História dos Direitos Humanos

•
Humanas / Sociais

laédson Tavares
10/04/2020
E aí, curtiu este material?
Ajude a incentivar outros estudantes a melhorar o conteúdo
Gostou desse material? Compartilhe! 🧡
Direitos Humanos

47.801 Materiais compartilhados
Baixe o app para aproveitar ainda mais
Leia os materiais offline, sem usar a internet. Além de vários outros recursos!
Prévia do material em texto
Aula 01
Direitos Humanos e Cidadania p/ PRF - Policial - 2014/2015
Professor: Alyson Barros
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 1 
 
PRF -2014/15 
!
Sumário 
Afirmação histórica dos direitos humanos. .................................................................................................... 2 
Considerações acerca do surgimento dos Direitos Humanos ................................................................... 2 
Código de Hamurabi – XX a.C. ................................................................................................................. 3 
Grécia – VI a.C. .......................................................................................................................................... 3 
Roma – V a.C. ............................................................................................................................................ 4 
Idade Média – Séc. XI ................................................................................................................................ 4 
Idade Média – Séc. XII ............................................................................................................................... 4 
Magna Carta – 1215 .................................................................................................................................. 4 
Declaração de direitos (Bill of rights) - 1689 .............................................................................................. 6 
Declaração de Independência (1776) e a Constituição dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte (1787)
 ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 
Declarações de Direitos da Revolução Francesa - 1789 ............................................................................ 8 
Constituição Francesa de 1848 ................................................................................................................. 9 
Convenção de Genebra de - 1864 ........................................................................................................... 9 
Constituição Mexicana - 1917 ................................................................................................................. 10 
Constituição Alemã - 1919 ...................................................................................................................... 10 
Carta das Nações Unidas - 1945 ............................................................................................................. 11 
Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos – 1948 ............................................................................... 11 
Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos – 1950 ............................................................................... 17 
Pactos Internacionais de Direitos Humanos – 1966 ................................................................................ 18 
Convenção Internacional sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação Racial - 1966 ...... 19 
Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos – 1969 .............................................................................. 19 
Convenção Contra a Tortura e Outros Tratamentos ou Penas Cruéis, Desumanos ou Degradantes - 
1984 ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 
Declaração e o Programa de Ação de Viena – 1993 ............................................................................... 27 
O Estatuto de Roma - 1998 ..................................................................................................................... 28 
Considerações ......................................................................................................................................... 29 
Avaliação da Afirmação Histórica dos Direitos Humanos ........................................................................ 30 
Direitos humanos e responsabilidade do Estado ........................................................................................ 32 
Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................................................................ 40 
Questões ...................................................................................................................................................... 41 
Questões com Comentários e Gabarito ...................................................................................................... 50 
Considerações Finais ................................................................................................................................... 68 
 
: este curso é protegido por direitos autorais (copyright), nos 
termos da Lei 9.610/98, que altera, atualiza e consolida a legislação sobre direitos autorais e 
dá outras providências. 
 Grupos de rateio e pirataria são clandestinos, violam a lei e prejudicam os professores que 
elaboram o curso. Valorize o trabalho de nossa equipe adquirindo os cursos honestamente 
através do site Estratégia Concursos. 
!
 
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 2 
Afirmação histórica dos direitos 
humanos. 
!
! ∀! #∃%&∋#()∗! +%,−.&%/#! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 4! #! 15∗62()∗! +%,−.&%/#! 0∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 3∗! /∗3−17−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! 1! 3#/%∗3#68! 9,,∗! ,%:3%∃%/#! ;21! 3.,!
1,−20#&1∋∗,<! 0∗! =∗3−∗! 01! 5%,−#! +%,−.&%/∗<! /∗∋∗! ∗! 01>#−1! #/1&/#! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,! ,1!∋#−1&%#6%?∗2! 3∗! 0%&1%−∗8! ≅Α! 1,−Α! /∗∋! ∗!∋#&/#0∗&! 01! −17−∗,! 3#!∋)∗Β!
Χ∗∋1(#&1∋∗,! =∗&! #6:2∋#,! /∗3,%01&#(∆1,! 1! 01=∗%,! 5#∋∗,! =#&#! #! ,2/1,,)∗! 0∗,!
0∗/2∋13−∗,!∋#%,!01,−#/#0∗,!3#!Α&1#!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,8!
!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗+∋∃,)−∋(−),&∀,∃.(/%0∋#1∀,&∀∃,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,
! ∀! ∗&%:1∋! 17#−#! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 3#! +2∋#3%0#01! #%30#! 4! %3/1&−#<!
∋1,∋∗!#,,%∋<!4!=∗,,Γ516! %013−%∃%/#&! −&Η,! −1∗&%#,Ι/∗&&13−1,!;21!>2,/#∋!17=6%/#&!#!
∗&%:1∋!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!ϑΚ∗−16+∗<!ΛΜΜΝΟΠ!
#Ο!∀!−1,1!0#!∗&%:1∋!=∗6Γ−%/#<!∗301!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!,1&%#∋!∃&2−∗!
01! 2∋#! &1%35%30%/#()∗! /∗61−%5#! ∃#/1! Θ,! #∋1#(#,! 0∗! #&>Γ−&%∗! 0∗,!
1,−#0∗,8!
>Ο! Ρ&%:1∋! 1,,13/%#6∋13−1! &16%:%∗,#<! ∃230#∋13−#0#! 3∗! =13,#∋13−∗!
=&∗−1,−#3−1!&1∃∗&∋#0∗&!#3:6∗Σ,#7)∗8!Ε1∃1301!#!,1=#&#()∗!0#!%:&1Τ#!1!
0∗!1,−#0∗!#∃%&∋#30∗!#!6%>1&0#01!01!&16%:%)∗!01!2∋!%30%5Γ02∗!=1&#3−1!
#!#2−∗&%0#01!=∗6Γ−%/#8!93∃6213/%#0#!=∗&!Υ∗:1&!ς%66%#3,!3∗!,4/26∗!ΩΞ998!
Ψ&#?!#! %01%#!0#!=1,,∗#!+2∋#3#!,1&!,#:&#0#!1!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,<!
=∗&−#3−∗<!−1&1∋!∗&%:1∋!&16%:%∗,#8!
/Ο! Ρ&%:1∋! ∋1&#∋13−1! +%,−.&%/#<! ,2&:%30∗! #−&#54,! 01! ∃∗&∋26#(∆1,!
−1.&%/#,!,∗>&1!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!#∗!6∗3:∗!0∗,!−1∋=∗,8!
! Ζ#>1∋∗,!;21!1,,#,!/∗&&13−1,!3)∗!,)∗!31/1,,#&%#∋13−1!17/62013−1,<!=∗&1∋<!
%30%/#∋!−130Η3/%#,!#!&1,=1%−∗!01!/∗∋∗!∗,!0∗2−∗,!3∗!#,,23−∗!%013−%∃%/#∋!#,!∗&%:13,!
0#!−1∋Α−%/#!1∋!;21,−)∗8!
Ε∗! =∗3−∗! 01! 5%,−#! +%,−.&%/∗<! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! ,2&:1∋! /∗∋! ∗!
&1/∗3+1/%∋13−∗!0∗![,−#0∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!0∗,!:∗51&3#0∗,8!∀=1,#&!01!%013−%∃%/#&∋∗,!
2∋#!5#,−#!1!&%/#!6%−1&#−2&#!/∗3,−%−2Γ0#!=16#!,∗/%10#01!/%5%6<!∃%6.,∗∃∗,!1!#−4!0#!%:&1Τ#<!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 3 
#=13#,! =16∗! 13∃∗;21! 1,−#−#6! 4! =∗,,Γ516! /∗∋=&11301&! #! 1615#()∗! 0∗! ,−#−2,! 0∗,!
0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!=#&#!∗!3Γ516!∃∗&∋#68!!
! Ρ2−&∗! =∗3−∗! ;21! ;21&∗! ;21! ∗>,1&51! #∗! 6∗3:∗! 01,,#! Τ∗&3#0#! +%,−.&%/#! 4! #!
Γ3−%∋#! &16#()∗! 13−&1! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! 01∋∗/&#/%#8! ∴∋! =∗3−∗! &1/∗&&13−1! ;21!
13/∗3−&#&1∋∗,!13−&1!#,!01/6#&#(∆1,!1!/∗3,−%−2%(∆1,!4!;21!#!17=&1,,)∗!01!0%&1%−∗,!1!:#&#3−%#,!∃230#∋13−#%,!4<!1∋!,%<!2∋!%3,−&2∋13−∗!01!01∃1,#!/∗3−&#!∗![,−#0∗8![,,1<!
=∗&! ,2#! 51?<! 3)∗! =∗01! 6%∋%−#&! 1,,1,! 0%&1%−∗,! 1! 0151! −1&! 2∋!=#=16! =&∗=∗,%−%5∗! 01!
=∗6Γ−%/#,! =]>6%/#,! =#&#! :#&#3−%&! 0%&1%−∗,<! /∗∋∗! #! 102/#()∗<! ,#]01<! =&15%0Η3/%#!
,∗/%#6<!−&#>#6+∗<!1−/8!
! Ψ#∋>4∋! =1&/1>1&1∋∗,! ;21! ∗! ;21! ∃∗%! 0%−∗! 3∗! =#&Α:&#∃∗! #3−1&%∗&! ∃∗%! 2∋#!
/∗3,−&2()∗!613−#!1!:&#02#68!∀/∗∋=#3+18!
!
!
!4&%/∀,&∋,3)0.()5%,6,77,)8!8,
! [,,#!4!#!=&%∋1%&#!/∗0%∃%/#()∗!#!∋13/%∗3#&!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!;21!,1!−1∋!
3∗−Γ/%#8!⊥#&#!1,,1!/.0%:∗<!#!Τ2,−%(#!0151!&1%3#&!1!0151Σ,1!15%−#&!;21!∗!∃∗&−1!∗=&%∋#!∗!
∃&#/∗8!
!
9(:−%),6,;<,)8!8,
! [∋! ∀−13#,<! ∋#%,! 1,=1/%∃%/#∋13−1<! 13/∗3−&#∋∗,! #! /&%#()∗! 0#,! =&%∋1%&#,!
%3,−%−2%(∆1,!01∋∗/&Α−%/#,8![,,#,! %3,−%−2%(∆1,!=1&∋#31/1&#∋!1! ∃∗&#∋!#=&%∋∗&#0#,!
3∗!,4/26∗!,1:2%3−1!/∗∋!#! ∃230#()∗!0#!Υ1=]>6%/#!Υ∗∋#3#8!_1,,#!4=∗/#<!+#5%#!2∋!
:&#301! 6%∋%−1! #∗! =∗01&! 0∗,! ,∗>1&#3∗,! 3)∗! ,.! %∋=∗,−∗! =16#! ,2=&1∋#/%#! 0#,! 61%,<!
∋#,!=∗&!1,−#,!%3,−%−2%(∆1,!01!/%0#0#3%#!ϑ01,−%3#0#!#∗,!+∗∋13,!6%5&1,!0#!4=∗/#Ο8!
! Ρ,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1&#∋<! 1∋! 1,,Η3/%#<! #,,∗/%#0∗,! Θ! 01∋∗/&#/%#! 1! Θ!
6%>1&0#01!0∗,!/%0#0)∗,!#−13%13,1,<!;21!161:%#∋!,12,!:∗51&3#3−1,!1!;21<!#−&#54,!01!
#,,1∋>61%#,<!−∗∋#5#∋!01/%,∆1,!=∗6Γ−%/#,!/∗∋∗!#!#0∗()∗!01!3∗5#,!61%,<!01/6#&#()∗!
01!:21&&#<!/∗3/62,)∗!01!−&#−#0∗,!01!=#?!∗2!01!#6%#3(#8!
9,,∗!∗/∗&&%#<!=∗%,!1∋!∀−13#,!∗!=∗01&!1&#!0∗!=∗5∗!1!3)∗!01!,12,!0%&%:13−1,8!
[&#!6Γ/%−∗!#!;2#6;21&!/%0#0)∗!∋∗51&!#()∗!/&%∋%3#6!/∗3−&#!,12,!0%&%:13−1,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,!1!
1,−1,<!#∗!∃%3#6!0∗!∋#30#−∗<!1&#∋!∗>&%:#0∗,!#!=&1,−#&!/∗3−#,!=1&#3−1!∗!=∗5∗8!
!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 4 
=∀0),6,;,)8!8,
! [3;2#3−∗! 3#! &4/%#! #3−%:#! #! ,∗>1&#3%#! =∗=26#&! %∋=23+#! 6%∋%−#(∆1,! #∗!
=∗01&! =∗6Γ−%/∗<! 1∋! Υ∗∋#! 1&#∋! #,! %3,−%−2%(∆1,! ;21! %3−1:&#5#∋! 1! &1#6%?#5#∋! 2∋!
,%,−1∋#!01!/∗3−&∗61!&1/Γ=&∗/∗!13−&1!∗,!0%∃1&13−1,!.&:)∗,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,8!
! _#! 4=∗/#<! +#5%#! −&Η,! &1:%∋1,! =∗6Γ−%/∗,Π! #! ∋∗3#&;2%#<! #! #&%,−∗/&#/%#! 1! #!
01∋∗/&#/%#8![,,1,!&1:%∋1,!/∗17%,−%#∋!1∋!2∋!,%,−1∋#!01!/∗3−&#=1,∗,!&1/Γ=&∗/∗8!
!
<&)&∋,>:&%),6,?:−8,7<,
! 93,−#2&#Σ,1! ∗! ∃120#6%,∋∗! 1! ∗/∗&&1! 2∋! &1/&201,/%∋13−∗! 0∗! 1,−#0∗<!
%3,−%−2%(∆1,! 1<! /∗3,1;213−1∋13−1<! 0#,! =∗6Γ−%/#,! =]>6%/#,! 01,−%3#0#,! #∗! 0%&1%−∗! 0#!
=∗=26#()∗8!!
!
!
<&)&∋,>:&%),6,?:−8,7<<,
⊥1&Γ∗0∗! 1∋! ;21! +∗251! #! &1/∗3,−&2()∗! 0#! 23%0#01! =∗6Γ−%/#! 0∗,! −1&&%−.&%∗,!
12&∗=12,8! Χ∗3−&#! ∗! #>2,∗! 01,,#,! &1/∗3/13−&#(∆1,! ,2&:%&#∋! #,! =&%∋1%&#,!
∋#3%∃1,−#(∆1,!01!&1>160%#8!∀!=&%3/%=#6!016#,<!31,−1!∋∗∋13−∗!+%,−.&%/∗!∃∗%!#!α#:3#!
Χ#&−#!1∋!βΛβΝ8!
!
>)/#),!)(1),6,≅Α≅Β,
! ∀!,∗/%10#01!∋10%15#6!12&∗=1%#!1&#!1,−#∋13−#6! ϑ/61&∗<!3∗>&1?#!1!∗!=∗5∗Ο!1!
/#0#! 2∋! 01,,1,! 1,−#∋13−∗,! =∗,,2Γ#! 2∋! 1,−#−2−∗! Τ2&Γ0%/∗! =&.=&%∗<! /∗∋!
&1=&1,13−#3−1,! 1! 61%,! =&.=&%#,8! ⊥∗&! ∗2−&∗! 6#0∗<! #! 3∗>&1?#! 1! ∗! /61&∗! =∗,,2Γ#∋!
=&%5%64:%∗,!+1&10%−Α&%∗,!1!∗!=∗5∗!−%3+#!/∗∋∗!]3%/#!5#3−#:1∋!∗!,−#−2,!0#!6%>1&0#01!
ϑ3)∗!=1&−13/%#∋!#∗!;2#&−∗!1,−#∋13−∗Π!∗,!1,/&#5∗,!1!,1&5∗,Ο8!
Χ∗∋! ∗! /&1,/%∋13−∗! 0∗! /∗∋4&/%∗! ∋#&Γ−%∋∗! ,2&:1! 2∋#! 3∗5#! /6#,,1Π! #!
>2&:21,%#8! [,,#! &%;21?#! :1&#5#! =∗01&! ϑ/∗∋1&/%#6! 1! =∗6Γ−%/∗Ο! 1! 01,1,−#>%6%?#5#! ∗,!
1,−#∋13−∗,!,∗/%#%,!12&∗=12,!0#!4=∗/#8!
Χ∗∋! #! &1∃∗&∋#! =&∗−1,−#3−1<! ∋2%−∗,! =#Γ,1,! ΤΑ! /∗∋1(#&#∋! #! #0∗−#&! 2∋#!
&16%:%)∗!01,5%3/26#0#!0#!=∗6Γ−%/#<!∗301!3)∗!∋#%,!=&15#61/%#!∗!=∗01&!/61&%/#6<!=∗&;21!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 5 
#05%3+#!01!Ε12,8! Ψ#6! ∃#−∗! #/#>∗2!=∗&! 13∃&#;21/1&!∋2%−∗! #! 1,−&2−2&#! 1,−#∋13−#6<!
;21!#/#>∗2!,130∗!#>∗6%0#!/∗∋!#!Υ15∗62()∗!χ&#3/1,#!ϑΚ∗−16+∗<!ΛΜΜΝΟ8!
_1,,1!/∗3−17−∗<!,2&:1!#!α#:3#!Χ#&−#<!/∗∋!∗!∗>Τ1−%5∗!01!#,,1:2&#&!#!=#?8!∀!
!∀#∃∀% &∋∀()∀% ∗+,−()∀)./<! ∗2−∗&:#0#! =16∗! Υ1%! ≅∗)∗! Ζ1∋ΣΨ1&&#<! =&15%#! 0%51&,#,!
:#&#3−%#,!013−&1!16#,!#,!&1,−&%(∆1,!−&%>2−Α&%#,!1!#!=&∗=∗&/%∗3#6%0#01!13−&1!016%−∗!1!
=13#8![6#!−&∗271!%3]∋1&#,!/∗3−&%>2%(∆1,!#∗!01,135∗65%∋13−∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!
3∗! &1:&#∋13−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#68! Χ∗∋∗<! =∗&! 171∋=6∗<! ∗! 1,−#>161/%∋13−∗! 01!
,2>∗&0%3#()∗!0∗!Υ1%!Θ,!61%,!;21!161!=&.=&%∗!10%−#5#<!#!3∗>&1?#!1!∗!/61&∗!17%,−%&%#∋!
%301=13013−1∋13−1! 0#! 5∗3−#01! 0∗!∋∗3#&/#! ϑ1! 3)∗! =∗0%#∋! ,1&!∋∗0%∃%/#0∗,! =∗&!
161Ο8!!∀,!=&%3/%=#%,!0%,=∗,%(∆1,!01,−#!Χ#&−#!,)∗Π!
Χ6Α2,26#! β! δ! &1/∗3+1/1! #,! 6%>1&0#01,! 1/61,%Α,−%/#,<! #! 6%5&1! 3∗∋1#()∗! 0∗,!
>%,=∗,<! 1! 01∋#%,! #2−∗&%0#01,<! ,1∋! 31/1,,%0#01! 01! /∗3∃%&∋#()∗! 0∗! ∋∗3#&/#<!
,1=#&#30∗!#!93,−%−2%()∗!9:&1Τ#!0#!93,−%−2%()∗![,−#0∗8!
Χ6Α2,26#,!βΛ!1!βε!δ!0%,=∆1∋!,∗>&1!∗!=&%3/Γ=%∗!>Α,%/∗!01!;21!∗!171&/Γ/%∗!0∗!
=∗01&!−&%>2−Α&%∗!0151!,1&!/∗3,13−%0∗!=16∗,!,]0%−∗,<!∗2!,1Τ#<!3)∗!+#51&Α!−&%>2−#()∗!
,1∋! ;21! ∗,! /∗3−&%>2%3−1,! 0Η1∋! ∗! ,12! /∗3,13−%∋13−∗<! =∗&! ∋1%∗! 01! ,12,!
&1=&1,13−#3−1,8!
Χ6Α2,26#,! βφ! 1! Λγ! δ! −&#?1∋! #! ,2=1&#()∗! 0∗! 1,−#0∗! ,1&5%6<! =&1=#&#30∗! #!
,2>,−%−2%()∗! 0#! 5∗3−#01! #&>%−&Α&%#! 0∗! Ζ13+∗&<! ∗2! =#−&)∗<! =16#! 3∗&∋#! :1&#6! 1!
∗>Τ1−%5#!0#!61%<!3#,!&16#(∆1,!01!−&#>#6+∗8!
Χ6Α2,26#,!βη!1!εΜ!δ!&1/∗3+1/1∋!;21!∗!∋∗3#&/#!3)∗!4!∗!0∗3∗!0#!Τ2,−%(#<!∋#,!
;21! 1,−#! 4! 2∋#! ∃23()∗! 01! %3−1&1,,1! =]>6%/∗8! Ρ! &1%! −1∋! ∗! =∗01&Σ0151&! 01! ∃#?1&!
Τ2,−%(#<!,1!#,,%∋!∃∗&!,∗6%/%−#0∗!=16∗,!,]0%−∗,8!!
Χ6Α2,26#,! γΜ! 1! γβ! δ! :#&#3−1∋!∗! &1,=1%−∗! Θ! =&∗=&%10#01!=&%5#0#! /∗3−&#! ∗,!
/∗3∃%,/∗,!∗2!&1;2%,%(∆1,<!01/&1−#0∗,!01!∃∗&∋#!#>2,%5#!=16∗!∋∗3#&/#!1!,12,!∗∃%/%#%,8!
Χ6Α2,26#! γι! δ! Ε1,5%3/26∗2! 0#! =1,,∗#! 0∗! ∋∗3#&/#! −#3−∗! #! 61%! ;2#3−∗! Θ!
Τ2&%,0%()∗8!∀∃%&∋#∋!;21!∗,!+∗∋13,!6%5&1,!0151∋!,1&!Τ26:#0∗,!=16∗,!,12,!=#&1,!1!01!
#/∗&0∗!/∗∋!#!61%!0#!−1&&#8!Κ1&(∗!0∗!=&%3/Γ=%∗!0∗!015%0∗!=&∗/1,,∗!61:#68!
Χ6Α2,26#,! εβ! 1! εΛ<! &1/∗3+1/130∗! #! 6%>1&0#01! 01! %3:&1,,∗! 1! ,#Γ0#! 0∗! =#Γ,<!
>1∋!/∗∋∗!#!6%5&1!6∗/∗∋∗()∗!013−&∗!01!,2#,!∃&∗3−1%&#,!#!;2#6;21&!=1,,∗#!1∋!:1&#6!
1!#∗,!/∗∋1&/%#3−1,!1∋!=#&−%/26#&8!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 6 
Χ6Α2,26#!φΜ!δ![,−13012!#! −∗0∗,!∗,!,13+∗&1,! ∃120#%,!#,!∋1,∋#,! 6%∋%−#(∆1,!
;21! ∗! &1%! &1/∗3+1/1! =#&#! ,%<! &16#−%5#∋13−1! #! ,12,! ,]0%−∗,<! /∗∋! %,−∗! +∗251! #!
,2=1&#()∗! 0∗! =&.=&%∗! &1:%∋1! ∃120#6<! ΤΑ! ;21! 1∋! 1,,Η3/%#! /∗3,%,−%#! 3#! ,∗>1&#3%#!
#>,∗62−#!01!/#0#!,13+∗&!1∋!,12!−1&&%−.&%∗8!
Χ6Α2,26#!φβ!δ!1,−#>161/1!∗!∋1/#3%,∋∗!01!&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01!0∗!&1%!=1&#3−1!∗,!
,12,!,]0%−∗,<!/∗∋1(#30∗!#!#>∗6%&!∗!,%,−1∋#!∋∗3Α&;2%/∗8!
!∀#∃%Π!Κ∗−16+∗<!ΛΜΜΝ8!
!
[∋! ,2∋#<! #! α#:3#! Χ#&−#! ,1! 1,−#>161/12! 3#! +%,−.&%#! /∗∋∗! ∗! =%6#&! 0#!
01∋∗/&#/%#!∋∗01&3#!#∗!6%∋%−#&!∗!=∗01&!0∗,!:∗51&3#3−1,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,&∋,&%(∋%1∀∃,ΕΦ%ΧΧ,∀Γ,(%/Η1∃Ι,ϑ,≅ΚΛΜ,
Χ∗∋!#!%3−13()∗!01!&11,−#>161/1&!∗!=∗01&%∗!0#!%:&1Τ#!/#−.6%/#!3#!93:6#−1&&#<!
∃∗%! ∗2−∗&:#0#! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! 01! Ε%&1%−∗,! ϑ0+11% 23% 4+#∋)56<! =16∗! ⊥&Γ3/%=1! 01! Ρ&#3:18!
[,,#! 01/6#&#()∗! 5%,#5#! /∗3−1&! ∗! #5#3(∗! 0∗! =&∗−1,−#3−%,∋∗! #∗!∋1,∋∗! −1∋=∗! 1∋!
;21!/13−&#6%?#5#!∗!=∗01&!=∗6Γ−%/∗!3#,!∋)∗,!0∗!⊥#&6#∋13−∗!1!/∗3−%3+#!∗! %&&1,−&%−∗!
=∗01&!0∗!∋∗3#&/#8![,,#!01/6#&#()∗!=ϕ,!∃%∋!#∗!&1:%∋1!∋∗3Α&;2%/∗!#>,∗62−%,−#!2∋!
,4/26∗!#3−1,!0#!Υ15∗62()∗!χ&#3/1,#8!9,,∗!&1=&1,13−∗2!#!=1&∋#313−1!,1=#&#()∗!0∗,!
=∗01&1,!0∗![,−#0∗<!2∋#!:#&#3−%#!%3,−%−2/%∗3#6<!∗2!,1Τ#<!2∋#!∃∗&∋#!01!∗&:#3%?#()∗!
0∗!1,−#0∗!1∋!;21!,1!>2,/#!=&∗−1:1&!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,!0#!=1,,∗#!+2∋#3#8!!
∀!∃%:2&#!0∗!&1%!#%30#!17%,−1!#−4!+∗Τ1<!∋#,!4!∗!⊥#&6#∋13−∗!;21!1∃1−%5#∋13−1!
:∗51&3#8!Χ#>1!#∗!=#&6#∋13−∗!01∃1301&!∗,!,]0%−∗,!=1&#3−1!∗,!∋#30∗,!0∗!&1%8!Χ∗∋!#!
Ε1/6#&#()∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,<!∗!=∗01&!01!61:%,6#&!1!/&%#&!−&%>2−∗,!=#,,∗2!0∗!∋∗3#&/#!=#&#!
∗!⊥#&6#∋13−∗8![<!=#&#!:#&#3−%&!#!6%>1&0#01!01,−1!.&:)∗<!#,!161%(∆1,!1!∗!171&/Γ/%∗!01!
,2#,! ∃23(∆1,! 1&#∋! /1&/1#0∗,! 01! :#&#3−%#,! 1,=1/%#%,! ϑ=&%5%64:%∗,! #∗,!
=#&6#∋13−#&1,Ο8! [3−&1! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,!/&%#0∗,! 1,−#5#! ∗! 01! =1−%()∗! 1! 01! %∋23%0#01!
=#&6#∋13−#&8!
Ζ1:230∗! Χ∗∋=#&#−∗! ϑβιικΟ! ∗! /2&%∗,∗! 3#! Ε1/6#&#()∗! 01! Ε%&1%−∗,! 0#!
93:6#−1&&#<! ∃∗%!;21!∗,!0%&1%−∗,! %3∗5#0∗&1,!1! &1615#3−1,! −&#?%0∗,<! ,1! /+∗/#∋!/∗∋!#!
=&1−13,)∗!0∗!=#Γ,!1∋!17%:%&!;21!,12,!Τ2&%,0%/%∗3#0∗,!=&#−%/#,,1∋!2∋#!,.!&16%:%)∗<!
6+1,! 31:#30∗! 17=&1,,#∋13−1! ∗! 0%&1%−∗! #! 6%>1&0#01! 1! %:2#60#01! 01! ∋#3%∃1,−#()∗!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 7 
&16%:%∗,#<! −#651?! =∗&;21! 02&#3−1! −∗0∗! ∗! ,4/26∗! ΩΞ99! #! 93:6#−1&&#! ∃∗%! #:%−#0#! =∗&!
&1>16%∆1,!1!:21&&#,!/%5%,<!#6%∋13−#0#,!=∗&!;21&16#,!&16%:%∗,#,8!
⊥∗&! ∗2−&∗! 6#0∗<! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! %3:61,#! ∃∗%! %∋=∗&−#3−1! =∗&! =&∗/6#∋#&Π! #!
=&∗%>%()∗! 01! =13#,! /&24%,<! 0#! /∗>&#3(#! 01! %∋=∗,−∗,! ,1∋! #! =1&∋%,,)∗! 0∗!
⊥#&6#∋13−∗!1!0#!=&%,)∗!,1∋!/26=#!∃∗&∋#0#<!=16∗!;21!,1!/∗3/62%!;21!−13+#!,%0∗!2∋#!
01/6#&#()∗!01!0%&1%−∗,!%30%5%02#%,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,&∋,<#&∋Ν∋#&Ο#−%),Ε≅ΠΠΚΙ,∋,),!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,,&∀∃,Θ∃1)&∀∃,
Ρ#%&∀∃,&),Σ0:(%−),&∀,Τ∀(1∋,Ε≅ΠΛΠΙ,
! !
! Χ∗∋!#!%301=130Η3/%#!0#,!−&1?1!/∗6ϕ3%#,!>&%−λ3%/#,!0#!∀∋4&%/#!0∗!_∗&−1<!1∋!
βηηφ<!;21!&1,26−∗2!3#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!01!9301=130Η3/%#!0∗,![,−#0∗,!∴3%0∗,<!1!#!10%()∗!
0#!,2#!/∗3,−%−2%()∗<!1∋!βηκη<!+∗251!2∋!#=&%∋∗&#∋13−∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,!
1<!1∋!1,=1/%#6<!#!6%∋%−#()∗!01!=∗01&1,!:∗51&3#∋13−#%,8!
∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!01!9301=130Η3/%#!0∗,![,−#0∗,!∴3%0∗,!δ!βηηφ<!−1∋!2∋!:&#301!
5#6∗&!+%,−.&%/∗<!=&∗02?%0#!=∗&!Ψ+∗∋#,! ≅1∃∃1&,∗3<!=&1∗/2=#Σ,1!/∗∋!#! 6%∋%−#()∗!01!
=∗01&!1,−#−#6<!1,−#>161/130∗!#!,1=#&#()∗!01!=∗01&1,!1!0%51&,∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!
∃230#∋13−#%,Π! 6%>1&0#01! &16%:%∗,#<! %35%∗6#>%6%0#01! 01! 0∗∋%/Γ6%∗<! 015%0∗! =&∗/1,,∗!
61:#6<!Τ26:#∋13−∗!=16∗!−&%>23#6!0∗!Τ]&%<!#∋=6#!01∃1,#<!%∋=∗,,%>%6%0#01!01!#=6%/#()∗!
01!=13#,!/&24%,!∗2!#>1&&#3−1,8!
! ∀! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! ∀∋1&%/#3#! =&∗=∆1<! 13−&1! ∗2−&#,! /∗%,#,<! ∗! =&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#!
%:2#60#01! Τ2&Γ0%/#! 13−&1! ∗,! +∗∋13,! 6%5&1,! 1! :#&#3−%#! ∃230#∋13−#6! 0#! 6%5&1!
/∗3/∗&&Η3/%#<! #! 01∃1,#! 0#,! 6%>1&0#01,! %30%5%02#%,! 1! #! ,2>∋%,,)∗! 0∗,! =∗01&1,!
:∗51&3#∋13−#%,!#∗!/∗3,13−%∋13−∗!=∗=26#&8!∀!%:2#60#01!=1&#3−1!#!61%!∃#?%#!/∗∋!;21!
17%,−%,,1! #! :#&#3−%#! 0#! 6%5&1! /∗3/∗&&Η3/%#<! ∗2! ,1Τ#<! 2∋#! 01∋∗/&#/%#! >2&:21,#<!
=&16]0%∗!0∗!/#=%−#6%,∋∗8!
! ∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!01! 9301=130Η3/%#!_∗&−1Σ∀∋1&%/#3#!4!∗!=&%∋1%&∗!0∗/2∋13−∗!
;21!#∃%&∋#!∗,!=&%3/Γ=%∗,!01∋∗/&Α−%/∗,<!3#!+%,−.&%#!=∗6Γ−%/#!∋∗01&3#8!Ζ1:230∗!16#<!
∗,! Τ2Γ?1,!,2=&1∋∗,!0∗,!#−∗,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,!01%7#5#∋!01!,1&!∗,!∋∗3#&/#,<!∗2!∗,!/+1∃1,!
&16%:%∗,∗,<!1!=#,,#5#∋!#!,1&!−∗0∗,!∗,!+∗∋13,<!%30%,/&%∋%3#0#∋13−18!∀64∋!0%,,∗<!#!
Ε1/6#&#()∗!#∋1&%/#3#!0%∃1&13/%#Σ,1!0#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!93:61,#!3∗!;21!−#3:1!Θ!;21,−)∗!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 8 
&16%:%∗,#<! =∗%,! 01∃1301! ,2#! 6%>1&0#01! ,∗>! #! 4:%01! 0#! %35∗/#()∗! 0#! 6%>1&0#01! 1!
%:2#60#01!01!−∗0∗,!=1&#3−1!Θ!61%8!
∀=1,#&! 01,,1! 5%4,! 6%>1&−Α&%∗! 1! %:2#6%−Α&%∗<! 4! ,#62−#&! ,#6%13−#&! ;21! #=13#,!
,4/26∗,! 01=∗%,! ;21! 31:&∗,! 1! ∋26+1&1,! =201&#∋! −1&! 0%&1%−∗,! 1;2%=#&#0∗,! #∗,!
+∗∋13,!>&#3/∗,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗+∋∃,&∋,2%(∋%1∀∃,&),=∋Υ∀Χ.∗∆∀,ς()#−∋∃),ϑ,≅ΠΛΜ,
∀! Υ15∗62()∗! χ&#3/1,#! ∃∗%! ∗! 1513−∗! +2∋#3∗! 01! ∋#%∗&! &1=1&/2,,)∗! 3#!
+%,−.&%#!=#&#!#!∋20#3(#!01!=#&#0%:∋#,!#/1&/#!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,8!!∀−&#54,!
0#!=&∗∋∗()∗!0#! −&Γ#01! 6%>1&0#01<! %:2#60#01!1! ∃&#−1&3%0#01!,2=&%∋%&#∋!∗!,%,−1∋#!
1,−#∋13−#6! /∗3,#:&#30∗! #,! 6%>1&0#01,! %30%5%02#%,! =#&#! −∗0∗,8! Ζ12,! 5#6∗&1,<!
>#,1#0∗,!3#!Υ15∗62()∗!χ&#3/1,#<!∃∗&#∋!0%∃230%0∗,!1∋!=∗2/∗!−1∋=∗!3#!1∋!5Α&%∗,!
=#Γ,1,!0#![2&∗=#<!µ,%#!1!∀∋4&%/#8!
∀! 6%>1&0#01! 6%∋%−#5#Σ,1! #! #/#>#&! /∗∋! ∗,! 1,−#∋13−∗,<! #! ∃&#−1&3%0#01! ,1&%#!
/∗3,1;2Η3/%#!0#!#>∗6%()∗!01!−∗0∗,!∗,!=&%5%64:%∗,!1!#!%:2#60#01!&1=&1,13−∗2!∗!=∗3−∗!
/13−&#6!01,−1!∋∗5%∋13−∗8!⊥∗&4∋<!/∗∋∗!01,−#/#!Κ∗−16+∗<!∗,!∃&#3/1,1,!,1!6%∋%−#&#∋!
#! 01/6#&#&! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! ,1∋! ,1! =&1∗/2=#&! /∗∋!∗,! %3,−&2∋13−∗,! Τ20%/%#%,!
31/1,,Α&%∗,!=#&#!:#&#3−%Σ6∗,8!_)∗!4!=16#! ∃#6−#!01,−1,!∋1/#3%,∋∗,!;21!3)∗!,1&%#∋!
&1/∗3+1/%0∗,! −#%,! 0%&1%−∗,8! Ρ! =∗5∗! 1! #! >2&:21,%#! ∃&#3/1,#<! &1,=∗3,Α516! =∗&! 1,−1!
∋∗5%∋13−∗<! =&1∗/2=#5#∋Σ,1! #=13#,! /∗∋! ∗! =&∗>61∋#! 01! 13/∗3−&#&! 2∋! ∗2−&∗!
−%−26#&!0#!,∗>1&#3%#<!1∋!,2>,−%−2%()∗!#∗!∋∗3#&/#8!Ε∗,! −&Η,!1,−#∋13−∗,!17%,−13−1,!
3#!,∗/%10#01!∃&#3/1,#<!∗!/61&∗!1!#!3∗>&1?#!3)∗!−%3+#∋!#!∋13∗&!61:%−%∋%0#01!=#&#!
&1%5%30%/#&!=#&#!,%!#!,∗>1&#3%#!ΤΑ!;21!#=1:#0∗,!#!=&%5%64:%∗,!;21!∗=&%∋%#∋!∗!=∗5∗!
1!&1,−&%3:%#∋!#! 6%>1&0#01!1/∗3ϕ∋%/#!0∗,!>2&:21,1,8!Υ1,−#5#!,∗∋13−1<!∗!ν−1&/1%&∗!
1,−#∋13−∗ο!∃∗&∋#0∗!=∗&!−∗0∗,!#;2161,!;21!3)∗!:∗?#5#∋!0∗,!=&%5%64:%∗,!6%:#0∗,!#,!
02#,!∗&013,!,2=1&%∗&1,<!01,1∋=13+#&1∋!−#6!∃23()∗8!
! ∀,,%∋<!3#!χ&#3(#<!,2>%2!#!>2&:21,%#!3∗!62:#&!0∗!∋∗3#&/#8!∀64∋!0%,,∗<!/∗∋∗!
/∗3,1;2Η3/%#,! 01,,#! &15∗62()∗<! ∗! =&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! 6%>1&0#01! ∃∗%! /∗3,#:&#0∗! #∗!
&1=20%#&Σ,1! ;2#6;21&! ∃∗&∋#! 01! %3−1&∃1&Η3/%#! 1,−#−#6! 3#! 5%0#! =1,,∗#6<! ∃#∋%6%#&! ∗2!
=&∗∃%,,%∗3#6!0∗!/%0#0)∗8!Ρ,!=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#! %:2#60#01!1! ∃&#−1&3%0#01!−#∋>4∋!∃∗&#∋!
∋#−1&%#6%?#0∗,! 3#! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! χ&#3/1,#! 01! βηιβ<! ;21! #64∋! 01! &1/∗3+1/1&! ∗!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 9 
∃230#∋13−∗!0#! 6%>1&0#01! %30%5%02#6<! &1/∗3+1/12!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!#!=#&−%&!0#!
=1&,=1/−%5#! ,∗/%#68! _1,,#! /∗3,−%−2%()∗! −#∋>4∋! 17%,−1! #! =&15%,)∗! 01! =∗6Γ−%/#,!
=]>6%/#,!1!&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01!0∗!1,−#0∗!/∗∋!#!102/#()∗!0#,!/&%#3(#,!#>#30∗3#0#,<!
∗,!13∃1&∋∗,!=∗>&1,!1!∗!−&#>#6+∗!#∗,!=∗>&1,8!
Χ∗∋=#&#−∗! ϑβιικΟ! &1∃∗&(#! ;21! #!Ε1/6#&#()∗! 0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,! 0∗!Φ∗∋1∋!1! 0∗!
Χ%0#0)∗! δ! βηκι<! 1∋! 01>#−1! 3#! ∀,,1∋>61%#! _#/%∗3#6! χ&#3/1,#<! 01323/%#5#! ;21!
ν1,,1,! 0%&1%−∗,! ,)∗! 01! −∗0∗,! ∗,! −1∋=∗,! 1! 01! −∗0#,! #,! _#(∆1,8ο! [! ;21! 0#! −&Γ#01!
∃#∋∗,#! Σ! 6%>1&0#01<! %:2#60#01<! ∃&#−1&3%0#01! δ! ∃∗%! ,1∋! 0]5%0#! #! %:2#60#01! ;21!
&1=&1,13−∗2!∗!=∗3−∗!/13−&#6!0∗!∋∗5%∋13−∗<!&1=&1,13−#30∗!∗!∃%∋!0∗!∀∃7+8∃%(−#+/−<!
/∗3,−%−2Γ0∗!=16#!∋∗3#&;2%#!#>,∗62−#!1!=16∗,!=&%5%64:%∗,!∃120#%,8!
!
!
!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,ς()#−∋∃),&∋,≅ΛΩΛ,
_∗! >∗Τ∗! 0#! Υ15∗62()∗! χ&#3/1,#! 1! 3#! #∋=6%#()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! #!
Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!χ&#3/1,#!01!βκεκ!&1/∗3+1/12!∗!0%&1%−∗!#∗!−&#>#6+∗<!#>∗6%2!#!=13#!01!
∋∗&−1!ϑ#=13#,!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!=∗6Γ−%/#Ο<!=&∗%>%2!#!1,/&#5%0)∗!1∋!−1&&#,!∃&#3/1,#,<!
#,,1:2&∗2! ∗! 13,%3∗! =]>6%/∗! ∗&%13−#0∗! =#&#! #! ∃∗&∋#()∗! 1! =#&#! ∗! ∋1&/#0∗! 01!
−&#>#6+∗8![,,#!/∗3,−%−2%()∗!∃∗%!#!>#,1!=#&#!∗!=∗,−1&%∗&!/∗3/1%−∗!01![,−#0∗!01!Κ1∋!
[,−#&!Ζ∗/%#68!
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,&∋,9∋#∋5(),&∋,,ϑ,≅ΛΚΩ,
∀=13#,! 1∋!βκφε<! /∗∋! #! Χ∗3513()∗! 01! 131>&#<! ;21! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,!
∃∗&#∋! ! &1/∗3+1/%0∗,! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6∋13−18! ∀3−1,! 0%,,∗! 1,,1,! 0%&1%−∗,! 1,−#5#∋!
/%&/23,/&%−∗,!#!3#(∆1,8!∀!=&1∗/2=#()∗!1∋!%3−1&3#/%∗3#6%?#&!−#%,!0%&1%−∗,!,2&:%2!1∋!
01/∗&&Η3/%#! 0#,! :21&&#,! 0#! 4=∗/#! 1! ,1! /∗3,−%−2%2! /∗∋∗! 2∋! /∗3Τ23−∗! 01! 61%,! 1!
/∗,−2∋1,!=#&#!&102?%&!∗!,∗∃&%∋13−∗!0∗,!,∗60#0∗,!0∗13−1,!1!∃1&%0∗,!>1∋!/∗∋∗!0#,!
=∗=26#(∆1,!/%5%,!#−%3:%0#,!=16∗!/∗3∃6%−∗!>46%/∗8!
! Υ1,,#6−∗<!=∗&!∋1&#!/2&%∗,%0#01<!;21!#!Χ∗3513()∗!01!βκφε!−&#3,∃∗&∋∗2Σ,1<!
1∋!βκκΜ<!3#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!93−1&3#/%∗3#6!0#!Χ&2?!Ξ1&∋16+#8!
!
!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 10 
!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,>∋Ξ%−)#),ϑ,≅Μ≅Π,
Ζ12,!=&∗=.,%−∗,!1&#∋!,%∋=61,!1!0%&1−∗,Π!=&∗%>%&!#!&1161%()∗!0∗!⊥&1,%013−1!0#!
Υ1=]>6%/#<!17=&1,,#&!#,!:#&#3−%#,!=#&#!#,!6%>1&0#01,!%30%5%02#%,!1!=∗6Γ−%/#,<!&102?%&!
∗!=∗01&!0#!9:&1Τ#!Χ#−.6%/#<!17=#30%&!∗!,%,−1∋#!01!102/#()∗!=]>6%/#<!=&∗=∗&!#,!>#,1,!
=#&#!#!&1∃∗&∋#!#:&Α&%#!1!#!=&∗−1()∗!0∗!−&#>#6+∗!#,,#6#&%#0∗8!
! Ζ2#! Η3∃#,1! 3∗! −&#>#6+∗! /∗∋∗! =&1,,2=∗,−∗! >Α,%/∗! 0#! 5%0#! ,∗/%#6! #!
/#&#/−1&%?#&#∋!/∗∋∗!#!=&%∋1%&#!/∗3,−%−2%()∗!#!#−&%>2%&!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!−&#>#6+%,−#,!#!;2#6%0#01! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! ∃230#∋13−#%,8! _1,,1! 0∗/2∋13−∗! ∃∗&#∋! −&#>#6+#0∗,!
/∗3/1%−∗,! /∗∋∗! #! 6%∋%−#()∗! 0#! Τ∗&3#0#! 01! −&#>#6+∗<! 01,1∋=&1:∗<! =&∗−1()∗! 0#!
∋#−1&3%0#01<! %0#01!∋Γ3%∋#!01!#0∋%,,)∗!01!1∋=&1:#0∗,!1∋!∃Α>&%/#,!1!∗!−&#>#6+∗!
3∗−2&3∗!01!∋13∗&1,!3#!%30],−&%#8!∀64∋!0%,,∗<!#!Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!α17%/#3#!17=&1,,∗2!∗!
=&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! %:2#60#01! 13−&1! 1∋=&1:#0∗! 1! 1∋=&1:#0∗&! 3#! &16#()∗! /∗3−&#−2#6! 01!
−&#>#6+∗!1!/&%∗2!#!&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01!0∗!1∋=&1:#0∗&!=∗&!#/%013−1!01!−&#>#6+∗8!
!
!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,ΣΧ∋0∆,ϑ,≅Μ≅Μ,
∀! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! ∀61∋)<! ∗2! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! 01!&%∋()∗<! #∋=6%∗2! ∗,! /∗3/1%−∗,!
#0∗−#0∗,!3#!Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!α17%/#3#!01!βιβη!1!17=&1,,∗2!/∗∋∗!∃230#∋13−∗!01!,2#!
&1=]>6%/#!#!01∋∗/&#/%#!,∗/%#68!Ζ1:230∗!16#<!1&#!31/1,,Α&%∗!01∃1301&!#!0%:3%0#01!0#!
=1,,∗#! +2∋#3#! =#&#! /∗∋=61∋13−#&! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! /%5%,<! ! =∗6Γ−%/∗,<! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,! 1!
,∗/%#%,8![6#!−&∗271!#!%:2#60#01!Τ2&Γ0%/#!13−&1!∋#&%0∗!1!∋26+1&!1!#!1;2%=#&#()∗!0∗,!
∃%6+∗,!%61:Γ−%∋∗,!#∗,!61:Γ−%∋∗,!+#5%0∗,!3#!/∗3,−λ3/%#!0∗!∋#−&%∋ϕ3%∗!δ!#!∃#∋Γ6%#!1!#,!
/&%#3(#,! −#∋>4∋! ,1! −∗&3#∋! ∃∗/∗! 0#! =&∗−1()∗! 0∗! [,−#0∗8! Ψ#∋>4∋! 4!
&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01! 0∗! [,−#0∗! #! 102/#()∗! =]>6%/#<! #! :#&#3−%#! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,!
=&15%013/%Α&%∗,!1!−&#>#6+%,−#,8!Ζ∗>&1!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!−&#>#6+%,−#,!#!=&.=&%#!Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!
∀61∋)!∃#6#Π!ν888!4!0151&!0∗![,−#0∗!01!01,135∗651&!#!=∗6Γ−%/#!01!=613∗!1∋=&1:∗888ο!
! Ζ2#! =&%∋1%&#! =#&−1! 5%,#5#! ∗&:#3%?#&! ∗! [,−#0∗<! 13;2#3−∗! ;21! ,2#! ,1:230#!
=#&−1! #=&1,13−#5#! #! 01/6#&#()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! 1! 0151&1,! ∃230#∋13−#%,<!
#/&1,/13−#30∗! Θ,! 6%>1&0#01,! %30%5%02#%,! 17%,−13−1,! 3∗5∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! 01! /∗3−1]0∗!
,∗/%#68! _∗5#∋13−1! =1&/1>1∋∗,! #! 6%∋%−#()∗! 0∗! =∗01&! 0∗! 1,−#0∗! 1! #! :#&#3−%#! 0#!
6%>1&0#01!%30%5%02#68!
!
!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 11 
!)(1),&)∃,Τ)∗+∋∃,Ρ#%&)∃,ϑ,≅ΜΩΒ,
! Χ∗∋!∗! ∃%∋!0#!Ζ1:230#!21&&#!α230%#6!1!#!1,−#&&1/%∋13−∗!0#!+2∋#3%0#01!
0%#3−1! 0#! /&2160#01! +2∋#3#! δ! #,! #−&∗/%0#01,! 0#! :21&&#! 1∋! ,%! 1! 0#,! Κ∗∋>#,!
∀−ϕ∋%/#,!δ!#!Ρ&:#3%?#()∗!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!ϑΡ_∴Ο!∃∗%!/&%#0#<!1∋!βιεΝ<!!=#&#!23%&!
#,! 3#(∆1,! 1! =∗5∗,! 0∗! ∋230∗! 1∋! ∃#5∗&! 0#! 01∃1,#! 0#! 0%:3%0#01! +2∋#3#8! Ρ!
0∗/2∋13−∗! ;21! /&%#! #! Ρ_∴! 4! #! Χ#&−#! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,! ϑ∗2! Χ#&−#! 01! Ζ)∗!
χ&#3/%,/∗Ο8!!
! ∀! Ρ_∴! ,2&:%2! 3∗! /∗3−17−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! /∗∋∗! #! 13−%0#01! ∋Α7%∋#! 0#!
0%,/2,,)∗! 0∗! Ε%&1%−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! 1! ∃.&2∋! 01! &16#(∆1,! 1! 13−130%∋13−∗,! ,2=&#Σ
3#/%∗3#%,8! χ∗&#∋! ,%:3#−Α&%∗,! 01,,#! /#&−#! Νβ! ∋1∋>&∗,! ∃230#0∗&1,<! 13−&1! 161,! ∗!
Κ&#,%68!
! ∀!/#&−#!0#!Ρ_∴<!13−&1!∗2−&#,!/∗%,#,<!!%3,/26=%2!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!−∗0∗,!∗,!=∗5∗,!01!
1,/∗6+1&!,2#!=&.=&%#!∃∗&∋#!01!:∗51&3∗!ϑ#2−∗Σ01−1&∋%3#()∗!0∗,!=∗5∗,Ο<!>1∋!/∗∋∗<!
#!%3−13()∗!01!62−#&!=#&#!&1,−#2&#()∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!,∗>1&#3∗,!1!01!#6−∗!:∗51&3∗<!=#&#!
−∗0∗,!#;2161,!;21!∃∗&#∋!0161,!=&%5#0∗,!=16#!∃∗&(#8!
! ∀=1,#&!0∗,!=#Γ,1,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,!/∗3/∗&0#&1∋!3#!=&∗∋∗()∗!0#!=#?!∋230%#6<!#!
Χ#&−#!0#!Ρ_∴!3)∗!17−%3:21!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!/161>&#&!#!:21&&#!13−&1!#,!3#(∆1,!1!31∋!
=&15Η!,#3(∆1,!#∗,!=#Γ,1,!1∋!:21&&#<!∗2<!#%30#<!=&∗−1()∗!#!#6:2∋!=#Γ,!31,,1,!/#,∗,8!!
Ρ! /∗∋=&∗∋%,,∗! 0#! Χ#&−#! 4! ;21<! ,1! 2∋! [,−#0∗! ∃∗&! #:&10%0∗! =∗&! ∗2−&∗! [,−#0∗<! ∗!
Χ∗3,16+∗!01!Ζ1:2&#3(#!%&Α!016%>1&#&!,∗>&1!∗!/∗3∃6%−∗!1<!,1!,12,!∋1∋>&∗,!/+1:#&1∋!
#!2∋!#/∗&0∗<!#6:2∋#!∋10%0#!=∗01&Α!,1&! −∗∋#0#8!Ε%#3−1!01!2∋!/∗3∃6%−∗<!/#0#!2∋!
0∗,! /%3/∗!∋1∋>&∗,! =1&∋#313−1,! =∗01! 51−#&! ∗2! >6∗;21#&! ;2#6;21&! =&∗=∗,−#! 01!
&1,∗62()∗!&1∃1&13−1!#!1,,1!/∗3∃6%−∗8!
! Ρ2−&∗!=∗3−∗!%∋=∗&−#3−1!0#!&1∃1&%0#!/#&−#!4!;21!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!∃∗&#∋!
/∗3/1%−2#0∗,!23%/#∋13−1!/∗∋∗!6%>1&0#01,!%30%5%02#%,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,Ρ#%Υ∋(∃)Χ,&∀∃,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΩΛ,
∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!∗2!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!0∗,!
Ε%&1%−∗,! 0∗! Φ∗∋1∋<! ∃∗%! #0∗−#0#! 1! =&∗/6#∋#0#! =16#! Υ1,∗62()∗! ΛβηΣ∀! ϑ999Ο! 0#!
+,,%(−.%∋)/0%∗)./1),/2)34%,/5#∋1),<!1∋!βΜ!01!01?1∋>&∗!01!6789<!1∋!⊥#&%,8!∀!
∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!∃#?!=#&−1!0#!Ρ&:#3%?#()∗!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!δ!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 12 
Ρ_∴! 1! 4! ∗! .&:)∗! %3−1&:∗51&3#∋13−#6! ϑ/∗∋! ∃23()∗! /∗3,26−%5#! 1! 016%>1&#−%5#Ο!
/∗∋=∗,−∗!=∗&!−∗0∗,!∗,!=#Γ,1,!∋1∋>&∗,!0#!Ρ_∴8!_1,,#!#,,1∋>61%#!/#0#!=#Γ,!−1∋!
0%&1%−∗! #! 2∋! 5∗−∗8! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! 1,,#! ∀,,1∋>61%#! 4! 2∋! ∃.&2∋! =∗6Γ−%/∗! ;21<!
%:2#6∋13−1<!,2=1&5%,%∗3#!1!/∗∗&013#!∗!−&#>#6+∗!0#,!#:Η3/%#,8!
+∃%#3:∀! Σ! Ρ! /∗3/2&,1%&∗! 0151! 1,−#&! #−13−∗! 4! ;21! #! Ε∴ΕΦ! ∃∗%! =&∗/6#∋#0#!
ϑ#323/%#0#<!#=&∗5#0#<!01/6#&#0#Ο!1!3)∗!=&∗∋26:#0#<!%3,−%−2Γ0#<!#/6#∋#0#!1!31∋!4!
2∋!−&#−#0∗8!Χ2%0#0∗!/∗∋!/∗3∃2,∆1,π!
! [7%,−1!#6:2∋!∋∗−%5∗!1,=1/%#6!=#&#!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!−1&!,%0∗!=&∗/6#∋#0#!1∋!βιεκΒ!
Ζ%∋<! 2∋!∋∗−%5∗! ∃230#∋13−#6Π! ∗! ∃%∋! 0#! Ζ1:230#! 21&&#!α230%#68! ∀,! #−&∗/%0#01,!
/∗∋1−%0#,! 31,,#! :21&&#! ∃%?1&#∋! /∗∋! ;21! ∗,! %3−1:&#3−1,! 0#! Ρ_∴<! #−&#54,! 0#!
∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!>2,/#,,1∋!2∋!13−130%∋13−∗!/∗∋2∋!,∗>&1!
∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!Ρ!0∗/2∋13−∗!4!#!>#,1!0#!62−#!23%51&,#6!/∗3−&#!#!∗=&1,,)∗!1!#!
0%,/&%∋%3#()∗<!01∃1301!#!%:2#60#01!1!#!0%:3%0#01!0#,!=1,,∗#,!1!&1/∗3+1/1!;21!∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! #,! 6%>1&0#01,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! 0151∋! ,1&! #=6%/#0∗,! #! /#0#!
/%0#0)∗! 0∗! =6#31−#8! Ε1,,1! ∋∗0∗<! #! Ε∴ΕΦ! 4! 2∋#! 3∗&∋#! /∗∋2∋! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6!
ϑ13−&1!∗,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,Ο!#!,1&!#6/#3(#0#!=∗&!−∗0∗,!∗,!=∗5∗,!1!3#(∆1,!1!1,−#>161/12<!
=16#!=&%∋1%&#!51?<!#!=&∗−1()∗!23%51&,#6!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!
Ζ∗>&1!∗!=&∗/1,,∗!01!16#>∗&#()∗!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ<!4!5Α6%0∗!01,−#/#&Π!
Ε2&#3−1! #! ,1,,)∗! 01! βφ! 01! ∃151&1%&∗! 01! βιεφ! 0∗! Χ∗3,16+∗! [/∗3ϕ∋%/∗! 1!
Ζ∗/%#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!∃%/∗2!#,,13−#0∗!;21!#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!#!
,1&! /&%#0#<! 0151&%#! 01,135∗651&! ,12,! −&#>#6+∗,! 1∋! −&Η,! 1−#=#,8! _#! =&%∋1%&#<!
%3/2∋>%&Σ6+1Σ%#! 16#>∗&#&! 2∋#! 01/6#&#()∗! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! 01! #/∗&0∗! /∗∋! ∗!
0%,=∗,−∗! 3∗! #&−%:∗! ΝΝ! 0#! Χ#&−#! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,8! [∋! ,1:2%0#<! 0151&Σ,1Σ%#!
=&∗02?%&<!3∗!0%?1&!01!2∋!0∗,!0161:#0∗,!=&1,13−1,!Θ;216#!&123%)∗<!ν2∋!0∗/2∋13−∗!
Τ2&%0%/#∋13−1!∋#%,!5%3/26#3−1!0∗!;21!2∋#!∋1&#!01/6#&#()∗ο<!0∗/2∋13−∗!1,,1!;21!
+#51&%#! 01! ,1&<! ∗>5%#∋13−1<! 2∋! −&#−#0∗! ∗2! /∗3513()∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#68! χ%3#6∋13−1<!
#%30#! 3#,! =#6#5&#,! 0∗! ∋1,∋∗! 0161:#0∗<! ,1&%#! =&1/%,∗! /&%#&! ν2∋#! ∋#;2%3#&%#!
#01;2#0#! =#&#! #,,1:2&#&! ∗! &1,=1%−∗! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! −&#−#&! ∗,! /#,∗,! 01!
5%∗6#()∗ο8!
∀!=&%∋1%&#!1−#=#! ∃∗%! /∗3/62Γ0#!=16#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,!1∋!βκ!
01!Τ23+∗!01!βιεκ<!/∗∋!2∋!=&∗Τ1−∗!01!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!
#=&∗5#0∗!=16#!∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!1∋!βΜ!01!01?1∋>&∗!0∗!∋1,∋∗!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 13 
#3∗8!∀! Ζ1:230#! 1−#=#! ,∗∋13−1! ,1! /∗∋=61−∗2! 1∋!βιφφ<! /∗∋!#! #=&∗5#()∗!01!0∗%,!
=#/−∗,<!2∋!,∗>&1!0%&1%−∗,!/%5%,!1!=∗6Γ−%/∗,<!1!∗2−&∗!,∗>&1!0%&1%−∗,!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗<!,∗/%#%,!
1!/26−2&#%,8!
∀3−1,!0%,,∗<!=∗&4∋<!#!∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!#=&∗5∗2!5Α&%#,!
/∗3513(∆1,! ,∗>&1! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! &1∃1&%0#,! ∋#%,! #>#%7∗8! ∀! −1&/1%&#! 1−#=#<!
/∗3,%,−13−1! 3#! /&%#()∗! 01! ∋1/#3%,∋∗,! /#=#?1,! 01! #,,1:2&#&! #! 23%51&,#6!
∗>,1&5λ3/%#! 01,,1,! 0%&1%−∗,<! #%30#! 3)∗! ∃∗%! /∗∋=61−#0#8! ⊥∗&! 13;2#3−∗<! ∗! ;21! ,1!
/∗3,1:2%2! ∃∗%! %3,−%−2%&!2∋!=&∗/1,,∗!01! &1/6#∋#(∆1,! Τ23−∗!Θ!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!
Φ2∋#3∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!∗>Τ1−∗!01!2∋!=&∗−∗/∗6∗! ∃#/26−#−%5∗<! #317∗!#∗!⊥#/−∗!
,∗>&1!0%&1%−∗,!/%5%,!1!=∗6Γ−%/∗,8!
∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!/∗∋∗!,1!=1&/1>1!0#!!61%−2&#!
01!,12!=&1λ∋>26∗<!∃∗%!&10%:%0#!,∗>!∗!%∋=#/−∗!0#,!#−&∗/%0#01,!/∗∋1−%0#,!02&#3−1!#!
Λθ! 21&&#!α230%#6<! 1! /2Τ#! &1516#()∗! ,.! /∗∋1(∗2! #! ! ,1&! ∃1%−#! δ! 1! 01! ∃∗&∋#!∋2%−∗!
=#&/%#6<!∗2!,1Τ#<!/∗∋!∗∋%,,)∗!01!−20∗!∗!;21!,1!&1∃1&%#!Θ!∴3%)∗!Ζ∗5%4−%/#!1!01!5Α&%∗,!
#>2,∗,! /∗∋1−%0∗,!=16#,! =∗−Η3/%#,! ∗/%013−#%,! δ! #=.,! ∗! 13/1&&#∋13−∗! 0#,!
+∗,−%6%0#01,8! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! 31∋! −∗0∗,! ∗,! ∋1∋>&∗,! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,<! Θ! 4=∗/#<!
=#&−%6+#5#∋!=∗&!%3−1%&∗!#,!!/∗35%/(∆1,!17=&1,,#,!3∗!0∗/2∋13−∗Π!1∋>∗&#!#=&∗5#0∗!
=∗&!23#3%∋%0#01<!∗,!=#Γ,1,!/∗∋23%,−#,!ϑ∴3%)∗!Ζ∗5%4−%/#<!∴/&λ3%#!1!Υ],,%#!Κ&#3/#<!
Ψ/+1/∗,6∗5Α;2%#<! ⊥∗6ϕ3%#! 1! 92:∗,6Α5%#Ο<! #! ∀&Α>%#! Ζ#20%−#! 1! µ∃&%/#! 0∗! Ζ26!
#>,−%51&#∋Σ,1!01!5∗−#&8!
!∀#∃%Π! χΑ>%∗! ρ∗301&! Χ∗∋=#&#−∗<! Ζ13−%0∗!Φ%,−.&%/∗!0#! Ε1/6#&#()∗! ∴3%51&,#68!
Ε%,=∗3Γ516!1∋!+−−=ΠΙΙσσσ80+31−8∗&:8>&8!
!
!
χ%;21! #−13−∗! =#&#! ∗! ∃#−∗! ;21<! #=1,#&! 0#! Ε∴ΕΦ! −1&! ,%0∗! #=&∗5#0#! ,1∋!
313+2∋! 5∗−∗! /∗3−&Α&%∗<! #>,−%51&#∋Σ,1! Κ%16∗ΣΥ],,%#<! Ψ/+1/∗,6∗5Α;2%#<! ⊥∗6ϕ3%#<!
∴/&λ3%#<!∴ΥΖΖ<!92:∗,6Α5%#!1!#!∀&Α>%#!Ζ#20%−#8!∀!Ε∴ΕΦ!3)∗!−%3+#!%3−13()∗!01!,1&!2∋!
0∗/2∋13−∗! 61:#6∋13−1! 5%3/26#3−1<!∋#,! ,%∋<! /∗∋∗!=&∗/6#∋#! ,12! =&1λ∋>26∗<! ν2∋!
=#0&)∗!/∗∋2∋!01!&1#6%?#()∗!=#&#!−∗0∗,!∗,!=∗5∗,!1!3#(∆1,ο8!!
α#,<! ∃%3#6∋13−1<!∗!;21!,)∗!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!=#&#!#!Ε∴ΕΦΒ!Ρ,!0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,! ,)∗! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! 1,,13/%#%,! #! −∗0∗,! ∗,! ,1&1,! +2∋#3∗,<! ,1∋! ;21! +#Τ#!
0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!=∗&!&#(#<!/∗&<!:Η31&∗<! %0%∗∋#<!3#/%∗3#6%0#01!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∗2−&∗!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 14 
∋∗−%5∗8! [61,! =∗01∋! ,1&! /%5%,! ∗2! =∗6Γ−%/∗,<! /∗∋∗! ∗! 0%&1%−∗! Θ! 5%0#<! Θ! %:2#60#01!
=1&#3−1!#!61%!1!Θ!6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗8!⊥∗01∋!−#∋>4∋!,1&!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<!,∗/%#%,!1!
/26−2&#%,<! /∗∋∗!∗!0%&1%−∗! #∗! −&#>#6+∗!1! Θ! 102/#()∗!1! /∗61−%5∗,<! /∗∋∗!∗!0%&1%−∗! #∗!
01,135∗65%∋13−∗8! ∀! :#&#3−%#! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 23%51&,#%,! 4! ∃1%−#! =∗&! 61%<! 3#!
∃∗&∋#!01!−&#−#0∗,!1!01!61%,!%3−1&3#/%∗3#%,<!=∗&!171∋=6∗8!
Ζ1:230∗!#!Ρ_∴<!01,01!,2#!#0∗()∗<!1∋!βιεκ<!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!∃∗%!−&#02?%0#!1∋!∋#%,!
01! γφΜ! %0%∗∋#,! δ! ∗! 0∗/2∋13−∗! ∋#%,! −&#02?%0∗! 0∗! ∋230∗! δ! 1! %3,=%&∗2! #,!
/∗3,−%−2%(∆1,! 01! ∋2%−∗,! [,−#0∗,! 1! 01∋∗/&#/%#,! &1/13−1,8! ∀! Ε∴ΕΦ<! 1∋! /∗3Τ23−∗!
/∗∋!∗!;)<∃∀/=#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./1∀,/>∋∗%∋∃∀,/?∋≅∋,/%/;∀.Α∃∋<∀,!1!,12,!0∗%,!⊥&∗−∗/∗6∗,!
Ρ=/%∗3#%,! ϑ,∗>&1!=&∗/10%∋13−∗!01!;21%7#!1! ,∗>&1!=13#!01!∋∗&−1Ο!1! /∗∋!∗!⊥#/−∗!
93−1&3#/%∗3#6! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,! [/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<! Ζ∗/%#%,! 1! Χ26−2&#%,! 1! ,12! ⊥&∗−∗/∗6∗!
Ρ=/%∗3#6<!∃∗&∋#∋!#!/+#∋#0#!?)∗∃)/=#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./1∀,/>∋∗%∋∃∀,/ΒΧ()#∀,8!
Ρ,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! ,)∗! 1,,13/%#6∋13−1! ∋#1∋≅∋,Α≅%∋,8! ⊥#&#! #6:23,!
0∗2−&%3#0∗&1,<!/∗∋∗!χ6Α5%#!⊥%∗51,#3<!#!%30%5%,%>%6%0#01!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!1,−Α!
&1=&1,13−#0#!=16#!,2#!23%/%0#01!1!=16#!,2#!%3−1&01=130Η3/%#8!Ε%&1%−∗,!%30%5%,Γ51%,!
,)∗! #;2161,! ;21! 3)∗! ,∗∃&1∋! ;2#6;21&! ∃&#/%∗3#∋13−∗8! _∗! /#,∗! 1,=1/Γ∃%/∗! 0∗,!
Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!−1∋∗,!2∋!/∗3Τ23−∗!01!0%&1%−∗,<!ϑ,∗/%#%,<!/26−2&#%,<!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<!
1−/8Ο! ;21! 3)∗! −Η∋! =&15#6Η3/%#! ∗2! &1∃1&Η3/%#! 2∋! ,∗>&1! ∗! ∗2−&∗8! Ε1,,1! ∋∗0∗<! ∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 0151∋! ,1&! /∗∋=&1130%0∗,! /∗∋∗!2∋! /∗3Τ23−∗<! /∗∋∗!2∋!>6∗/∗!
]3%/∗<!%30%5%,Γ516!1!%3−1&01=13013−18!!
+∃%#3:∀Π! Ρ,! 0%&1%−∗,! ∃%&∋#0∗,! 3#! Ε∴ΕΦ! =∗,,21∋! =#&%0#01! +%1&Α&;2%/#<! 3)∗!
+#5130∗!+%1&#&;2%#!01!23,!1∋!&16#()∗!#!∗2−&∗,8!
Ψ&#>#6+#&1%!#6:23,!=∗3−∗,!%∋=∗&−#3−1,!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ8!Ρ!=&%∋1%&∗!=∗3−∗<!0#3#0∗!
01!/#%&!1∋!=&∗5#,<!4!#! %3∃62Η3/%#! ∃&#3/1,#!3∗! %01#6!01!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!∀64∋!0∗!
%01Α&%∗!,∗/%#6!1!6%>1&#6<!17%,−1!#!−&Γ#01!0#!&15∗62()∗!∃&#3/1,#Π!6%>1&0#01<!%:2#60#01!1!
∃&#−1&3%0#018![,,1,!=&%3/Γ=%∗,! #7%∗6.:%/∗,! 1,−)∗! ΤΑ!3∗!=&%∋1%&∗!#&−%:∗!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ!1!
∗&%13−#!−∗0∗,!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,Π!
Ψ∗0#,!#,!=1,,∗#,!3#,/1∋!.∋≅∗%,!1!∋∆Χ)∋,!1∋!0%:3%0#01!1!0%&1%−∗,8!Ζ)∗!0∗−#0#,!01!
&#?)∗! 1! /∗3,/%Η3/%#! 1! 0151∋! #:%&! 1∋! &16#()∗! 2∋#,! Θ,! ∗2−&#,! /∗∋! 1,=Γ&%−∗! 01!
Ε∗)∃%∗#∋1)1%8!
! Χ∗∋∗!5∗/Η!ΤΑ!,#>1<!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!=∗,,2%!3#−2&1?#!Τ2&Γ0%/#!01!&1,∗62()∗!1!/#&Α−1&!
&1/∗∋130#−%5∗8!9,,∗!,%:3%∃%/#!;21<!#=1,#&!01!−1&!,1:2%0∗!∗,!−&λ∋%−1,!0#!Ρ_∴!=#&#!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 15 
#=&∗5#()∗! 1∋! ∃∗&∋#! 01! &1,∗62()∗<! ,2#,! &1/∗∋130#(∆1,! 3)∗! :1&#∋! ∗>&%:#()∗!
5%3/26#0#!0∗,!=#Γ,1,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,8![∋!51&0#01<!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!3)∗!=&15Η!∋1/#3%,∋∗,!01!
%∋=61∋13−#()∗! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,! Φ2∋#3∗,! 1! 31∋! &1,=∗3,Α51%,! =16#! %∋=61∋13−#()∗!
01,,1,!0%&1%−∗,8!Ρ2!,1Τ#Π!3)∗!−1∋!/#&Α−1&!/∗∋=26,.&%∗<!#=13#,!&1/∗∋130#−%5∗8!9,,∗!
∗/∗&&12!1∋!∃23()∗!0#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,!−1&!/∗3/1>%0∗!#!01/6#&#()∗!
∗&%:%3#6∋13−1!/∗∋∗!1−#=#!=&16%∋%3#&!Θ!#0∗()∗!=∗,−1&%∗&!01!2∋!=#/−∗!∗2! −&#−#0∗!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6!,∗>&1!∗!#,,23−∗8!
∀,,%∋<! /∗∋∗! ,#6%13−#! Κ∗>>%∗! ϑβιιΛΟ<! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! ∴3%51&,#6! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,!
Φ2∋#3∗,!4! #6:∗!∋#%,!;21!2∋!,%,−1∋#!0∗2−&%3Α&%∗! 1! #6:∗!∋13∗,!;21!2∋!,%,−1∋#!
3∗&∋#−%5∗8! Ε∗! =∗3−∗! 01! 5%,−#! 0#! /%Η3/%#! 0∗! 0%&1%−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! =]>6%/∗<! #!
Ε1/6#&#()∗! 3)∗! −1∋! #! ∃∗&(#! 5%3/26#3−1! 0∗,! −&#−#0∗,<! =∗%,! 3)∗! ∃∗%! 16#>∗&#0#! 01!
#/∗&0∗! /∗∋! #,! 3∗&∋#,! 01! =&∗/1,,2#6Γ,−%/#! 01,,1,! %3,−&2∋13−∗,8! Χ∗3−20∗! ∗,!
%3−4&=&1−1,!0#!01/6#&#()∗<!&1/2,#&#∋Σ,1!#!−ΗΣ6#!/∗∋∗!∋1&#!/#&−#!01!=&%3/Γ=%∗,8!
!
+∃%#3:∀Π! ∀! =&1∗/2=#()∗! 0#! Ε1/6#&#()∗! ,2>,%,−%2! 1∋! &1/∗3+1/%∋13−∗! ∃∗&∋#6! 01!
0%&1%−∗,<! ,1∋! =&151&! ∋1/#3%,∋∗,! 01! /∗3−&∗61! ∗2! &1=&1,,)∗! 0%#3−1! #! ,2#! 3)∗!
∗>,1&5λ3/%#8! ∀,,%∋<! 3)∗! +Α! ,1! ∃#6#&! 1∋! ,#3(∆1,! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/#,<! −#∋=∗2/∗! 1∋!
%3−1&513()∗!+2∋#3%−Α&%#8!!
! !
9,,∗! ,%:3%∃%/#! ;21! 3%3:24∋! ,1:2%2<! /∗&&1−∗Β! [&&#0∗<! −∗0∗,! ∗,! =#Γ,1,<! 1∋!
∋#%∗&! ∗2! ∋13∗&! :&#2<! >2,/#&#∋! 01,01! 13−)∗! #! %∋=61∋13−#()∗! 0∗,! 5#6∗&1,! #6%!
%3,/26=%0∗,8!Ρ!Κ&#,%6<! =∗&! 171∋=6∗<! ,1:2%2! ∗,! 5#6∗&1,! 0#!Ε∴ΕΦ!3#! 16#>∗&#()∗!0#!
Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!χ101&#6!01!βικκ!δ!ΧχΙκκ8!
Ρ2−&∗!=∗3−∗!%∋=∗&−#3−1!;21!5∗/Η!0151!,#>1&!4!;21!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!&1/∗3+1/1!2∋#!
,4&%1! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! ,∗/%#%,! 1! 6%>1&#%,8! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! ,12! −17−∗! =&15Η! 0%&1%−∗,! /%5%,<!
=∗6Γ−%/∗,<!,∗/%#%,<!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,!1!/26−2&#%,<!∗2!,1Τ#<!/∗3−1∋=6#!0%&1%−∗,!01!=&%∋1%&#!1!
,1:230#!:1&#()∗8!!
+∃%#3:∀Π!∀!Ε∴ΕΦ!3)∗!#>#&/∗2!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!01!−1&/1%&#!:1&#()∗8!!
! ∀! ,1:2%&! #=&1,13−∗! 2∋! =1;213∗! &∗−1%&∗! ;21! 5∗/Η! 0151! 2,#&! =#&#!
#/∗∋=#3+#&!#!61%−2&#!,1/#!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ!ϑ1∋!,1:2%0#Ο8!Χ&%1%!1,,1!&∗−1%&∗!=∗&!∗>,1&5#&!
;21! #,! ;21,−∆1,! ,∗>&1! #! Ε∴ΕΦ! 51&,#∋! ;2#,1! ,1∋=&1! ,∗>&1! #! 6%−1&#6%0#01! 0#!
01/6#&#()∗!∗2!,∗>&1!∗,!0%&1%−∗,Ι=&%3/Γ=%∗,!#6%!=&15%,−∗,8!!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 16 
! Χ∗3∃%&#!∗!&∗−1%&∗!1!#,!]6−%∋#,!=∗3−2#(∆1,!#3−1,!01!61&!#!Ε∴ΕΦ8!
!
?∀#<%∋∃∀,/ +∗∃∋∆∀/
Ε%&1%−∗!#∗!α1%∗!∀∋>%13−1!! ! 2:∀/?∀#,∃)/
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!01!=13,#∋13−∗<!/∗3,/%Η3/%#!1!&16%:%)∗! ∀&−%:∗!Λ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!1!#!,1:2&#3(#!0#!=1,,∗#! ∀&−%:∗!γ!
⊥&∗%>%()∗!0#!1,/&#5%0)∗!1!0∗!−&Α∃%/∗!01!1,/&#5∗,! ∀&−%:∗!ε!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!%:2#60#01!=1&#3−1!#!61%!ϑ%,∗3∗∋%#Ο! ∀&−%:∗!η!
Υ1∋40%∗,!≅2&Γ0%/∗,![∃%/#?1,! ∀&−%:∗!κ!
Ε15%0∗!=&∗/1,,∗!τ1:#6! ∀&−%:∗!ι!1!∀&−%:∗!βΜ!
⊥&∗%>%()∗!0#!Ψ∗&−2&#! ∀&−%:∗!Ν!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!,1&!=&∗−1:%0∗!=16#! 61%! /∗3−&#! %3−1&∃1&Η3/%#,!3#!5%0#!
=&%5#0#!
∀&−%:∗!βΛ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!01!6∗/∗∋∗()∗!ϑ%&!1!5%&Ο! ∀&−%:∗!βγ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#∗!∀,%6∗! ∀&−%:∗!βε!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!3#/%∗3#6%0#01! ∀&−%:∗!βΝ!
Ε%&1%−∗!01!17=&1,,)∗! ∀&−%:∗!βι!
Ε%&1%−∗!01!/∗3,/%Η3/%#!1!&16%:%)∗! ∀&−%:∗!βκ!
Ε%&1%−∗!01!&123%)∗! ∀&−%:∗!ΛΜ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#!τ%>1&0#01!ϑ0%∋13,)∗!=∗6Γ−%/#Ο! ! ∀&−%:∗!Λβ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#!τ%>1&0#01!ϑ0%∋13,)∗!930%5%02#6Ο! ∀&−%:∗,!η<!βφ<!βη<!βκ<!βι!1!ΛΜ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#∗!−&#>#6+∗!1!Θ!=&∗−1()∗!/∗3−&#!∗!01,1∋=&1:∗! ∀&−%:∗!Λγ!
Ε%&1%−∗,! −&#>#6+%,−#,! ϑ/∗3−&#−∗! 01! −&#>#6+∗<! ,#6Α&%∗! ∋Γ3%∋∗<!
&1=∗2,∗<!6#?1&!1!&1∋231&#()∗!%:2#6!=∗&!−&#>#6+∗!%:2#6Ο!
∀&−%:∗!Λγ!
Ε%&1%−∗,! −&#>#6+%,−#,! ϑ6%∋%−#()∗! +∗&Α&%#! 0#! Τ∗&3#0#! 01!
−&#>#6+∗!1!#,!∃4&%#,!&1∋231&#0#,Ο! !
∀&−%:∗!Λε!
!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%5&1!,%30%/#6%?#()∗!0∗,!−&#>#6+#0∗&1,!! ! ∀&−%:∗!Λγ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!,1:2&%0#01!Ζ∗/%#6! ∀&−%:∗,!ΛΛ!1!ΛΝ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!102/#()∗!ϑ13,%3∗!161∋13−#&!∗>&%:#−.&%∗!1!:&#−2%−∗<!#!
:131&#6%?#()∗!0#!%3,−&2()∗!−4/3%/∗Σ=&∗∃%,,%∗3#6!1!#!%:2#60#01!01!#/1,,∗!#∗!13,%3∗!,2=1&%∗&Ο!!
∀&−%:∗!Λφ!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 17 
⊥&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! 01∋∗/&#/%#! ϑ]3%/∗! &1:%∋1! =∗6Γ−%/∗! /∗∋=#−Γ516!
/∗∋!∗!=613∗!&1,=1%−∗!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,Ο!
∀&−%:∗,!Λβ!1!Λι8!
!
! Ζ∗>&1!∗!#&−%:∗!9Ω<!;21!∃#6#!;21!3%3:24∋!,1&Α!#&>%−&#&%#∋13−1!=&1,∗<!01−%0∗!
∗2!17%6#0∗<!4!=&1/%,∗! ∃#?1&!#6:2∋#,!>&151,!=∗3−2#(∆1,8!τ1∋>&1!;21!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!,#%2!
,2&:%2! #!=#&−%&! 0∗! /∗3−17−∗!3#?%,−#!0#!Λυ!α8!∀!=&%,)∗!0151! &1,=1%−#&! #,!3∗&∋#,!
Τ2&Γ0%/#,! 1! 3)∗! #! 5∗3−#01! 0#;2161,! ;21! 01−4∋! ∗! =∗01&8! _1∋! ∗! +∗∋1∋! ∋#%,!
,2,=1%−∗! =∗01! ,1&! =&1,∗! #&>%−&#&%#∋13−1<! 01−%0∗! ∗2! 17%6#0∗8! ϖ! =&1/%,∗! 2∋!
#&/#>∗2(∗! Τ2&Γ0%/∗! /∗3,∗6%0#0∗<! #3−1&%∗&∋13−1! #∗! #−∗<! ;21! Τ2,−%∃%;21! #! =&%,)∗8!
τ1∋>&∗<!−#∋>4∋<!;21!#!3∗,,#!=&.=&%#!ΧχΙκκ!Φ∗∀Α−%/)/Φ%#)/1%/−)#∋(%#∃∀Γ/
! _∗!>∗Τ∗!0∗!#&−%:∗!9Ω!1,−Α!∗!#&−%:∗!Ω9Ξ<!;21!∃#6#!,∗>&1!∗!#,%6∗8![61!∃#6#Π!
β8Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#<!5Γ−%∋#!01!=1&,1:2%()∗<!−1∋!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!=&∗/2&#&!1!01!:∗?#&!#,%6∗!1∋!
∗2−&∗,!=#Γ,1,8!!!!!
Λ8! [,−1! 0%&1%−∗! 3)∗! =∗01! ,1&! %35∗/#0∗! 1∋! /#,∗! 01! =1&,1:2%()∗! 61:%−%∋#∋13−1!
∋∗−%5#0#! =∗&! /&%∋1,! 01! 0%&1%−∗! /∗∋2∋! ∗2! =∗&! #−∗,! /∗3−&Α&%∗,! #∗,! =&∗=.,%−∗,! 1!
=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,8!
_1,,1!#&−%:∗!1,−)∗!0∗%,!/#,∗,!;21!17/621∋!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!#,%6∗Π!
#Ο =1&,1:2%()∗!61:%−%∋#∋13−1!∋∗−%5#0#!=∗&!/&%∋1,!01!0%&1%−∗!/∗∋2∋ω!
>Ο #−∗,!/∗3−&Α&%∗,!#∗,!∗>Τ1−%5∗,!1!=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,8!
⊥∗&!∗2−&∗!6#0∗<!3)∗!17/62%!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!#,%6∗Π!
#Ο #!#61:#()∗! ∃#6,#!∗2! ,%∋26#0#!01! /&%∋1! /∗∋2∋!∗2!#−∗! /∗3−&Α&%∗! #∗,!
=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,ω!
>Ο #! #61:#()∗! 01! /&%∋1! /∗∋2∋<! ∗2! #−∗! /∗3−&Α&%∗! #∗,! ∗>Τ1−%5∗,! 0#,!
_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!;2#30∗!∗![,−#0∗!;21!=1&,1:21!3)∗!∗∃1&1/1!;2#6;21&!
:#&#3−%#!01!Τ26:#∋13−∗!Τ2,−∗!1!=]>6%/∗!0∗!#/2,#0∗8!
_#,!02#,!,%−2#(∆1,!&1∃1&%0#,!=16∗!#&−%:∗<!4!%30%,=13,Α516!;21!#!=1&,1:2%()∗!
,1Τ#!61:%−%∋#∋13−1!∋∗−%5#0#!=#&#!%∋=∗,,%>%6%−#&!∗!#,%6∗8!!
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,Θ.(∀Ν∋%),&∀∃,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΒΨ,
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 18 
! ∀! Χ∗3513()∗! =#&#! #! ⊥&∗−1()∗! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,! Φ2∋#3∗,! 1! 0#,! τ%>1&0#01,!
χ230#∋13−#%,! −%3+#! /∗∋∗! ∗>Τ1−%5∗! =&∗∋∗51&! #! 23%0#01! 12&∗=1%#<! =&∗−1:1&! ∗,!
0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!1!∃∗∋13−#&!∗!=&∗:&1,,∗!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗!1!,∗/%#68!
Χ∗∋∗! =&161/%∗3#! χΑ>%∗! ρ∗301&<! ∗! #6/#3/1! 0#! /∗3513()∗! 6%∋%−#Σ,1! #∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! %30%5%02#%,! /6Α,,%/∗,<! &1=&1,13−#30∗! 2∋! &1−&∗/1,,∗! 1∋! &16#()∗! Θ!
01/6#&#()∗! 23%51&,#6! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 01! βιεκ8! _)∗! ,1! =∗01! 31:#&<! =∗&4∋<!
;21!∗,!#&−%:∗,!Ν<!φ!1!η!0#!Χ∗3513()∗![2&∗=1%#!#=&∗∃230#∋!#!=&∗−1()∗!0#!6%>1&0#01!
1! 0#! ,1:2&#3(#! =1,,∗#68! _∗! #&−%:∗! Ν! 17=∆1! #,! /∗30%(∆1,! 01! 61:#6%0#01! 01! 2∋#!
01−13()∗!∗2!=&%,)∗<!>1∋!/∗∋∗!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!01!−∗0∗!#/2,#0∗!1∋!=&∗/1,,∗,!/&%∋%3#%,!
1∋!,12!#&−%:∗!φ8!Ζ1∋!0]5%0#<!#!:&#301!/∗3−&%>2%()∗!01,−#!/∗3513()∗!!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,!∃∗%!#!01!/&%#&!.&:)∗,!%3/2∋>%0∗,!01!∃%,/#6%?#&!∗!&1,=1%−∗!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!316#!
01/6#&#0∗,!1!Τ26:#&!,2#,!5%∗6#(∆1,!=16∗,!1,−#0∗,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,<!#64∋!01!&1/∗3+1/1&!∗!
%30%5Γ02∗!/∗∋∗!,2Τ1%−∗!01!0%&1%−∗!%3−1&3#/%∗3#68!
!
Ζ)−1∀∃,<#1∋(#)−%∀#)%∃,&∋,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΚΚ,
! [∋! βιφφ<! #! ∀,,1∋>61%#! 1&#6! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,! #0∗−∗2! 0∗%,! =#/−∗,!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#%,!;21!01,135∗651&#∋!∗!/∗3−1]0∗!0#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!01!βιεκΠ!∗!
;)<∃∀/ =#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./ ,∀−∗%/>∋∗%∋∃∀,/ ?∋≅∋,/ %/ ;∀.Α∃∋<∀,! 1! ∗!;)<∃∀/ =#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./
,∀−∗%/>∋∗%∋∃∀,/Η<∀#Ι(∋<∀,ϑ/Κ∀<∋)∋,/%/?Χ.∃Χ∗)∋,8!!
Χ∗∋=61−∗2Σ,1!#,,%∋<!#!,1:230#!1−#=#!0∗!=&∗/1,,∗!01!%3,−%−2/%∗3#6%?#()∗!0∗,!
0%&1%−∗,!0∗!+∗∋1∋!3∗!λ∋>%−∗!23%51&,#6!1!0#5#Σ,1!%3Γ/%∗!#!−1&/1%&#!1−#=#<!&16#−%5#!Θ!
/&%#()∗! 01! ∋1/#3%,∋∗,! 01! ,#3()∗! Θ,! 5%∗6#(∆1,! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,8! ξ2#3−∗! Θ!
−1&/1%&#! 1−#=#<! ∗! /∗∋%−Η! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! &1,−&%3:%2Σ,1! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! /%5%,! 1!
=∗6Γ−%/∗,! 1!∋1,∋∗! #,,%∋<! ,1∋! ;21! 161! −13+#! =∗01&1,! =#&#! ∃∗&∋26#&! 2∋! Τ2Γ?∗! 01!
/∗3013#()∗!0∗![,−#0∗!&1,=∗3,Α516!=16#!5%∗6#()∗!01,−1,!0%&1%−∗,!ϑΚ∗−16+∗<!ΛΜΜΝΟ8!
! _1,,1! =#/−∗<! 1∋! ∃23()∗! 0∗! =∗01&! 0∗! ,∗/%#6%,∋∗! 3#! 4=∗/#<! ∗! 0%&1%−∗! #!
=&∗=&%10#01!=&%5#0#!∃∗%!∗∋%−%0∗8!Ψ#∋>4∋!∃∗&#∋!∗∋%,,∗,!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!;2#6;21&!,1&!
+2∋#3∗!#!−1&!2∋#!3#/%∗3#6%0#01!,1!#,,%∋!∗!01,1Τ#&!1!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!#,%6∗!∗2!&1∃]:%∗8!
! Ψ1∋∗,!01!0%∃1&13/%#&!∗!#,%6∗!0∗!&1∃]:%∗!=∗6Γ−%/∗8!Ρ!#,%6∗!4!171/2−#0∗!/∗∋∗!
0%&1%−∗! #∗,! =1&,1:2%0∗,! ∗2! /∗3013#0∗,! =∗&! /&%∋1,! =∗6Γ−%/∗,<! ΤΑ! ∗! &1∃]:%∗! 4!
/∗3/10%0∗! 1∋! &#?)∗! 01! =1&,1:2%()∗! =∗&! ∋∗−%5∗,! &16%:%∗,∗,<! &#/%#%,<! 01!
3#/%∗3#6%0#01!1!01!∗=%3%)∗!=∗6Γ−%/#8!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 19 
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,<#1∋(#)−%∀#)Χ,∃∀5(∋,),ΘΧ%0%#)∗∆∀,&∋,[∀&)∃,)∃,ς∀(0)∃,&∋,
2%∃−(%0%#)∗∆∀,=)−%)Χ,ϑ,≅ΜΚΚ,
! Ξ#∋∗,!0%&1−∗!=#&#!∗!;21!/#%!3#!=&∗5#Π!
∀ΥΨ9Ρ!9!
β8!! _1,−#! Χ∗3513()∗<! #! 17=&1,,)∗! ψ1∋,<∗∋(∋#)3:∀/ ∗)<∋).ψ! ,%:3%∃%/#&Α! ;2#6;21&!
0%,−%3()∗<! 17/62,)∗<! &1,−&%()∗!∗2!=&1∃1&Η3/%#!>#,1#0#!1∋!&#(#<! /∗&<! 01,/130Η3/%#!
∗2!∗&%:1∋!3#/%∗3#6!∗2!4−3%/#!;21!−1∋!=∗&!∗>Τ1−%5∗!∗2!1∃1%−∗!#326#!∗2!&1,−&%3:%&!∗!
&1/∗3+1/%∋13−∗<! :∗?∗! ∗2! 171&/Γ/%∗! 32∋! ∋1,∋∗! =6#3∗<! ϑ1∋! %:2#60#01! 01!
/∗30%()∗Ο<! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! 6%>1&0#01,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! 3∗! 0∗∋Γ3%∗! =∗6Γ−%/∗!
1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗<!,∗/%#6<!/26−2&#6!∗2!1∋!;2#6;21&!∗2−&∗!0∗∋Γ3%∗!01!,2#!5%0#8!!
Λ8!! [,−#! Χ∗3513()∗! 3)∗! ,1! #=6%/#&Α! Θ,! 0%,−%3(∆1,<! 17/62,∆1,<! &1,−&%(∆1,! 1!
=&1∃1&Η3/%#,!∃1%−#,!=∗&!2∋![,−#0∗!⊥#&−1!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗!13−&1!/%0#0)∗,8!!
γ8!!_#0#!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗!=∗01&Α!,1&! %3−1&=&1−#0∗!/∗∋∗!#∃1−#30∗!#,!0%,=∗,%(∆1,!
61:#%,! 0∗,! [,−#0∗,! ⊥#&−1,<! &16#−%5#,! #! 3#/%∗3#6%0#01<! /%0#0#3%#! 1! 3#−2&#6%?#()∗<!
01,01! ;21! −#%,! 0%,=∗,%(∆1,! 3)∗! 0%,/&%∋%31∋! /∗3−&#! ;2#6;21&! 3#/%∗3#6%0#01!
=#&−%/26#&8!!
ε8!! _)∗! ,1&)∗! /∗3,%01&#0#,! 0%,/&%∋%3#(∆1,! &#/%#6! #,! ∋10%0#,! 1,=1/%#%,! −∗∋#0#,!
/∗∋∗!∗!]3%/∗!∗>Τ1−%5∗!01!#,,1:2&#&!=&∗:&1,,∗!#01;2#0∗!01!/1&−∗,!:&2=∗,!&#/%#%,!
∗2! 4−3%/∗,! ∗2! %30%5Γ02∗,! ;21! 31/1,,%−1∋! 0#! =&∗−1()∗! ;21! =∗,,#! ,1&! 31/1,,Α&%#!
=#&#!=&∗=∗&/%∗3#&!#!−#%,!:&2=∗,!∗2!%30%5Γ02∗,!%:2#6!:∗?∗!∗2!171&/Γ/%∗!01!0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,! 1! 6%>1&0#01,! ∃230#∋13−#%,<! /∗3−#3−∗!;21<! −#%,!∋10%0#,!3)∗! /∗302?#∋<!
1∋! /∗3,1;2Η3/%#! <! Α! ∋#32−13()∗! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! ,1=#&#0∗,! =#&#! 0%∃1&13−1,! :&2=∗,!
&#/%#%,!1!3)∗!=&∗,,%:#∋!#=.,!−1&1∋!,%0∗,!#6/#3(#0∗,!∗,!,12,!∗>Τ1−%5∗,8!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,Σ0∋(%−)#),&∋,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΚΜ,
! !
∀! /∗3513()∗!∀∋1&%/#3#! 0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,! ∃∗%! #=&∗5#0#! 3#! /%0#01! 01!
Ζ#3!≅∗,4<!1∋!βιφι<!1<!=∗&!1,,#!&#?)∗<!∃%/∗2!/∗3+1/%0#!/∗∋∗!;)<∃∀/1%/Κ)#/Λ∀,Μ/1)/
?∀,∃)/Ν∋<)8![,,1!=#/−∗!=∗2/∗!#6−1&∗2!∗!/∗3513/%∗3#0∗!3∗!⊥#/−∗! 93−1&3#/%∗3#6!01!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 20 
Ε%&1%−∗,! Χ%5%,! 1! ⊥∗6Γ−%/∗,! 01! βιφφ8! Ζ2#! ∃#∋#! 1! ,12! %∋=#/−∗! 3∗!∋230∗! 0∗! 0%&1−∗!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6!∗/∗&&12!=∗&!−1&!1,−#>161/%0∗!!∗!=&%3/Γ=%∗!0#!=&15#6Η3/%#!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!
∋#%,!5#3−#Τ∗,∗,!=#&#!=1,,∗#!+2∋#3#8!9,,∗!,%:3%∃%/#!;21!3#!/∗6%,)∗!01!3∗&∋#,!,∗>&1!
0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,<!3#/%∗3#%,!1!%3−1&3#/%∗3#%,<!0151!,1&!#=6%/#0∗!Θ;2161!;21!∋16+∗&!
=&∗−1:1!∗!,1&!+2∋#3∗8!
! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! 1∋! ,12! #&−%:∗! εζ<! 1,−Α! 17=&1,,#! #! 510#()∗! Θ! %3,−%−2%()∗! ∗2!
&1,−#>161/%∋13−∗!0#!=13#!/#=%−#6!3∗,!=#Γ,1,!;21!#!−13+#∋!#>∗6%0∗8!Ρ!#&−%:∗!ηζ!{!ηζ!
&1,−&%3:1! #! #0∋%,,%>%6%0#01! 01! =&%,)∗! /%5%6! #∗! %3#0%∋=61∋13−∗! 01! ∗>&%:#()∗!
#6%∋13−#&8! Ρ,! {{! γζ! 1! εζ! 0∗! #&−%:∗! βγ! 0∗! =#/−∗! %∋=∆1! &1,−&%(∆1,! %30%&1−#,! Θ!
6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗<!3)∗!,1!−&#−#!0#!6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗!=1,,∗#6<!∋#,!,%∋!0#!
6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗!1∋=&1,#&%#6<!1∋!∋#−4&%#!01!%∋=&13,#<!&Α0%∗!1!−1615%,)∗8!
∴∋#! %3∗5#()∗! 01,,1! ⊥#/−∗! ∃∗%! #! /&%#()∗! 0#! ?∀∗∃%/ =#∃%∗)(%∗∋<)#)/ 1%/
>∋∗%∋∃∀,/ΒΧ()#∀,8! [,,#! Χ∗&−1! −1∋!#! ∃%3#6%0#01! 01! Τ26:#&! /#,∗,! 01! 5%∗6#()∗! 0∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! ∗/∗&&%0∗,! 1∋! =#Γ,1,! ;21! %3−1:&#∋! #! Ρ&:#3%?#()∗! 0∗,! [,−#0∗,!
∀∋1&%/#3∗,!ϑΡ[∀Ο<!;21!&1/∗3+1(#∋!,2#!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#8!
Ρ2−&∗! =∗3−∗! ∃230#∋13−#6! 4! ;21<! #=1,#&! 01! 132∋1&#&! 17=&1,,#∋13−1!
0%51&,∗,!0%&1%−∗,<!/∗∋∗!51&1∋∗,!#!,1:2%&<!3)∗!132∋1&∗2!17=&1,,#∋13−1!∗,!0%&1%−∗!
,∗/%#%,<! /26−2&#%,! 1! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<! 6%∋%−#30∗Σ,1! #!∋13/%∗3#&! ;21! ∗,! [,−#0∗,Σ=#&−1,!
0151∋!#6/#3(#&!=&∗:&1,,%5#∋13−1!#!=613#!&1#6%?#()∗!01,,1,!0%&1%−∗,8!
! Ξ1Τ#∋∗,!,12,!=&%3/%=#%,!#&−%:∗,Π!
!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/8Γ//>∋∗%∋∃∀/Ο/≅∋1)/
β8!!!!!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!−1∋!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!;21!,1!&1,=1%−1!,2#!5%0#8!![,,1!0%&1%−∗!0151!,1&!
=&∗−1:%0∗!=16#! 61%!1<!1∋!:1&#6<!01,01!∗!∋∗∋13−∗!0#!/∗3/1=()∗8!!_%3:24∋!=∗01!,1&!
=&%5#0∗!0#!5%0#!#&>%−&#&%#∋13−18!
Λ8!!!!!!!!!_∗,!=#Γ,1,!;21!3)∗!+∗251&1∋!#>∗6%0∗! #!=13#!01!∋∗&−1<! 1,−#! ,.!=∗01&Α! ,1&!
%∋=∗,−#! =16∗,! 016%−∗,!∋#%,! :&#51,<! 1∋! /2∋=&%∋13−∗! 01! ,13−13(#! ∃%3#6! 01! −&%>23#6!
/∗∋=1−13−1!1!1∋!/∗3∃∗&∋%0#01!/∗∋!61%!;21!1,−#>161(#!−#6!=13#<!=&∗∋26:#0#!#3−1,!
01!+#51&!∗!016%−∗!,%0∗!/∗∋1−%0∗8!!Ψ#∋=∗2/∗!,1!1,−1301&Α!,2#!#=6%/#()∗!#!016%−∗,!#∗,!
;2#%,!3)∗!,1!#=6%;21!#−2#6∋13−18!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 21 
γ8!!!!!!!!!_)∗!,1!=∗01!&1,−#>161/1&!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!3∗,![,−#0∗,!;21!#!+#Τ#∋!#>∗6%0∗8!
ε8!!!!!!!!![∋!313+2∋!/#,∗!=∗01!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!,1&!#=6%/#0#!=∗&!016%−∗,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,<!31∋!
=∗&!016%−∗,!/∗∋23,!/∗317∗,!/∗∋!016%−∗,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,8!
Ν8!!!!!!!!!_)∗!,1!0151!%∋=∗&!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!#!=1,,∗#!;21<!3∗!∋∗∋13−∗!0#!=1&=1−&#()∗!
0∗!016%−∗<!∃∗&!∋13∗&!01!01?∗%−∗!#3∗,<!∗2!∋#%∗&!01!,1−13−#<!31∋!#=6%/ΑΣ6#!#!∋26+1&!1∋!
1,−#0∗!01!:&#5%01?8!
φ8!!!!!!!!! Ψ∗0#! =1,,∗#! /∗3013#0#! Θ! ∋∗&−1! −1∋! 0%&1%−∗! #! ,∗6%/%−#&! #3%,−%#<! %3026−∗! ∗2!
/∗∋2−#()∗!0#!=13#<!∗,!;2#%,!=∗01∋!,1&!/∗3/10%0∗,!1∋!−∗0∗,!∗,!/#,∗,8!!_)∗!,1!=∗01!
171/2−#&! #! =13#! 01!∋∗&−1! 13;2#3−∗! ∗! =10%0∗! 1,−%51&! =13013−1! 01! 01/%,)∗! #3−1! #!
#2−∗&%0#01!/∗∋=1−13−18!
!!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΠΓ//;∗∀∋−∋3:∀/1)/%,<∗)≅∋1:∀/%/1)/,%∗≅∋1:∀/
β8!!!!!!!!!_%3:24∋!=∗01!,1&!,2>∋1−%0∗!#!1,/&#5%0)∗!∗2!#!,1&5%0)∗<!1!−#3−∗!1,−#,!/∗∋∗!∗!
−&Α∃%/∗!01!1,/&#5∗,!1!∗!−&Α∃%/∗!01!∋26+1&1,!,)∗!=&∗%>%0∗,!1∋!−∗0#,!#,!,2#,!∃∗&∋#,8!
Λ8!!!!!!!!! _%3:24∋! 0151! ,1&! /∗3,−&#3:%0∗! #! 171/2−#&! −&#>#6+∗! ∃∗&(#0∗! ∗2!
∗>&%:#−.&%∗8!!_∗,!=#Γ,1,!1∋!;21!,1!=&1,/&151<!=#&#!/1&−∗,!016%−∗,<!=13#!=&%5#−%5#!0#!
6%>1&0#01! #/∗∋=#3+#0#! 01! −&#>#6+∗,! ∃∗&(#0∗,<! 1,−#! 0%,=∗,%()∗! 3)∗! =∗01! ,1&!
%3−1&=&1−#0#!3∗!,13−%0∗!01!;21!=&∗Γ>1!∗!/2∋=&%∋13−∗!0#!0%−#!=13#<!%∋=∗,−#!=∗&!Τ2%?!
∗2! −&%>23#6! /∗∋=1−13−18!! Ρ! −&#>#6+∗! ∃∗&(#0∗! 3)∗! 0151! #∃1−#&! #! 0%:3%0#01! 31∋! #!
/#=#/%0#01!∃Γ,%/#!1!%3−161/−2#6!0∗!&1/62,∗8!
!!
γ8!!!!!!!!_)∗!/∗3,−%−21∋!−&#>#6+∗,!∃∗&(#0∗,!∗2!∗>&%:#−.&%∗,!=#&#!∗,!1∃1%−∗,!01,−1!#&−%:∗Π!
!!
#8!!!!!!!∗,!−&#>#6+∗,!∗2!,1&5%(∗,!3∗&∋#6∋13−1!17%:%0∗,!01!=1,,∗#!&1/62,#!1∋!
/2∋=&%∋13−∗!01!,13−13(#!∗2!&1,∗62()∗!∃∗&∋#6!17=10%0#!=16#!
#2−∗&%0#01!Τ20%/%Α&%#!/∗∋=1−13−18!!Ψ#%,!−&#>#6+∗,!∗2!,1&5%(∗,!0151∋!
,1&!171/2−#0∗,!,∗>!#!5%:%6λ3/%#!1!/∗3−&∗61!0#,!#2−∗&%0#01,!=]>6%/#,<!1!
∗,!%30%5Γ02∗,!;21!∗,!171/2−#&1∋!3)∗!0151∋!,1&!=∗,−∗,!Θ!0%,=∗,%()∗!
01!=#&−%/26#&1,<!/∗∋=#3+%#,!∗2!=1,,∗#,!Τ2&Γ0%/#,!01!/#&Α−1&!=&%5#0∗ω!
!!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 22 
>8!!!!!!!∗!,1&5%(∗!∋%6%−#&!1<!3∗,!=#Γ,1,!∗301!,1!#0∋%−1!#!%,13()∗!=∗&!∋∗−%5∗,!01!
/∗3,/%Η3/%#<!∗!,1&5%(∗!3#/%∗3#6!;21!#!61%!1,−#>161/1&!1∋!62:#&!0#;2161ω!
!!
/8!!!!!!!∗! ,1&5%(∗! %∋=∗,−∗! 1∋! /#,∗,! 01! =1&%:∗! ∗2! /#6#∋%0#01! ;21! #∋1#/1! #!
17%,−Η3/%#!∗2!∗!>1∋Σ1,−#&!0#!/∗∋23%0#01ω!1!
!!
08!!!!!!!∗!−&#>#6+∗!∗2!,1&5%(∗!;21!∃#(#!=#&−1!0#,!∗>&%:#(∆1,!/Γ5%/#,!3∗&∋#%,8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΘΓ//>∋∗%∋∃∀/Ο/.∋−%∗1)1%/Φ%,,∀)./
!β8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!1!Θ!,1:2&#3(#!=1,,∗#%,8!
Λ8!!!!_%3:24∋! =∗01! ,1&! =&%5#0∗! 01! ,2#! 6%>1&0#01! ∃Γ,%/#<! ,#65∗! =16#,! /#2,#,! 1! 3#,!
/∗30%(∆1,!=&15%#∋13−1! ∃%7#0#,!=16#,! /∗3,−%−2%(∆1,!=∗6Γ−%/#,!0∗,![,−#0∗,!⊥#&−1,! ∗2!
=16#,!61%,!01!#/∗&0∗!/∗∋!16#,!=&∗∋26:#0#,8!
γ8!!!!!_%3:24∋!=∗01!,1&!,2>∋1−%0∗!#!01−13()∗!∗2!13/#&/1&#∋13−∗!#&>%−&Α&%∗,8!
ε8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!01−%0#!∗2!&1−%0#!0151!,1&!%3∃∗&∋#0#!0#,!&#?∆1,!0#!,2#!01−13()∗!1!
3∗−%∃%/#0#<!,1∋!01∋∗&#<!0#!#/2,#()∗!∗2!#/2,#(∆1,!∃∗&∋26#0#,!/∗3−&#!16#8!
Ν8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!01−%0#!∗2! &1−%0#!0151!,1&! /∗302?%0#<! ,1∋!01∋∗&#<! Θ!=&1,13(#!01!
2∋! Τ2%?! ∗2! ∗2−&#! #2−∗&%0#01! #2−∗&%?#0#! =16#! 61%! #! 171&/1&! ∃23(∆1,! Τ20%/%#%,! 1! −1∋!
0%&1%−∗!#!,1&!Τ26:#0#!013−&∗!01!2∋!=&#?∗!&#?∗Α516!∗2!#!,1&!=∗,−#!1∋!6%>1&0#01<!,1∋!
=&1Τ2Γ?∗! 01! ;21! =&∗,,%:#! ∗! =&∗/1,,∗8!! Ζ2#! 6%>1&0#01! =∗01! ,1&! /∗30%/%∗3#0#! #!
:#&#3−%#,!;21!#,,1:2&1∋!∗!,12!/∗∋=#&1/%∋13−∗!1∋!Τ2Γ?∗8!
φ8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!=&%5#0#!0#!6%>1&0#01!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!#!&1/∗&&1&!#!2∋!Τ2%?!∗2!−&%>23#6!
/∗∋=1−13−1<!#!∃%∋!01!;21!1,−1!01/%0#<!,1∋!01∋∗&#<!,∗>&1!#!61:#6%0#01!01!,2#!=&%,)∗!
∗2! 01−13()∗! 1! ∗&0131! ,2#! ,∗6−2&#! ,1! #! =&%,)∗! ∗2! #! 01−13()∗! ∃∗&1∋! %61:#%,8!! _∗,!
[,−#0∗,! ⊥#&−1,! /2Τ#,! 61%,! =&15Η1∋! ;21! −∗0#! =1,,∗#! ;21! ,1! 5%&! #∋1#(#0#! 01! ,1&!
=&%5#0#!01!,2#!6%>1&0#01!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!#!&1/∗&&1&!#!2∋!Τ2%?!∗2!−&%>23#6!/∗∋=1−13−1!#!
∃%∋!01!;21!1,−1!01/%0#! ,∗>&1!#! 61:#6%0#01!01! −#6! #∋1#(#<! −#6! &1/2&,∗!3)∗!=∗01! ,1&!
&1,−&%3:%0∗!31∋!#>∗6%0∗8!!Ρ!&1/2&,∗!=∗01!,1&!%3−1&=∗,−∗!=16#!=&.=&%#!=1,,∗#!∗2!=∗&!
∗2−&#!=1,,∗#8!
!η8!!!!!!_%3:24∋!0151!,1&!01−%0∗!=∗&!0Γ5%0#,8!![,−1!=&%3/Γ=%∗!3)∗!6%∋%−#!∗,!∋#30#0∗,!01!
#2−∗&%0#01! Τ20%/%Α&%#! /∗∋=1−13−1! 17=10%0∗,! 1∋! 5%&−201! 01! %3#0%∋=61∋13−∗! 01!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 23 
∗>&%:#()∗!#6%∋13−#&8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/6ΡΓ//Σ∋−%∗1)1%/1%/Φ%#,)(%#∃∀/%/1%/%ΤΦ∗%,,:∀/
β8!!!!!!Ψ∗0#! =1,,∗#! −1∋! 0%&1%−∗! Θ! 6%>1&0#01! 01! =13,#∋13−∗! 1! 01! 17=&1,,)∗8!! [,,1!
0%&1%−∗!/∗∋=&11301!#!6%>1&0#01!01!>2,/#&<!&1/1>1&!1!0%∃230%&!%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!1!%01%#,!01!
−∗0#!3#−2&1?#<! ,1∋!/∗3,%01&#()∗!01! ∃&∗3−1%&#,<!51&>#6∋13−1!∗2!=∗&!1,/&%−∗<!∗2!1∋!
∃∗&∋#!%∋=&1,,#!∗2!#&−Γ,−%/#<!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∗2−&∗!=&∗/1,,∗!01!,2#!1,/∗6+#8!
Λ8!!!!!!!Ρ!171&/Γ/%∗!0∗!0%&1%−∗!=&15%,−∗!3∗! %3/%,∗!=&1/1013−1!3)∗!=∗01!1,−#&! ,2Τ1%−∗!#!
/13,2&#!=&45%#<!∋#,!#! &1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01,!26−1&%∗&1,<!;21!0151∋!,1&!17=&1,,#∋13−1!
∃%7#0#,!=16#!61%!1!,1&!31/1,,Α&%#,!=#&#!#,,1:2&#&Π!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!#8!!!!!!!!∗!&1,=1%−∗!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∗2!Θ!&1=2−#()∗!0#,!01∋#%,!=1,,∗#,ω!∗2!
!!
!!>8!!!!!!!!#!=&∗−1()∗!0#!,1:2&#3(#!3#/%∗3#6<!0#!∗&01∋!=]>6%/#<!∗2!0#!,#]01!∗2!0#!
∋∗&#6!=]>6%/#,8!
γ8!!!!!!!!_)∗!,1!=∗01!&1,−&%3:%&!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!17=&1,,)∗!=∗&!5%#,!∗2!∋1%∗,!%30%&1−∗,<!−#%,!
/∗∋∗! ∗! #>2,∗! 01! /∗3−&∗61,! ∗∃%/%#%,! ∗2! =#&−%/26#&1,! 01! =#=16! 01! %∋=&13,#<! 01!
∃&1;2Η3/%#,! &#0%∗164−&%/#,! ∗2! 01! 1;2%=#∋13−∗,! 1! #=#&16+∗,! 2,#0∗,! 3#! 0%∃2,)∗! 01!
%3∃∗&∋#()∗<!31∋!=∗&!;2#%,;21&!∗2−&∗,!∋1%∗,!01,−%3#0∗,!#!∗>,−#&!#!/∗∋23%/#()∗!1!#!
/%&/26#()∗!01!%01%#,!1!∗=%3%∆1,8!
ε8!!!!!!!!∀!61%!=∗01!,2>∋1−1&!∗,!1,=1−Α/26∗,!=]>6%/∗,!#!/13,2&#!=&45%#<!/∗∋!∗!∗>Τ1−%5∗!
17/62,%5∗! 01! &1:26#&! ∗! #/1,,∗! #! 161,<! =#&#! =&∗−1()∗! ∋∗&#6! 0#! %3∃λ3/%#! 1! 0#!
#0∗61,/Η3/%#<!,1∋!=&1Τ2Γ?∗!0∗!0%,=∗,−∗!3∗!%3/%,∗!Λ8!
Ν8!!!!!!!!∀!61%!0151!=&∗%>%&!−∗0#!=&∗=#:#30#!#!∃#5∗&!0#!:21&&#<!>1∋!/∗∋∗!−∗0#!#=∗6∗:%#!
#∗! .0%∗! 3#/%∗3#6<! &#/%#6! ∗2! &16%:%∗,∗! ;21! /∗3,−%−2#! %3/%−#()∗! Θ! 0%,/&%∋%3#()∗<! Θ!
+∗,−%6%0#01<!#∗!/&%∋1!∗2!Θ!5%∗6Η3/%#8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/6ΘΓ//;∗∀∃%3:∀/1)/Ε)(Α.∋)/
β8!!!!!!!∀!∃#∋Γ6%#!4!∗!161∋13−∗!3#−2&#6!1!∃230#∋13−#6!0#!,∗/%10#01!1!0151!,1&!=&∗−1:%0#!
=16#!,∗/%10#01!1!=16∗![,−#0∗8!
Λ8!!!!!!!ϖ!&1/∗3+1/%0∗!∗!0%&1%−∗!0∗!+∗∋1∋!1!0#!∋26+1&!01!/∗3−&#Γ&1∋!/#,#∋13−∗!1!01!
∃230#&1∋!2∋#!∃#∋Γ6%#<!,1!−%51&1∋!#!%0#01!1!#,!/∗30%(∆1,!=#&#!%,,∗!17%:%0#,!=16#,!61%,!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
ProfessorAlyson Barros 24 
%3−1&3#,<! 3#! ∋10%0#! 1∋! ;21! 3)∗! #∃1−1∋! 1,−#,! ∗! =&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! 3)∗Σ0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!
1,−#>161/%0∗!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗8!
γ8!!!!!!!Ρ! /#,#∋13−∗!3)∗!=∗01! ,1&! /161>&#0∗! ,1∋!∗! 6%5&1! 1!=613∗! /∗3,13−%∋13−∗!0∗,!
/∗3−&#13−1,8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/Υ6Γ//>∋∗%∋∃∀/Ο/Φ∗∀Φ∗∋%1)1%/Φ∗∋≅)1)/
β8!!!!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!#∗!2,∗!1!:∗?∗!0∗,!,12,!>13,8!!∀! 61%!=∗01!,2>∗&0%3#&!
1,,1!2,∗!1!:∗?∗!#∗!%3−1&1,,1!,∗/%#68!
Λ8!!!!!!!!_13+2∋#!=1,,∗#!=∗01!,1&!=&%5#0#!01!,12,!>13,<!,#65∗!∋10%#3−1!∗!=#:#∋13−∗!
01! %3013%?#()∗! Τ2,−#<! =∗&!∋∗−%5∗!01!2−%6%0#01!=]>6%/#! ∗2!01! %3−1&1,,1! ,∗/%#6! 1! 3∗,!
/#,∗,!1!3#!∃∗&∋#!1,−#>161/%0∗,!=16#!61%8!
γ8!!!!!!!!Ψ#3−∗! #! 2,2&#! /∗∋∗! ;2#6;21&! ∗2−&#! ∃∗&∋#! 01! 17=6∗&#()∗! 0∗! +∗∋1∋! =16∗!
+∗∋1∋!0151∋!,1&!&1=&%∋%0#,!=16#!61%8!
!
?+;ςΩ5ΣΞ/===/
>=ΝΗ=ΩΞΚ/Η?Ξ2ΨΖ=?ΞΚϑ/ΚΞ?=+=Κ/Η/?5ΣΩ5Ν+=Κ/
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΥΠΓ//>%,%#≅∀.≅∋(%#∃∀/Φ∗∀∆∗%,,∋≅∀/
!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ρ,![,−#0∗,!⊥#&−1,!/∗∋=&∗∋1−1∋Σ,1!#!#0∗−#&!=&∗5%0Η3/%#,<! −#3−∗!3∗!λ∋>%−∗!
%3−1&3∗! /∗∋∗! ∋10%#3−1! /∗∗=1&#()∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6<! 1,=1/%#6∋13−1! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/#! 1!
−4/3%/#<! #! ∃%∋!01! /∗3,1:2%&! =&∗:&1,,%5#∋13−1! #! =613#! 1∃1−%5%0#01!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,! ;21!
01/∗&&1∋! 0#,! 3∗&∋#,! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/#,<! ,∗/%#%,! 1! ,∗>&1! 102/#()∗<! /%Η3/%#! 1! /26−2&#<!
/∗3,−#3−1,! 0#! Χ#&−#! 0#! Ρ&:#3%?#()∗! 0∗,! [,−#0∗,! ∀∋1&%/#3∗,<! &1∃∗&∋#0#! =16∗!
⊥&∗−∗/∗6∗!01!Κ213∗,!∀%&1,<!3#!∋10%0#!0∗,!&1/2&,∗,!0%,=∗3Γ51%,<!=∗&!5%#!61:%,6#−%5#!∗2!
=∗&!∗2−&∗,!∋1%∗,!#=&∗=&%#0∗,8!!
!
[Ν0∴ΞΚ/?ΞΖ;ΗΩΗ2ΩΗΚ/
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΡΡ/
!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ζ)∗! /∗∋=1−13−1,! =#&#! /∗3+1/1&! 0∗,! #,,23−∗,! &16#/%∗3#0∗,! /∗∋! ∗!
/2∋=&%∋13−∗!0∗,!/∗∋=&∗∋%,,∗,!#,,2∋%0∗,!=16∗,![,−#0∗,!⊥#&−1,!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗Π!
#8!!!!!!!#! Χ∗∋%,,)∗! 93−1&#∋1&%/#3#! 01! Ε%&1%−∗,! Φ2∋#3∗,<! 0∗&#5#3−1!
013∗∋%3#0#!#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗ω!1!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 25 
!>8!!!!!!!#!Χ∗&−1!93−1&#∋1&%/#3#!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!0∗&#5#3−1!013∗∋%3#0#!#!
Χ∗&−18!!
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,!∀#1(),),[∀(1.(),∋,∴.1(∀∃,[()1)0∋#1∀∃,∀.,Ζ∋#)∃,!(.:%∃],
2∋∃.0)#∀∃,∀.,2∋/()&)#1∋∃,ϑ,≅ΜΛΩ,
!
Ε1!#/∗&0∗!/∗∋!Κ1315%01,!1−8!∀68!ϑ,808Ο!/∗∋!#!Χ∗3513()∗!/∗3−&#!#!Ψ∗&−2&#!1!
∗2−&∗,!Ψ&#−#∋13−∗,!∗2!⊥13#,!Χ&24%,<!Ε1,2∋#3∗,!1!Ε1:&#0#3−1<!−1∋Σ,1!∗!/∗3/1%−∗!
01! −∗&−2&#! 3∗! ,12! #&−%:∗! =&%∋1%&∗! ;21! 0%?Π! ν∀&−8! β8ζ! Σ! Ρ! −1&∋∗! ν−∗&−2&#ο! 01,%:3#!
;2#6;21&! #−∗! =16∗! ;2#6! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! #:20∗,<! ∃Γ,%/∗,! ∗2! ∋13−#%,<! ,)∗!
%3∃6%:%0∗,! %3−13/%∗3#6∋13−1! #! 2∋#! =1,,∗#! #! ∃%∋! 01! ∗>−1&<! 016#! ∗2! 01! −1&/1%&#!
=1,,∗#<!%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!∗2!/∗3∃%,,∆1,ω!01!/#,−%:ΑΣ6#!=∗&!#−∗!;21!16#!∗2!−1&/1%&#!=1,,∗#!
−13+#! /∗∋1−%0∗! ∗2! ,1Τ#! ,2,=1%−#! 01! −1&! /∗∋1−%0∗ω! 01! %3−%∋%0#&! ∗2! /∗#:%&! 1,−#!
=1,,∗#!∗2!∗2−&#,!=1,,∗#,ω!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∋∗−%5∗!>#,1#0∗!1∋!0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!01!
;2#6;21&! 3#−2&1?#ω! ;2#30∗! −#%,! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! ,)∗! %3∃6%:%0∗,! =∗&! 2∋!
∃23/%∗3Α&%∗!=]>6%/∗!∗2!∗2−&#!=1,,∗#!3∗!171&/Γ/%∗!01! ∃23(∆1,!=]>6%/#,<!∗2!=∗&!,2#!
%3,−%:#()∗<!∗2!/∗∋!∗!,12!/∗3,13−%∋13−∗!∗2!#;2%1,/Η3/%#ο8!ϑ888Ο!∀!Χ∗3513()∗!/∗3−&#!
#!Ψ∗&−2&#!1!Ρ2−&∗,!Ψ&#−#∋13−∗,!∗2!⊥13#,!Χ&24%,<!Ε1,2∋#3∗,!∗2!Ε1:&#0#3−1,! ∃∗%!
#=&∗5#0#! =16#! ∀,,1∋>61%#! 1&#6! 0#! Ρ_∴! 1∋! βΜ! 01! 01?1∋>&∗! 01! βικε8! Ε1∃%31! ∗!
/&%∋1!01! −∗&−2&#<! =&15Η! #!=23%()∗!=#&#! #;2161,!;21!∗! /∗∋1−1&1∋!1! /∗3,−%−2%! 2∋!
Χ∗∋%−Η!/∗3−&#!#!Ψ∗&−2&#<!∗!;2#6!−1∋!=∗&!∃%3#6%0#01!#3#6%,#&!1!∃%,/#6%?#&!#!=&∗−1()∗!
/∗3−&#!1,,1!/&%∋1!3∗,!0%51&,∗,![,−#0∗,Σ!⊥#&−1,!0#!Χ∗3513()∗8!
! ∀3∗,!#=.,!#!,2#!&#−%∃%/#()∗!=16∗!Κ&#,%6<!∗!⊥&1,%013−1!0#!Υ1=]>6%/#!,#3/%∗3∗2!
#!τ1%!ιεΝΝΙιη!;21!51%∗!#!01∃%3%&!∗,!/&%∋1,!01!−∗&−2&#8!Ζ1:230∗!1,,#!61%<!4!−∗&−2&#!
1∋=&1:#&! 5%∗6Η3/%#! ∗2! :&#51! #∋1#(#<! 01! ∋∗0∗! #! /#2,#&! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗! ∃Γ,%/∗! ∗2!
∋13−#6<! ;2#30∗! #! 5%∗6Η3/%#! ∗2! #∋1#(#! ,)∗! 2−%6%?#0∗,! /∗∋! ∗! ∃%∋! 01! ∗>−1&!
%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!∗2!/∗3∃%,,)∗!0#,!5Γ−%∋#,!∗2!01! −1&/1%&#!=1,,∗#8!Ψ#∋>4∋!4! −∗&−2&#!∗!
2,∗!0#;216#!5%∗6Η3/%#!∗2!#∋1#(#!:&#51<!=#&#!!∗>&%:#&!#6:24∋!#!=&#−%/#&!2∋!/&%∋1<!
∗2!#%30#<!;2#30∗!#!5%∗6Η3/%#!∗2!#∋1#(#!:&#51!=#&#!∗>&%:#&!#6:24∋!#!=&#−%/#&!2∋!
/&%∋1<! ∗2! #%30#! ;2#30∗! #! 5%∗6Η3/%#! ∗2! #∋1#(#! ,)∗! ,%∋=61,∋13−1!∋∗−%5#0#,! =∗&!
,13−%∋13−∗! 01! 0%,/&%∋%3#()∗! &#/%#6! ∗2! &16%:%∗,#8! ∀! =&%∋1%&#! ,%−2#()∗! 4!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 26 
/#&#/−1&%,−%/#∋13−1! =&#−%/#0#! =∗&! #:13−1,! 0∗! [,−#0∗8! ≅Α! 1,,#,! 02#,! ]6−%∋#,!
,%−2#(∆1,! #6/#3(#∋! ;2#6;21&! /%0#0)∗<! ∋1,∋∗! 1∋! ;21! 01−13+#! #! /∗30%()∗! 01!
#2−∗&%0#01!=]>6%/#8!∀,,%∋<!#!5%∗6Η3/%#!∗2!#∋1#(#!:&#51<!=#&#!/∗3,−%−2%&!−∗&−2&#!−1∋!
;21!,1&!01! %3−13,%0#01!−#6!;21!=&∗5∗;21! %3−13,#!0∗&! ∃Γ,%/#!∗2! %3−13,∗!,∗∃&%∋13−∗!
∋13−#68!
!
⊥∀ΥΨ[!9!
∀&−%:∗! βζ! Σ! ⊥#&#! ∃%3,! 0#! =&1,13−1! Χ∗3513()∗<! ∗! −1&∋∗! ψ∃∀∗∃Χ∗)ψ! 01,%:3#!
;2#6;21&! #−∗! =16∗! ;2#6! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! #:20∗,<! ∃Γ,%/∗,! ∗2! ∋13−#%,<! ,)∗!
%3∃6%:%0∗,! %3−13/%∗3#6∋13−1! #! 2∋#! =1,,∗#! #! ∃%∋! 01! ∗>−1&<! 016#! ∗2! 01! −1&/1%&#!
=1,,∗#<!%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!∗2!/∗3∃%,,∆1,ω!01!/#,−%:ΑΣ6#!=∗&!#−∗!;21!16#!∗2!−1&/1%&#!=1,,∗#!
−13+#! /∗∋1−%0∗! ∗2! ,1Τ#! ,2,=1%−#! 01! −1&! /∗∋1−%0∗ω! 01! %3−%∋%0#&! ∗2! /∗#:%&! 1,−#!
=1,,∗#!∗2!∗2−&#,!=1,,∗#,ω!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∋∗−%5∗!>#,1#0∗!1∋!0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!01!
;2#6;21&! 3#−2&1?#ω! ;2#30∗! −#%,! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! ,)∗! %3∃6%:%0∗,! =∗&! 2∋!
∃23/%∗3Α&%∗!=]>6%/∗!∗2!∗2−&#!=1,,∗#!3∗!171&/Γ/%∗!01!∃23(∆1,!=]>6%/#,<!∗2!=∗&!,2#!
%3,−%:#()∗<!∗2!/∗∋!∗!,12!/∗3,13−%∋13−∗!∗2!#;2%1,/Η3/%#8!_)∗!,1!/∗3,%01&#&Α!/∗∋∗!
−∗&−2&#!#,!0∗&1,!∗2!,∗∃&%∋13−∗,!;21!,1Τ#∋!/∗3,1;2Η3/%#!23%/#∋13−1!01!,#3(∆1,!
61:Γ−%∋#,<!∗2!;21!,1Τ#∋!%31&13−1,!#!−#%,!,#3(∆1,!∗2!016#,!01/∗&&#∋8!
!
Ρ!=&1,13−1!#&−%:∗!3)∗!,1&Α! %3−1&=&1−#0∗!01!∋#31%&#!#! &1,−&%3:%&!;2#6;21&!
%3,−&2∋13−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! ∗2! 61:%,6#()∗! 3#/%∗3#6! ;21! /∗3−13+#! ∗2! =∗,,#! /∗3−1&!
0%,=∗,%−%5∗,!01!#6/#3/1!∋#%,!#∋=6∗8!
!
∀&−%:∗! Λζ! Σ! Χ#0#! [,−#0∗! −∗∋#&Α! ∋10%0#,! 1∃%/#?1,! 01! /#&Α−1&! 61:%,6#−%5∗<!
#0∋%3%,−&#−%5∗<!Τ20%/%#6!∗2!01!∗2−&#!3#−2&1?#<!#!∃%∋!01!%∋=10%&!#!=&Α−%/#!01!#−∗,!01!
−∗&−2&#!1∋!;2#6;21&!−1&&%−.&%∗!,∗>!,2#!Τ2&%,0%()∗8!
!
Λ8![∋!313+2∋!/#,∗!=∗01&)∗!%35∗/#&Σ,1!/%&/23,−λ3/%#,!17/1=/%∗3#%,<!/∗∋∗!
#∋1#(#! ∗2! 1,−#0∗! 01! :21&&#<! %3,−#>%6%0#01! =∗6Γ−%/#! %3−1&3#! ∗2! ;2#6;21&! ∗2−&#!
1∋1&:Η3/%#!=]>6%/#<!/∗∋∗!Τ2,−%∃%/#()∗!=#&#!#!−∗&−2&#8!
!
∀&−%:∗!γζ!Σ!!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 27 
β8!_13+2∋![,−#0∗Σ=#&−1!=&∗/101&Α!Θ!17=26,)∗<!015∗62()∗!∗2!17−&#0%()∗!01!
2∋#!=1,,∗#!=#&#!∗2−&∗![,−#0∗<!;2#30∗!+∗251&!&#?∆1,!,2>,−#3/%#%,!=#&#!/&1&!;21!#!
∋1,∋#!/∗&&1!=1&%:∗!01!#6%!,1&!,2>∋1−%0#!#!−∗&−2&#8!
!
Λ8! ∀! ∃%∋! 01! 01−1&∋%3#&! #! 17%,−Η3/%#! 01! −#%,! &#?∆1,<! #,! #2−∗&%0#01,!
/∗∋=1−13−1,! 615#&)∗! 1∋! /∗3−#! −∗0#,! #,! /∗3,%01&#(∆1,! =1&−%313−1,<! %3/62,%51<! ,1!
∃∗&! ∗! /#,∗<! #! 17%,−Η3/%#<! 3∗! [,−#0∗! 1∋! ;21,−)∗<! 01! 2∋! ;2#0&∗! 01! 5%∗6#(∆1,!
,%,−1∋Α−%/#,<!:&#51,!1!∋#/%(#,!01!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!
!
∀&−%:∗! εζ! Σ! Χ#0#! [,−#0∗Σ=#&−1! #,,1:2&#&Α! ;21! −∗0∗,! ∗,! #−∗,! 01! −∗&−2&#! ,1Τ#∋!
/∗3,%01&#0∗,! /&%∋1,! ,1:230∗! #! ,2#! 61:%,6#()∗! =13#68! Ρ! ∋1,∋∗! #=6%/#&Σ,1ΣΑ! Θ!
−13−#−%5#!01!−∗&−2&#!1!#!−∗0∗!#−∗!01!;2#6;21&!=1,,∗#!;21!/∗3,−%−2#!/2∋=6%/%0#01!
∗2!=#&−%/%=#()∗!3#!−∗&−2&#8!
!
Λ8! Χ#0#! [,−#0∗Σ=#&−1! =23%&Α! 1,,1,! /&%∋1,! /∗∋! =13#,! #01;2#0#,! ;21! 6151∋! 1∋!
/∗3−#!#!,2#!:&#5%0#018!
!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,∋,∀,Ζ(∀/()0),&∋,Σ∗∆∀,&∋,;%∋#),6,≅ΜΜ⊥,
!
Ζ1:230∗! ∀&?#>1! ϑ,808Ο<! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! 1! ∗! ⊥&∗:&#∋#! 01! ∀()∗! 01! Ξ%13#! −&#?!
17=&1,,#∋13−1! ;21! ψ#! 17%,−Η3/%#! 01! ,%−2#(∆1,! :131&#6%?#0#,! 01! 17−&1∋#!=∗>&1?#!
%3%>1!∗!=613∗!1!1∃1−%5∗!171&/Γ/%∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,ψ! ϑ9! Σ!βεΟ8!∀∃%&∋#<! −#∋>4∋<!
;21!ψ#!=∗>&1?#!17−&1∋#!1!#!17/62,)∗!,∗/%#6!/∗3,−%−21∋!2∋#!5%∗6#()∗!0#!0%:3%0#01!
+2∋#3#!1!;21!0151∋!,1&! −∗∋#0#,!∋10%0#,!2&:13−1,!=#&#!∗!/∗3+1/%∋13−∗!∋#%∗&!
0∗! =&∗>61∋#!0#! =∗>&1?#! 17−&1∋#! 1! 01! ,2#,! /#2,#,<! =#&−%/26#&∋13−1! #;216#,!
&16#/%∗3#0#,!#∗!=&∗>61∋#!0∗!01,135∗65%∋13−∗<!5%,#30∗!#!=&∗∋∗51&!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!0#,!
/#∋#0#,!∋#%,!=∗>&1,<!=ϕ&! ∃%∋!Θ!17−&1∋#!=∗>&1?#!1!Θ!17/62,)∗!,∗/%#6!1!=&∗∋∗51&!
2∋#!∋16+∗&!0%,−&%>2%()∗!0∗,!∃&2−∗,!0∗!=&∗:&1,,∗!,∗/%#68!ϖ!1,,13/%#6!;21!∗,![,−#0∗,!
1,−%∋261∋! #! =#&−%/%=#()∗! 0#,! /#∋#0#,! ∋#%,! =∗>&1,! 3#,! 01/%,∆1,! #0∗−#0#,! 1∋!
&16#()∗! Θ,! ,2#,! /∗∋23%0#01,<! Θ! =&∗∋∗()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! #∗,! 1,∃∗&(∗,!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 28 
=#&#! /∗∋>#−1&! #! =∗>&1?#! 17−&1∋#8ψ! ∀64∋!01,−1,<! 5Α&%∗,! ∗2−&∗,! Γ−13,!∋13/%∗3#∋!
,%−2#(∆1,!01!01,%:2#60#01!Τ2&Γ0%/#<!,∗/%#6<!1/∗3ϕ∋%/#!1!=∗6Γ−%/#!01!∋%3∗&%#,!4−3%/#,!
1! &16%:%∗,#,<! ∋26+1&1,<! %0∗,∗,<! /&%#3(#,! 1! =1,,∗#,! 1! :&2=∗,! ;21! ,1! −∗&3#&#∋!
52631&Α51%,8!
!
!
!
!
!
∴,Θ∃1)1.1∀,&∋,=∀0),ϑ,≅ΜΜΛ,
!
Ρ! [,−#−2−∗! 01! Υ∗∋#! 4! 2∋! −&#−#0∗! ;21! 1,−#>161/12! #! Χ∗&−1! =13#6!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6! Σ! Χ⊥9! ϑ−#∋>4∋! /∗3+1/%0#! /∗∋∗! Ω∗∋−Χ#)./ Φ%#)./ ∋#∃%∗#)<∋∀#).! Σ!
Ψ⊥9Ο8!Ρ!−&#−#0∗!∃∗%!#0∗−#0∗!1∋!βη!01!Τ26+∗!01!βιικ<!1∋!Υ∗∋#<!3#!9−Α6%#!1!#0∗−#0∗!
=16∗!Κ&#,%6!1∋!ΛΜΜΛ8!
! Ζ12!=&%∋1%&∗!#&−%:∗!∃#6#Π!
!
∀&−%:∗!βζ!
Ρ!Ψ&%>23#6!
ϖ! /&%#0∗<! =16∗! =&1,13−1! %3,−&2∋13−∗<! 2∋! Ψ&%>23#6! ⊥13#6! 93−1&3#/%∗3#6! ϑψ∗!
Ψ&%>23#6ψΟ8!Ρ!Ψ&%>23#6!,1&Α!2∋#!%3,−%−2%()∗!=1&∋#313−1<!/∗∋!Τ2&%,0%()∗!,∗>&1!#,!
=1,,∗#,!&1,=∗3,Α51%,!=16∗,!/&%∋1,!01!∋#%∗&!:&#5%0#01!/∗∋!#6/#3/1!%3−1&3#/%∗3#6<!
01! #/∗&0∗! /∗∋! ∗! =&1,13−1! [,−#−2−∗<! 1! ,1&Α! /∗∋=61∋13−#&! Θ,! Τ2&%,0%(∆1,! =13#%,!
3#/%∗3#%,8! ∀! /∗∋=1−Η3/%#! 1! ∗! ∃23/%∗3#∋13−∗! 0∗! Ψ&%>23#6! &1:1&Σ,1Σ)∗! =16∗!
=&1,13−1![,−#−2−∗8!
!
∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! ∗! [,−#−2−∗! 01! Υ∗∋#! 132∋1&#! 1! −%=%∃%/#! /&%∋1,! 01! /#&Α−1&!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6!1!;21!#=&1,13−1∋!1,=1/%#6!:&#5%0#01<!=∗&!135∗651&!#(∆1,!01,2∋#3#,!
1!/&24%,Π!
!
∀&−%:∗!Νζ8!Χ&%∋1,!0#!Χ∗∋=1−Η3/%#!0∗!Ψ&%>23#6!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 29 
β8!∀!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!0∗!Ψ&%>23#6!&1,−&%3:%&Σ,1ΣΑ!#∗,!/&%∋1,!∋#%,!:&#51,<!;21!#∃1−#∋!#!
/∗∋23%0#01! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! 3∗! ,12! /∗3Τ23−∗8! _∗,! −1&∋∗,! 0∗! =&1,13−1! [,−#−2−∗<! ∗!
Ψ&%>23#6!−1&Α!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!=#&#!Τ26:#&!∗,!,1:2%3−1,!/&%∋1,Π!
#Ο!Ρ!/&%∋1!01!:13∗/Γ0%∗ω!
>Ο!Χ&%∋1,!/∗3−&#!#!+2∋#3%0#01ω!
/Ο!Χ&%∋1,!01!:21&&#ω!
0Ο!Ρ!/&%∋1!01!#:&1,,)∗8!
!Λ8!Ρ!Ψ&%>23#6!=∗01&Α!171&/1&!#!,2#!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!1∋!&16#()∗!#∗!/&%∋1!01!#:&1,,)∗!
01,01!;21<!3∗,! −1&∋∗,!0∗,!#&−%:∗,!βΛβ!1!βΛγ<! ,1Τ#!#=&∗5#0#!2∋#!0%,=∗,%()∗!1∋!
;21! ,1! 01∃%3#! ∗! /&%∋1! 1! ,1! 1323/%1∋! #,! /∗30%(∆1,! 1∋! ;21! ∗! Ψ&%>23#6! −1&Α!
/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!&16#−%5#∋13−1!#!1,−1!/&%∋18!Ψ#6!0%,=∗,%()∗!0151!,1&!/∗∋=#−Γ516!/∗∋!
#,!0%,=∗,%(∆1,!=1&−%313−1,!0#!Χ#&−#!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,8!
!
∀=1,#&! 01! 01,/&151&! ε! /&%∋1,<! ∗! Ψ&%>23#6! −%=%∃%/#! 3∗! [,−#−2−∗! 01! Υ∗∋#!
#=13#,!γ!/&%∋1,Π!∗!:13∗/Γ0%∗<!/&%∋1!/∗3−&#!#!+2∋#3%0#01!1!/&%∋1!01!:21&&#8!_)∗!
+∗251!#!−%=%∃%/#()∗!0∗!/&%∋1!01!#:&1,,)∗<!/∗∋∗!#∃%&∋#!∗!#&−%:∗!Νζ<!=#&Α:&#∃∗!Λ<!0∗!
[,−#−2−∗!01!Υ∗∋#8!
!
!
!∀#∃%&∋()∗+∋∃,
! !
Ψ1∋∗,! 01?13#,! 01! ∗2−&∗,! −&#−#0∗,! 1! #/∗&0∗,! %3−1&3#/%∗3#%,! ;21! =∗01∋!
∃%:2&#&!/∗∋∗!=∗3−∗,! %∋=∗&−#3−1,!=#&#!#!#∃%&∋#()∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,<!=∗&4∋<!
/∗∋∗!3∗,,∗!∃∗/∗!4!∗!/∗3/2&,∗<!∗=−1%!#=13#,!=∗&!/∗∋13−#&!∗,!∋#%,!,%:3%∃%/#−%5∗,8!
! α1,∋∗!#,,%∋<!4!%∋=∗&−#3−1!=#&#!∗!/13Α&%∗!∋230%#6<!1!=&%3/%=#6∋13−1!=#&!#∗!
Κ&#,%6<!#!=#&−%/%=#()∗!3#,!,1:2%3−1,!01/6#&#(∆1,!1!/∗3513(∆1,Π!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!93−1&3#/%∗3#6!,∗>&1!#!⊥&∗−1()∗!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!01!Ψ∗0∗,!∗,!
Ψ&#>#6+#0∗&1,!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!93−1&#∋1&%/#3#!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!,∗>&1!∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!0#!Χ&%#3(#!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!=#&#!#!16%∋%3#()∗!01!−∗0#,!#,!∃∗&∋#,!01!0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!
/∗3−&#!#!∋26+1&!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 30 
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!,∗>&1!∗!0%&1%−∗!0#,!=1,,∗#,!/∗∋!01∃%/%Η3/%#!
Σ!Ε1/6#&#()∗!0∗!α%6Η3%∗!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!
Σ!Ε1/6#&#()∗!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!0∗!Φ∗∋1∋!1!0∗!Χ%0#0)∗!
!
!
!
!
!
ΣΥ)Χ%)∗∆∀,&),ΣΓ%(0)∗∆∀,3%∃14(%−),&∀∃,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,
!
Ε13−&∗!0#! 1,/#6#!+%,−.&%/∗Σ15∗62−%5#<! 51&%∃%/#∋∗,!;21!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!
%3%/%#6∋13−1!∃∗&#∋!∃230#∋13−#0∗,!3∗!0%&1%−∗!3#−2&#6<!,1:230∗!∗!;2#6!#!∗&%:1∋!0#!
31/1,,%0#01!0#!=&∗−1()∗!0#!0%:3%0#01!+2∋#3#! ,1&%#!∗!=&.=&%∗!+∗∋1∋<!=∗%,! 1,−#!
;2#6%0#01! 6+1! ,1&%#! %31&13−18! ⊥∗,−1&%∗&∋13−1<! ∗>,1&5#Σ,1! 2∋#! =∗,%−%5#()∗! 01,−1,!
0%&1%−∗,8! [3−&1−#3−∗<! /∗∋! 2∋#! :&#301! 5#6∗&#()∗! %30%5%02#6%,−#<! =#&#! 1∋! ,1:2%0#!
−1&Σ,1! #! =∗,%−%5#()∗! /∗61−%5#<! 5∗6−#0#! =#&#! 2∋#! =&∗−1()∗! ∋#%,! :6∗>#6%?#0#<!
23%51&,#68!
∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! ∗! ,%∋=61,! &1/∗3+1/%∋13−∗! 0#! 6%>1&0#01! 1&#! %3,2∃%/%13−1! =#&#!
:#&#3−%&!2∋![,−#0∗!Τ2,−∗!1!2∋#!,∗/%10#01!0∗−#0#!01!/∗30%(∆1,!+2∋#3#,!∋Γ3%∋#,8!
∀!,%∋=61,!:#&#3−%#!01! 6%>1&0#01!1∋!&16#()∗!#∗![,−#0∗!3)∗!:#&#3−%#<!=∗&!171∋=6∗<!
/∗30%(∆1,!01!−&#>#6+∗<!#6%∋13−#()∗<!,#]01!∗2!102/#()∗8!
Ε1,,1!∋∗0∗<! ∗! [,−#0∗! ∃∗%! /∗35∗/#0∗! #! %3−1&5%&! 3∗,! =&∗/1,,∗,! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,!
/∗∋! ∗! ∃%∋! 01! :#&#3−%&! #! 6%>1&0#01! =∗,,Γ516! =#&#! −∗0∗,! =∗&! ∋1%∗! 0#! /&%#()∗! 01!
=&1,,2=∗,−∗,! ∋#−1&%#%,! =#&#! ∗! 171&/Γ/%∗! 0#,! 6%>1&0#01! =&15%,−#,! 3∗,! −17−∗,!
/∗3,−%−2/%∗3#%,!ϑ13,%3∗!:&#−2%−∗<!,1:2&∗!,∗/%#6!1!/∗3−&#!∗!01,1∋=&1:∗<!:#&#3−%#!0#!
=&∗∋∗()∗! 0#! ,#]01! =]>6%/#! 1! ∗2−&#,! ∋10%0#,! 01! >1∋Σ1,−#&! ,∗/%#6Ο! ϑΕ%∋∗26%,! 1!
α#&−%3,<!ΛΜΜιΟ8!
! ⊥∗&!∃%∋Π!
!
∀! /∗3/1=()∗! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! 3#−2&#%,! 0∗! +∗∋1∋<! #3−1&%∗&1,! 1! ,2=1&%∗&1,! Θ!
∗&:#3%?#()∗! %3,−%−2/%∗3#6! 0∗,! ⊥∗01&1,! ⊥]>6%/∗,! ϑ∗2! ,1Τ#<! #;2%6∗! ;21! ,1!
/∗3513/%∗3∗2! 013∗∋%3#&! [,−#0∗Ο<! ∃∗%! ,1∋! 0]5%0#! #! :&#301! #&∋#! 01! /∗∋>#−1!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 31 
/∗3−&#!#!∋∗3#&;2%#!#>,∗62−#!0#!4=∗/#8!Ε%#3−1!0#!/∗3/13−&#()∗!01!−∗0∗,!∗,!=∗01&1,!
32∋! ,.! %30%5Γ02∗<! ,2,−13−∗2Σ,1! #! 31/1,,%0#01! 01! ,1! /&%#&1∋! %3,−%−2%(∆1,!
%∋=1,,∗#%,! =#&#! ∗! 171&/Γ/%∗! 0∗! ∋#30∗Π! ∗2! ,1Τ#<! #! 31/1,,%0#01! 01! ,1! 1&%:%&! 2∋!
[,−#0∗<!1∋!62:#&!01!,1!13−&∗3%?#&!2∋!∋∗3#&/#8!_∗!13−#3−∗<!#!Υ15∗62()∗!χ&#3/1,#<!
#∗!∃%3#6!0∗!,4/26∗<!51%∗!01∋∗3,−&#&!;21!#!/∗3/13−&#()∗!01!=∗01&1,!%3/∗3−&∗6Α51%,<!
31,,1!∗&:#3%,∋∗!%∋=1,,∗#6<!#/#&&1−#5#!#>2,∗,!%:2#%,!∗2!,2=1&%∗&1,!#∗,!0∗!∀∃7+8∃%
(8#+/−8! Ρ! [,−#0∗! ∋∗01&3∗! #=#&1/1! #,,%∋<! /∗3/∗∋%−#3−1∋13−1<! 01,01! ∗! ,12!
3#,/%∋13−∗<!/∗∋∗!∗!=&∗−1−∗&!1!∗!=&%3/%=#6!#051&,Α&%∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!
ϑ888Ο!
Ψ20∗! %,,∗! %62∋%3#! ∗! /#&Α−1&! 1,,13/%#6∋13−1! #∋>Γ:2∗! 0#! &16#()∗! 13−&1!
[,−#0∗!1!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!1!Τ2,−%∃%/#!#!0%5%,)∗!01,−#!17=∗,%()∗!1∋!02#,!=#&−1,<!;21!
,1!/∗∋=61−#∋!#∗!,1!/∗3−&#=∗&1∋Π!βΟ!#!&1#6%?#()∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!=16∗![,−#0∗!
1!ΛΟ!∗!/∗3−&∗61!0∗!#>2,∗!0∗!=∗01&!1,−#−#6!/∗∋∗!/∗30%()∗!01!=&∗−1()∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,8!
ϑ888Ο!
Ζ1! #! =&%∋1%&#! :1&#()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! /∗3,%,−%2! 3#! 01∃%3%()∗! 1!
=&1,1&5#()∗! 0#,! 6%>1&0#01,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! δ! 01! 6∗/∗∋∗()∗<! 01! &16%:%)∗<! 01!
=13,#∋13−∗! 1! ∗=%3%)∗<! 01! 0∗/Η3/%#! 1! #=&130%?#0∗<! 01! /∗&&1,=∗30Η3/%#<! 01! 5∗−∗!
1−/8<! #! ,1:230#<! %3#2:2&#0#!3∗! %3Γ/%∗! 01,−1! ,4/26∗<! /∗&&1,=∗3012! Θ!∋∗3−#:1∋!01!
2∋! ∋1/#3%,∋∗! 1,−#−#6! ;21! 0%,=13,#,,1<! #! −∗0∗,<! /1&−#,! =&1,−#(∆1,! ,∗/%#%,!
/∗3,%01&#0#,!>Α,%/#,<! /∗∋∗!#!102/#()∗<!#! ,#]01<!#,!∗=∗&−23%0#01,!01! −&#>#6+∗<!#!
∋∗&#0%#<!∗!−&#3,=∗&−1<!#!=&15%0Η3/%#!,∗/%#68!∀!0%∃1&13(#!1,=1/Γ∃%/#!13−&1!1,,#,!02#,!
:1&#(∆1,! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 4! 01! =&%∋1%&#! %3−2%()∗Π! 13;2#3−∗! ∗! &1,=1%−∗! Θ!
6%>1&0#01! ,2=∆1! #! 3)∗Σ%3−1&∃1&Η3/%#! 1,−#−#6! 3#! 1,∃1&#! 01! 5%0#! =&.=&%#! 0∗! ,1&!
+2∋#3∗<! ,1Τ#! %30%5%02#6∋13−1<! ,1Τ#! 1∋! :&2=∗,! ,∗/%#%,<! #! &1#6%?#()∗! 0#;216#,!
=&1,−#(∆1,! ,∗/%#%,! %∋=6%/#<! #∗! /∗3−&Α&%∗<! 2∋#! ,%,−1∋Α−%/#! %3−1&513()∗! 0∗! [,−#0∗!
3#,! &16#(∆1,! =&%5#0#,<! 6%∋%−#30∗! #! 6%>1&0#01!%30%5%02#6! ∗2! :&2=#68! ∀,,%∋! #,!
6%>1&0#01,!,)∗<!>#,%/#∋13−1<!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!/∗3−&#!#!#()∗!1,−#−#6<!#∗!=#,,∗!;21!#!
17%:Η3/%#!01!=&1,−#(∆1,!,∗/%#%,!,1!0%&%:1!/∗3−&#!#!∗∋%,,)∗!0∗![,−#0∗8!Ε1!;2#6;21&!
∃∗&∋#<! −#3−∗! 32∋! /#∋=∗! ;2#3−∗! 3∗! ∗2−&∗<! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! 0#! =1,,∗#!
+2∋#3#!,.!,1!&1#6%?#∋!:&#(#,!Θ!>∗#!∗&:#3%?#()∗!0∗,!⊥∗01&1,!⊥]>6%/∗,8!ϑ888Ο!!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 32 
_1,−1! /#=Γ−26∗<! 1,−Α! 1∋! /#2,#! 3)∗! #! 6%>1&0#01! 0#! =1,,∗#! +2∋#3#<! ∋#,! #!
∃230#∋13−#6! %:2#60#01! 01! −∗0∗,! ∗,! +∗∋13,8! ∀! ∃23()∗! 0∗! [,−#0∗! ΤΑ! 3)∗! 4! 01!
#>,−13()∗<! ∋#,! ,%∋! 01! −&#3,∃∗&∋#()∗! ,∗/%#6<! =16#! 16%∋%3#()∗! =&∗:&1,,%5#! 0#,!
01,%:2#60#01,8! χ23()∗! #−%5#<! =∗&−#3−∗<! 01! 01/%0%0#! %3−1&∃1&Η3/%#! 3∗! Τ∗:∗! 0∗,!
%3−1&1,,1,!=&%5#0∗,8!
[,−#>161/1∋Σ,1<! 3∗,! ]6−%∋∗,! −1∋=∗,<! 2∋! &#?∗Α516! /∗3,13,∗! #! &1,=1%−∗! 0#!
31/1,,%0#01! 01! %:2#60#01! >Α,%/#<! 01! −∗0∗,! ∗,! +∗∋13,<! ;2#3−∗! #! 01−1&∋%3#0#,!
,%−2#(∆1,! ,∗/%#%,! /∗3/1&313−1,! Θ! 102/#()∗<! Θ! ,#]01<! Θ! +#>%−#()∗<! #∗! −&#3,=∗&−1!
/∗61−%5∗<!#∗!−&#>#6+∗!1!Θ!=&15%0Η3/%#!,∗/%#68!∀%30#!3)∗!,1!∃%&∋∗2<!23%51&,#6∋13−1<!#!
/∗3,/%Η3/%#!0∗!0%&1%−∗!1,,13/%#6!01!−∗0∗,!Θ!%3∃∗&∋#()∗!1!Θ!/∗∋23%/#()∗!,∗/%#6<!∋#,!
∗! ∋∗5%∋13−∗! 1∋! =&∗6! 01,,#! &1%5%30%/#()∗! ∃230#∋13−#6! :#3+#! /∗&=∗! 1∋! 5Α&%∗,!
=#Γ,1,8!
ϖ! =&1/%,∗! &1/∗3+1/1&! ;21<! 1∋! ,∗/%10#01,! ,2>01,135∗65%0#,<! ∗301! #,!
/∗30%(∆1,! 01! 01,%:2#60#01! −1301∋! #! #/161&#&Σ,1<! =&∗5∗/#30∗! #! 01,%3−1:&#()∗!
,∗/%#6! =16∗! #5%6−#∋13−∗! /&1,/13−1! 0#,!∋#,,#,<! ∗! 1,−#>161/%∋13−∗! 01!∋1/#3%,∋∗,!
#=−∗,!#!&1#6%?#&!1,,#,!=&1,−#(∆1,!,∗/%#%,!/∗3∃%:2&#!#!%3,−%−2%()∗!3)∗!=&∗=&%#∋13−1!
0∗! 1,−#0∗! 0∗! >1∋Σ1,−#&<! /#&#/−1&Γ,−%/∗! 0#,! ,∗/%10#01,! 01,135∗65%0#,<! ∋#,!
,%∋=61,∋13−1!0∗!1,−#0∗!0#!0%:3%0#01!,∗/%#68!
[,,1,! ∋1/#3%,∋∗,! Τ2&Γ0%/∗,! 01! &1#6%?#()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! #!
=&1,−#(∆1,! ,∗/%#%,! =∗01∋! ,1&! /6#,,%∃%/#0∗,<! 01! ∋∗0∗! 2∋! −#3−∗! %∋=&1/%,∗<! ∋#,!
,%:3%∃%/#−%5∗<!1∋!/∗61−%5∗,!1!%30%5%02#%,8!
!∀#∃%Π!Χ∗∋=#&#−∗<!,808!
!
Direitos humanos e responsabilidade 
do Estado 
!
!
! ∀;2%!∗!/#30%0#−∗!0151!−1&!/∗3+1/%∋13−∗,!#/1&/#!0∗!0151&!1,−#−#6!01!−2−16#!
0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,8! Ρ! [,−#0∗! 1,−Α! 5%3/26#0∗! 01! ∃∗&∋#! %∋10%#−#! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,!
∃230#∋13−#%,!015130∗!&1,=1%−ΑΣ6∗,!ϑ1∃1%−∗!51&−%/#6Ο!∋#,!−#∋>4∋!=∗,,2%!∗!0151&!01!
=&∗−1:1&! #−%5#∋13−1! ∗! 0%&1%−∗! ∃230#∋13−#6! /∗3−&#! #∋1#(#,! 01! 5%∗6#()∗!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 33 
=&∗513%13−1,<! ,∗>&1−20∗<! 01! =#&−%/26#&1,8! ∀,,%∋<! −1∋! #! &1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01! 01!
=&∗02?%&!1∃1%−∗,!+∗&%?∗3−#%,!0%&1−∗,!1!%30%&1−∗,8!
! Ρ! 1∃1%−∗!+∗&%?∗3−#6!0%&1−∗! ϑ1∃1%−∗! %∋10%#−∗Ο! 4! #;2161!=&∗02?%0∗!3∗!5Γ3/26∗!
0#,! =1,,∗#,! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! ∗2! 01! ,2#! %∋10%#−#! #=6%/#>%6%0#01! =#&#! #!
,∗62()∗! 01! /∗3∃6%−∗,! 13−&1! =1,,∗#,8! ∀! 6.:%/#! #;2%! 4! ;21<! #64∋! 0∗! [,−#0∗<! ∗2−&∗,!
#:13−1,! ,∗/%#%,! ϑ=1,,∗#,! ∗2! %3,−%−2%(∆1,Ο! =∗01∋! #=&1,13−#&! =∗−13/%#6! 61,%5∗! #∗!
/%0#0)∗8!α#,!∀6|,∗3<!%,,∗!3)∗!,1&%#!0#!∗&01∋!0∗!0%&1%−∗!=&%5#0∗Β!_)∗8!Ρ!:#&#3−%0∗&!
17/62,%5∗!1!∃230#∋13−#6!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,!4!∗![,−#0∗8!
! Ρ!1∃1%−∗!+∗&%?∗3−#6! %30%&1−∗!&1∃1&1Σ,1<!=∗&!,2#!51?<!Θ! %3∃62Η3/%#!0#,!3∗&∋#,!
01! 0%&1%−∗,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! ,∗>&1! #! 61:%,6#()∗! /∗∋2∋<! %3/62,%51! #! ;21! &1:1! #,!
&16#(∆1,!13−&1!=#&−%/26#&1,8!Χ∗3,∗#3−1!/∗∋!1,−#!−1∗&%#<!∗!1∃1%−∗!+∗&%?∗3−#6!%30%&1−∗!
,1&%#!∗>,1&5#0∗!=&%3/%=#6∋13−1!3∗!/#,∗!/∗3/&1−∗<!5%,−∗!;21!3)∗!,1!∋#−1&%#6%?#!=∗&!
5%#,!0∗! 61:%,6#−%5∗<!1!,%∋!=16#!5%#! Τ2&%,0%/%∗3#68!⊥#&#!∋16+∗&! %62,−&#&!1,−#!;21,−)∗<!
=∗3−2#!Ε%∋∗26%,!1!α#&−%3,!ϑΛΜββΟΠ!
!
α1,∋∗!;2#30∗!∗!61:%,6#0∗&!3)∗!615#!1∋!/∗3,%01&#()∗!2∋#!,%−2#()∗!01!=∗01&!;21!
=∗,,#! =&1Τ20%/#&! #! =#&−1! ∋#%,! ∃&#/#<! #,! 3∗&∋#,! %3∃&#/∗3,−%−2/%∗3#%,! 0151∋! ,1&!
%3−1&=&1−#0#,!νΘ!62?ο!}∼!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,<!=1&∋%−%30∗!∗!&1,=1%−∗!Θ!∗&01∋!
/∗3,−%−2/%∗3#6!;21!3)∗!−∗61&#!5%∗6#(∆1,!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,<!∋1,∋∗!;2#30∗!
1,−#,!=&∗5Η∋!01!=#&−%/26#&1,8!
!
Ε∗! =∗3−∗! 01! 5%,−#! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! #,! >#&&1%&#,! 01! 5%∗6#()∗! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,!1!#!:#&#3−%#!0#!0%:3%0#01!+2∋#3#!,)∗!∋#−4&%#,!61:Γ−%∋#,!01!%3−1&1,,1!0∗!
Ε%&1%−∗! 93−1&3#/%∗3#68! [,,1! %3−1&1,,1<! ,1! ∋#−1&%#6%?#! 1∋! −&#−#0∗,! %3−1&3#/%∗3#%,!
&#−%∃%/#0∗,!=16∗,![,−#0∗,8!Ζ1:230∗!χ6Α5%#!⊥%∗51,#3!ϑΛΜβγΟ<!∗!,%,−1∋#!01!=&∗−1()∗!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6<! #∗! /∗3,−%−2%&! 2∋#! :#&#3−%#! #0%/%∗3#6! 01! =&∗−1()∗<! %35∗/#! 02=6#!
0%∋13,)∗<! ;2#%,! ,1Τ#∋Π! #Ο! =#&λ∋1−&∗! =&∗−1−%5∗! ∋Γ3%∋∗! #! ,1&! ∗>,1&5#0∗! =16∗,!
[,−#0∗,<! =&∗=∗&/%∗3#30∗! #5#3(∗,! 1! 15%−#30∗! &1−&∗/1,,∗,! 3∗! ,%,−1∋#! 3#/%∗3#6! 01!
0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! 1! >Ο! %3,−λ3/%#! 01! =&∗−1()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! ;2#30∗! #,!
%3,−%−2%(∆1,!3#/%∗3#%,!,1!∋∗,−&#∋!∃#6+#,!∗2!∗∋%,,#,!3∗!0151&!01!=&∗−1()∗!01,,1,!
0%&1%−∗,8!
Ζ∗>&1!%,,∗Π!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 34 
!
Χ∗3−&#&%#∋13−1! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! /%5%,! 1! =∗6Γ−%/∗,<! /2Τ#! ∃23()∗! 4! %3/&1∋13−#&! #!
1,∃1&#!01!!#2−∗3∗∋%#!0∗,!%30%5Γ02∗,<!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!,∗/%#%,<!;21!−#∋>4∋!,)∗!/+#∋#0∗,!
=∗&! #6:23,! #2−∗&1,<! ! /∗∋∗! 0%&1%−∗,! 01! /&40%−∗<! ,1! 01∃%31∋! /∗∋∗! 2∋#! ∃∗&∋#! 01!
0Γ5%0#! 0#! ,∗/%10#01! =#&#! /∗∋! ∗,! ! %30%5Γ02∗,8! ⊥∗,,21∋! 2∋! /#&Α−1&! 0%,−&%>2−%5∗8!
Κ2,/#∋! =&∗∋∗51&! #! %:2#60#01! 01! #/1,,∗! #! >13,! ! ,∗/%#6∋13−1! =&∗02?%0∗,<! /∗∋∗!
∃∗&∋#!01!∃∗&−#61/1&!#!/∗1,)∗!,∗/%#68![3;2#3−∗!∗!,2Τ1%−∗!01!0%&1%−∗,!!/%5%,!1!=∗6Γ−%/∗,!
4! ∗! +∗∋1∋! :134&%/∗<! ∗! %30%5Γ02∗! #>,−&#−∗<! ∗! &1;21&13−1! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! ,∗/%#%,! 4! ∗!!
%30%5Γ02∗! ,%−2#0∗<! 01∃%3%0∗! =∗&! ,2#,! /#&#/−1&Γ,−%/#,! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/#,! 1! ,∗/%#%,!
ϑΥ∗,#35#6∗3<!βιιΝΟ8!⊥∗&!!%,,∗!∋1,∋∗<!#!/∗3;2%,−#!1!#∋=6%−201!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!,∗/%#%,!4!
+%,−.&%/#!1!,∗/%#6∋13−1!01−1&∋%3#0#8!![∋>∗&#!,2>,/&%−∗,!1∋!−&#−#0∗,!;21!#,=%&#∋!
Θ! 23%51&,#6%?#()∗<! ,2#! 61:%−%∋%0#01! 1! /∗3/&1−%?#()∗! ! 01=1301! 0∗! =#0&)∗!
/%5%6%?#−.&%∗!&1;21&%0∗!1!#/1%−∗!=∗&!/#0#!,∗/%10#01!3#/%∗3#68!
ϑ888Ο!
Υ1∃1&13/%#0∗<! =∗&−#3−∗<! =∗&! −∗0∗! 2∋! #&/#>∗2(∗! 61:#6<! 01! /#&Α−1&!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6<!4!∗![,−#0∗!!∗!&1,=∗3,Α516!=16#!:#&#3−%#!0∗!0%&1%−∗!Θ!5%0#<!Θ!6%>1&0#01<!
Θ!,1:2&#3(#!=1,,∗#6ω!01!3)∗!,1&!!−∗&−2&#0∗!31∋!1,/&#5%?#0∗ω!01!3)∗!,1&!01−%0∗!∗2!
17%6#0∗!#&>%−&#&%#∋13−1ω!Θ!%:2#60#01!Τ2&Γ0%/#!1!Θ!!=&∗−1()∗!/∗3−&#!#!0%,/&%∋%3#()∗ω!
#∗!Τ26:#∋13−∗!Τ2,−∗ω!Θ,!6%>1&0#01,!01!=13,#∋13−∗<!17=&1,,)∗<!!&16%:%)∗<!6∗/∗∋∗()∗!
1!&123%)∗ω!Θ!=#&−%/%=#()∗!3#!=∗6Γ−%/#!1!3#!5%0#!/26−2&#6!0#!/∗∋23%0#01ω!Θ!!102/#()∗<!
#∗! −&#>#6+∗!1!#∗!&1=∗2,∗ω!#!2∋!3Γ516!#01;2#0∗!01!5%0#<!#>&#3:130∗!;21,−∆1,!01!
,#]01<! ! ∋∗&#0%#<! ,1:2&%0#01! ,∗/%#6<! =&∗−1()∗! 0∗! ∋1%∗! #∋>%13−1<! 0#! ∃#∋Γ6%#<! 0#!
516+%/1<! 0#! %3∃λ3/%#! 1! 0#! ! #0∗61,/Η3/%#<! 0∗! %3/#=#?<! 013−&1! ∗2−&∗,8! Χ∗3−20∗<! #!
1∃1−%5%0#01!01,,1,!0%&1%−∗,!δ!1,=1/%#6∋13−1!!#;2161,!;21!0%?1∋!&1,=1%−∗!Θ!=&∗−1()∗!
,∗/%#6!1!Θ!:#&#3−%#!01!#/1,,∗!%:2#6%−Α&%∗!#!>13,!1!,1&5%(∗,!!,∗/%#6∋13−1!=&∗02?%0∗,!δ!
/2Τ#!∋#−1&%#6%0#01!,1!−&#02?!#−&#54,!01!=∗6Γ−%/#,!=]>6%/#,!171/2−#0#,!3#!!.&>%−#!0∗!
[,−#0∗<! 1,−Α! #−&16#0#! #! /∗30%(∆1,! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗Σ=∗6Γ−%/#,! 1! Θ! >#,1! ∃%,/#6! 1,−#−#68! ⊥∗&!
1,−#,! ! /#&#/−1&Γ,−%/#,<! 3∗! /#∋=∗! 0∗! 0%&1%−∗! ∃∗&∋#6! 4! =&∗∃230∗! ∗! 01>#−1! ,∗>&1! #!
=∗,,%>%6%0#01!61:#6!1!!1∃1−%5#!01!&1/∗3+1/1&!1,,1,!0%&1%−∗,<!/∗∋∗!=#,,Γ51%,!01!,1&1∋!
/∗>&#0∗,! 1! 17%:%0∗,8! [∋>∗&#! #! ! 17%,−Η3/%#! 01! 2∋! 1,−#−2−∗! 61:#6<! 17=&1,,∗! =16#!
61:%,6#()∗!01!/#0#![,−#0∗!3#/%∗3#6<!=∗,,#!,1! ! /∗3,−%−2%&!1∋!5%:∗&∗,∗! %3,−&2∋13−∗!
Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF 
Professor Alyson Barros 
Aula 1 
!
Professor Alyson Barros 35 
=#&#! #! :#&#3−%#! 01! ,12! 171&/Γ/%∗<! #! ,%∋=61,! 17%,−Η3/%#! 0#! τ1%! ! 3)∗! ,1! −&#02?! 1∋!
:#&#3−%#,!01!,2#!1∃1−%5#()∗8!
!∀#∃%Π!α101%&∗,<!ΛΜΜγ8!
!
_∗!λ∋>%−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6<!#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!01!