importância da tipologia narrativa no relato de acontecimentos;
aprendeu características específicas da narração;
analisou diversos gêneros narrativos.
Na próxima aula, você vai estudar:
Suporte gramatical para a produção de textos narrativos;
etapas essenciais para a produção de uma Narrativa;
características semânticas pertinentes à narração.
		1.Which alternative is wrong?
	
	
	
	 
	A limited narrator has a whole view of events, and "knows" the whole story.
	
	
	Multiple narrators of the story can also present multiple points of view.
	
	
	A third person narrator uses the pronoun "he" or "she" and does not take part in the story.
	
	
	An objective narrator is an observer and describes or interprets thoughts, feelings, motivations, of the characters. Details such as setting, scenes, and what was said is stronger with an objective observer.
	
	
	An omniscient narrator has access to all the actions and thoughts within fiction.
	
	
	
		
	
		2.
	Choose the alternative that correctly complete the sentence: A narrative answers the question _______________.
	
	
	
	 
	What happened?
	
	
	What went wrong?
	
	
	Who did it?
	
	
	How do you do this?
	
	
	What is a character?
	
	
	
		
	
		3.
	READ the text below:
"I take up my pen in the year of grace 17-, and go back to the time when my father kept the 'Admiral Benbow¿'inn, and the brown old seaman, with the saber cut, first took up his lodging under our roof."
(Jim Hawkins in Treasure Island, by Robert Louis Stevenson)
► In the text above, the narrator is:
	
	
	
	 
	First person
	
	
	Second person
	
	
	Omniscient
	
	
	Limited
	
	
	Third person
	
	
	
		
	
		4.
	Which alternative is wrong?
	
	
	
	
	A third person narrator uses the pronoun "he" or "she" and does not take part in the story.
	
	 
	A subjective narrator is generally reliable because he/she is in the story, and can only speak to his/her experience within it.
	
	
	A first person narrator uses the pronoun "I" to tell the story, and can be either a major or minor character. It may be easier for a reader to relate to a story told in a first person account.
	
	
	Multiple narrators of the story can also present multiple points of view.
	
	
	A second person narrator uses the pronoun "you" and is not used very often since it makes the reader a participant in the story (and you, as reader, may be reluctant to be in the action!).
	
	
	
		
	
		5.
	The time and place in which the events of a story take place is known as:
	
	
	
	
	atmosphere
	
	 
	setting
	
	
	point of view
	
	
	characterization
	
	
	plot
	
	Gabarito Coment.
	
	
	
		
	
		6.
	Choose the alternative that correctly complete the sentence: The words spoken by the characters in a story are called ___________.
	
	
	
	 
	dialogue
	
	
	action
	
	
	chronological order
	
	
	setting
	
	
	scenario
	
	
	
		
	
		7.
	The purpose of narrative writing is to show readers what happened at a particular time and place. A narrative is a story--a real or an imagined event--that relies on specific details to answer the following questions, except for one. Choose the alternative that has nothing to do with the writing process
	
	
	
	
	Who was involved?
	
	 
	What is the author's opinion?
	
	
	What happened?
	
	
	When and where did it happen?
	
	
	How did the event begin?
	
	
	
		
	
		8.
	Choose the alternative that correctly complete the sentence: One way to keep events in order when you write a narrative is to ____________.
	
	
	
	
	write about a real-life event
	
	
	look in a family scrapbook for story ideas
	
	
	build a strong narrator
	
	
	choose an interesting place to write about
	
	 
	use consistent verb tenses