EDUCATING THE STUDENT BODY Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School

Visit the National Academies Press online and register for ... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. 10% off print titles Custom noti\ue0bfcation of new releases in your \ue0bfeld of interest Special offers and discounts NA TIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NA TIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NA TIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18314 ISBN 978-0-309-28313-7 420 pages 6 x 9 PAPERBACK (2013) Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School Harold W. Kohl III and Heather D. Cook, Editors; Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment; Food and Nutrition Board; Institute of Medicine Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment Food and Nutrition Board Harold W . Kohl III and Heather D. Cook, Editors EDUCATING THE STUDENT BODY T aking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School THE NA TIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW W ashington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee respon- sible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Grant No. 69449 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Robert W ood Johnson Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclu- sions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that pro- vided support for the project. International Standard Book Number -13: 0-978-0-309-28313-7 International Standard Book Number -10: 0-309-28313-2 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW , Keck 360, W ashington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www .nap.edu. For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www .iom.edu. Copyright 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history . The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin. Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2013. Educating the student body: T aking physical activity and physical education to school. W ashington, DC: The National Academies Press. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School \u201cKnowing is not enough; we must appl y. W illing is not enough; we must do.\u201d \u2014G oethe Advising the Nation. Improving Health. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general wel- fare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr . Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi- neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer - ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr . C. D. Mote, Jr ., is presi- dent of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its con- gressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr . Harvey V . Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy\u2019 s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy , the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr . Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr . C. D. Mote, Jr ., are chair and vice chair , respectively , of the National Research Council. www .national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School v COM M IT TEE O N P HY SI CAL ACTIVITY AN D PHY SI CAL ED U CA TIO N I N TH E SCH O O L ENVI RON M ENT HAROLD W . KOHL III ( Chair ), Professor of Epidemiology and Kinesiology , School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology , Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of T exas Health Science Center -Houston, and Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of T exas at Austin DARLA M. CASTELLI, Associate Professor , Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of T exas at Austin ANG CHEN, Professor , Department of Kinesiology , University of North Carolina, Greensboro AMY A. EYLER, Assistant Professor , George W arren Brown School of Social W ork, Program of Public Health, W ashington University , St. Louis, Missouri SCOTT GOING, Interim Department Head and Professor , Department of Nutritional Sciences, and Director , Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Arizona, T ucson JA YNE D. GREENBERG, District Director , Physical Education and Health Literacy , Miami-Dade County Public Schools, Miami, Florida CHARLES H. HILLMAN , Professor , Departments of Kinesiology and Community Health, Psychology , and Internal Medicine, Affiliate of the Neuroscience Program, Division of Nutritional Sciences, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and T echnology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign PHILIP R. NADER , Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego KENNETH E. POWELL, Retired Chief, Chronic Disease, Injury , and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Division of Public Health, Georgia Department of Human Resources, Atlanta LEAH E. ROBINSON, Associate Professor , Department of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Alabama EMMA SANCHEZ-V AZNAUGH, Assistant Professor , Health Education Department, San Francisco State University , California SANDY SLA TER, Research Assistant Professor , Institute for Health Research and Policy , University of Illinois at Chicago NICOLAS STETTLER , Senior Managing Scientist, Health Sciences Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety , Exponent, W ashington, DC Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School vi Gail WoodW ard-lopez, Associate Director , Dr . Robert C. and V eronica Atkins Center for W eight and Health, University of California, Berkeley Study Staff Hea tHer del v alle cook, Study Director l ynn p arker, Scholar emil y ann miller, Program Officer (until January 2013) SaraH zieGenHorn, Research Assistant (from January 2013) alliSon BerGer, Senior Program Assistant anton l. Bandy , Financial Associate Geraldine kennedo, Administrative Assistant linda d. meyerS, Director , Food and Nutrition Board Consultant terr y t -k HUanG, Professor and Chair , Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School vii T his report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council\u2019 s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity , evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. W e wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Andy Bindman, University of California, San Francisco James F . Bogden, National School Boards Association Catherine L. Davis, Georgia Regents University Russell R. Pate, University of South Carolina Stephen J. Pont, Seton Healthcare Family , Dell Children\u2019 s Medical Center of Central T exas, University of T exas Southwestern, Austin Programs Judith E. Rink, University of South Carolina Stephen W . Sanders, University of South Florida Cary R. Savage, University of Kansas Medical Center Mark B. Stephens, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Katherine T . Thomas, University of North T exas, Denton Reviewers Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School viii Reviewers Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the report\u2019 s conclu- sions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Connie M. W eaver , Purdue University , and Caswell A. Evans, Jr ., University of Illinois at Chicago. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School ix Preface P hysical activity is central to health, and its importance clearly extends beyond its role in achieving energy balance to prevent and treat obesity and overweight. Adequate daily physical activity improves cardio- vascular health, metabolic health, brain and mental health, and musculo- skeletal health\u2014benefits that recent research shows are gained across the life span. Important emerging research has further focused on the association between physical activity in youth and academic achievement. Clinical and public health guidelines indicate that youth need a mini- mum of 60 minutes per day of vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity to optimize health and development. Because many youth spend a substantial amount of time in school, this report focuses specifically on the role schools can play in increasing physical activity among youth and providing opportunities to meet these guidelines. This role falls squarely within schools\u2019 long-standing tradition of providing access to health-related services such as health screenings, nutrition programs, and immunizations. The assumption that school-based physical education can provide enough physical activity for children and adolescents has recently been challenged on a variety of fronts. First, the 60 minutes per day of physical activity that is health enhancing is nearly impossible to achieve through physical education, even with the highest-quality physical education cur - riculum. Second, quality physical education must include time for teaching activities and lessons that may not be physically active. Third, political and economic pressures on education systems to improve standardized test scores have had the unintended consequence of reducing or eliminating physical education curricula and thus students\u2019 opportunities for physical

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