fonetica 7

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23 de Maio de 2018 - Ling. Ing. Fon. Fono
Auxiliary letters which, with another letter, constitute digraphs, i.e. two letters combined which represent a single phoneme. For a revision, see class three. 
Dummy letters with no relation to neighbouring letters and no correspondence in pronunciation: 
Some are inert letters, which are sounded in a cognate word: e.g. <n> in damn (cf. damnation); <g> in phlegm (cf. phlegmatic); <a> in practically (cf. practical). If the cognate is obvious, it may aid writers in spelling, but mislead readers in pronunciation.
The rest are empty letters which never have a sound, e.g. <w> in answer, <h> in Sarah, <s> in island, <b> in subtle, the <t> in ballet. These present the greatest difficulty to writers and often to readers.
CAUSES OF SILENT LETTERS
- historical change: the sound has dropped out of the word over time but the spelling has not changed: light, hope, knot. 
- addition of letters: the letter was added to make the spelling more 'French' or 'Latin': debt, victual, island.
- difficult sound combinations: The sound combination difficult to say: handkerchief, sandwich.
- borrowings: the word was originally borrowed from another language, complete with spelling: champagne, khaki, myrrh.
Generally, accents can be grouped into what is called RHOTIC or NON-RHOTIC. 
A RHOTIC accent will say every /R/ that is written. Speak aloud the following sentence and if you hear and feel yourself saying every /R/ sound, you are a RHOTIC speaker.
NON-RHOTIC speakers say the /R/ sound ONLY if it is followed by a vowel sound.  
old people
In non-rhotic accents, words historically ending in /r/ (as evidenced by an ‹r› in the spelling) may be pronounced with [r] when they are closely followed by another morpheme beginning with a vowel sound. 
A notable non-rhotic accent that does not have linking R is Southern American English. 
Intrusive R 
The [r] is inserted to prevent two consecutive vowel sounds.