Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções).

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Questão 01 - (UNIFOR CE/2014) Leia as sentenças abaixo e marque a opção correta de acordo com o uso dos 
artigos definido e indefinido: 
 
I. Can you play a guitar? 
II. I once played the guitar which had only five strings. 
III. She started learning the piano at the age of five. 
IV. I’ve always had a flute, ever since I was a child. 
V. I’m afraid the violin is an instrument I never mastered. 
 
a) Todas estão corretas. 
b) Todas estão incorretas. 
c) Apenas os itens I e II estão errados. 
d) Apenas os itens III, IV, e V estão errados. 
e) Apenas os itens I, III e V estão corretos. 
 
Questão 02 - (URCA CE/2008) 
Survival of the cutest 
 
Thousands of creatures will qietly disappear if we only focus on the most fascinating species. 
 
The struggle to preserve the world’s biodiversity is being compromised by fatal flaws in the way conservations 
draw up their lists of endangered species. An australian botanist warms that the lists reflect the plants and animals 
that scientists are most interested in studying, rather than the most threatned species or those at risk of extinction. 
For instance, says Mark burgman of the University of Melbourne, lists compiled and used by organizations such 
as the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the Secretariat to the CITES agreement are heavily biased toward 
birds, mammals and flowering plants, to the detriment of less charismatic species such as insects and fungi. If no 
one tackles the problem, Burgman believes we will unwittingly focus our conservation efforts in the wrong places, 
and fail to stop the biggest mass extinction since dinosaurs. Rare species lists contain fewer threatened insects 
than birds, although we know of nearly a milion insect species and fewer than 10,000 birds. That’s because most 
insects are poorly studied, says Burgman. For most, all that we have is a specimen in a museum and a brief 
formal description, he says. Generally, little or nothing is known about their habitat and abundance, and no one 
may have looked for them since their discovery. ―We assume all’s well because we don’t have any evidence, 
and we don’t have evidence because we haven’t looked‖, Burgman says. Georgina Mace, director of science athe 
Zoological Society of London and chair of the Species Survival Comittee, thinks Burgman has identified real 
problems. Yet she says that groups like the IUCN are adressing them. Starting with amphibians, it has begun 
assessing the global health of whole groups of related animals, species by species. Putting a species on the Red 
List is like assessing people coming into a hospital emergency room, she says. It’s not a robust prediction of what 
will happen, but it’s a quick way to pick out the sickest. But Burgman says that the criteria for assessing whether a 
species will go extinct vary from country to country and from study to study. He has compared a range of studies 
and found that different methods produce very inconsisitent results. He says conservation scientists ―need to get 
our act together‖ and develop a uniform set of tools that everyone can test and agree upon. Even ―extinction‖ 
can be hard to define, he points out. A surprising number of species have been declared extinct, only to resurface 
later after people had given up looking for them. (Jeff Hecht in New 
Scientists, jan, 2002, p.5) 
 
VOCABULARY : 
Struggle – effort; fight Flaw – fault; error 
Draw up – compose; design 
Threatened – at risk, endangered 
Biased – inclined; to be disposed to a certain preference 
Tackle (v) – confront, attack 
Unwittingly – unintentionally 
Brief – short 
Pick out (v) – select, choose 
Range – variety 
Tool – instrument 
Resurface (v) – reappear 
 
 
Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence: 
Carol is _________ economist. She used to work in _________ investment department of Loyds bank. Now she 
works for ______ American bank in ________ United States. 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
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a) an – a – an – Ø 
b) a – an – the – the 
c) a – an – an – Ø 
d) an – the – an – the 
e) an – the – Ø – the 
 
Questão 03 - (UFAC/2007) Complete the paragraph below with an appropriate article. 
 
POVERTY´S PREVALENCE 
According to ______ most recent United States census (1995), 36.4 million people live below ______ federal 
poverty line. For ______ family of four, ______ poverty level is ______ income of $15,562, for ______ family of 
three, $12,158. Of all demographic groups, poverty is highest among female-headed families with children. 
Children make up 40 percent of ______ poor, though they are 27 percent of ______ total population. About 15 
million children live in poverty, and the poverty rate for children is higher than any other group. 
(From Teen, Dec. 1997.) 
a) the, a, the, the, a, a, the, the 
b) the, a, a, the, an, a, an, the 
c) the, the, the, the, the, the, the, a 
d) the, the, a, the, an, a, the, the 
e) a, a, a, a, an, a, a, the 
 
Questão 04 - (UNIFOR CE/2006) 
 
Coughing Kitties 
Maryann Mott 
 
Feline asthma [TO BE] a new disease. It was first described in scientific literature more than 90 years ago, 
says veterinarian Philip Padrid of the Family Pet Animal Hospital in Chicago. 
Nicki Reed, a veterinarian at the University of Edinburgh’s Hospital for Small Animals, says that when a 
coughing cat is brought to the clinic, she must first establish if [ARTICLE] cause is [ARTICLE] infection, asthma, 
or something more sinister, like a lung mass. 
To do this, Reed usually performs an x-ray, takes a lung fluid sample, and conducts a bronchcoscopy _ an 
examination that uses a flexible microscope inserted into the cat's airway. 
Most of the time, asthma is a mild disease, Reed says. But in some cases cat’s lungs collapse or their ribs 
fracture due to difficulty in breathing. 
"I think if we can identify asthmatic cats quite early and get treatments on board to suppress their cough, then 
hopefully we can avoid them coming to such extremes," she said. 
(Adapted from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1025_051025_cat_asthma.html) 
 
 
In she must first establish if [ARTICLE] cause is [ARTICLE] infection..., the correct forms of the articles are, 
respectively, 
a) the _ the. 
b) a _ the. 
c) the _ an. 
d) a _ an. 
e) a _ a. 
 
Questão 05 - (UFES/2005) 
If It’s a Laughing Matter, Call In Julie Hette 
 
 PARIS— Julie Hette wears a serious suit and has a serious job as a receptionist at one of France’s biggest 
corporations. She might even be called a serious young woman— she cries at movies and wants to devote her 
life to humanitarian causes— but, more than most people, she laughs. 
 She laughs at dinner parties and bar mitzvahs and film premieres. She recently pre-recorded April Fool’s peals of 
laughter for a French radio station. She is a professional laugher, as far as she knows the only one in France, not 
the most giggly country in the world. 
 “The French are stiff and self-centered, they are open to nothing. Not to a smile, a laugh. Nothing.” This makes 
work harder but success, more resonant. “I am very wholehearted,” she says. “To bring laughter is fabulous.” 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
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 She has been hired to laugh in Japan, so triumphantly that she now has a Japanese agent, and she has laughed 
on an American television program where she was introduced as the “French Toast.” It all began in the east of 
France, where she grew up with a laugh so loud that schoolteachers sent her out of class and friends would say 
“shut up, you’re bothering us.” Even today, her mother, when they go to the movies together, sits a few rows 
awayso as not to be ashamed. 
 Then one night she went to the circus and laughed at the clown, who responded by making her laugh again to the 
point where a whole number evolved and the circus director hired her to come back. 
 “I found it wonderful to be paid for what had always been forbidden.” To train herself she went on to the Métro to 
see if she could make straphangers laugh, which she did so successfully that she then had to train herself to 
stop. A voice teacher taught her how to control her breathing and she took an ad in a show biz magazine, 
L’information du Spectacle, describing herself as a “rieuse professionelle.” 
 She was 20 (she is now 33) and spent the next five years laughing full-time. “In the beginning I did it everywhere 
just to show I was a professional. I don’t do that now, but if people suggest something interesting I say why not?” 
 She has of course read Bergson and also Heinrich Böll’s short story about the professional laugher whose 
repertory is so vast that he has never heard his own laugh. Hette has no repertory but relies on variations of her 
own megadecibel hoot, which billows in a full throated way and also grates like a dentist’s drill. It has, she says, 
been compared to a jalopy that won’t start. 
 Her first break came when a woman who had seen her ad hired her to laugh at her father’s funny stories at New 
Year’s Eve party. The father was a high-up functionary with a penchant for terrible jokes. Hette took lessons in 
which fork to use and other branches of Neuilly etiquette, appeared at the grand and stuffy party and laughed 
herself silly to the host’s great pleasure. 
 “It was a nice gift that girl made to her father, he was so happy that night,” Hette said. 
 She has been hired to laugh at the graduation ceremony of France’s grandest grande école, ENA, has done a lot 
of television and has become a fixture at openings of not-very-funny comic films. “This can be tricky because my 
laugh shouldn’t drown out the next gag. In French films this isn’t much of a problem,” she added. 
 One of her early successes came when Paco Rabanne hired her to laugh during his fashion show. “My laugh 
does have a metallic quality,” she explained. In the current French presidential campaign she would never accept 
an offer from a candidate to laugh at his rival’s electoral promises because she won’t laugh to offend. 
 She has laughed at fancy dinners when the hosts are entertaining a dull provincial client and is proudest of a 
letter she got from a 75-year-old man who heard her on the radio and laughed for the first time in 20 years. For a 
while when she was new to the trade she went to the movies Sundays with an elderly man whose laugh was as 
wild as hers. 
 “His laugh was so irritating that he didn’t dare go to the movies alone, so we went together and had tea 
afterwards. It didn’t pay well but it was pleasant.” These days her fees range from 1,500 to 2,500 francs ($300 to 
$500). 
 A speech expert told her that her laugh cannot leave people indifferent: it often irritates and people say “kindly 
shut up” or “do you want an aspirin?” Having been told she sounds like a chicken, she went to the Paris quai 
where animals are sold and laughed in front of a rooster. He crowed back. If she decides to practice when she is 
alone at a café, people tend to back away, thinking she is a street crazy, but, when she explains she is an artiste 
all is well. 
 Her dream is to be on a crane high over the Place de la Concorde, laughing as infectiously as she can to the 
crowd below. “To make half of Paris laugh, it would be fabulous.” 
 But these are hard times. Recently, for training purposes she got on the Métro and laughed, which she hasn’t 
done for eight years. “I realized how hard it is now. People are depressed and constantly harassed by 
panhandlers. They just aren’t in the mood.” 
 It’s just enough to make one cry. 
 (Blune, Mary. In: Morning Edition, 2000.) 
 
 
 ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS EXAM MUST BE ANSWERED IN ENGLISH 
 
 
 
Look at the underlined words or phrases in the following sentences and circle the error in each sentence. Rewrite the 
sentence correcting that error. 
 
A sun is very bright today. I need to buy a cap at the store. 
 
_______________________________________________________________________________________
___. 
 
 
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Questão 06 - (UFMA/2006) 
 
DISCOVERING NEW YORK 
 
 
 
This month TRAVEL magazine will take you to _____ unforgettable journey through _____ most charming and 
posh places of 
_____ city claimed to be _____ capital of _____world, New York City. 
The Island of Manhattan, one of the five districts of New York, is the richest, most urban and most filled with 
attractions. The largest green area of the Manhattan Island, with 340 hectares of woods, grass and lakes, Central 
Park is one of the great surprises in the city. 
Fifth Avenue, one of the most famous addresses in the world, marks the middle of the city, like Greenwich 
Meridian, in London, marks the middle of the Earth. Some of the most expensive and luxurious stores are located 
there, just like some of the best museums. 
A present from the French government to the United States in 1866, The Statue of Liberty is one of the most 
visited spots in New York. It is not located in Manhattan, but rather in Liberty Island, a small island between Wall 
Street and Staten Island 
 
 
The missing articles in the first paragraph are respectively: 
 
a) a – the – a – the – a. 
b) an – the – a – the – the. 
c) the – a – a – the – the. 
d) a – an – the – a – the. 
e) an – the – a – the – a. 
 
Questão 07 - (UECE CE/2004) 
THE TREE MASSACRE 
by Alex Shoumatoff 
 
 
The paper industry is destroying
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 one of America's last great stands of native forest
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 to bring you fresh 
shopping
12
 bags and toilet paper. 
If there were an international tribunal that prosecuted
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 crimes against the planet, like the one in The Hague that 
deals
23
 with crimes against humanity, what is happening
22
 on the Cumberland Plateau in eastern Tennessee 
would undoubtedly be indictable. 
The crime -- one of many clandestine ecocides American corporations are committing
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 around the world -- has 
taken
2
 place
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 over three decades. About 200,000 acres on this tableland have already been clear-cut
30
 by the 
paper industry, and the cutting
13
 continues
3
. Where once grew
10
 some of the most biologically rich hardwood 
forest in North America's Temperate Zone (which extends
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 from the Gulf of Mexico to southern Canada), there are 
now row after row of fast-growing loblolly pine trees genetically engineered to yield the most pulp in the shortest 
time. But the paper industry's insatiable appetite
26
 for timber has met
5
 with unexpected competition from an 
equally voracious insect. In the last four years, an estimated 50 to 70 percent of the pines planted
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 on the plateau 
have been devoured
31
 by the southern pine beetle. The entire South has been ravaged
32
 by the worst outbreak in 
its history of this native predator of pine trees, caused by the tremendous increase in the amount of pine available 
for it to eat on the industry plantations that have replaced
20
 the native forest. Unable to salvage its dead timber, 
the paper industry has been losing
17
 hundreds of millions of dollars. Yet it seems
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 still committed to destroying
16
 
what remains
24
 of the extraordinarily lush forest on the Cumberland Plateau, which, along with eastern 
Tennessee's Great Valley and the Cumberland Mountains, has the highest concentration of endangeredspecies 
in North America. The loss of biodiversity is tragic but also absurd economically; it doesn't even make good 
business sense. 
Not many people are aware of what is taking
14
 place
33
. Nearly 90 percent of the Cumberland Plateau is in private 
hands and exempt from all but a few government regulations
18
. The federal and state agencies that are supposed 
to be regulating the paper, timber, and mining
15
 industries are populated with
34
 these companies' former 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
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executives and have come
29
 to view these industries as clients whose permits and projects should be facilitated
35
 
rather than scrutinized. But a quarter of the world's paper
27
 and 60 percent of America's wood products are 
being
19
 produced
36
 in the South, and the will to address the abuses of the paper industry, which contributes
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millions of dollars to the campaign coffers of politicians around the country, just isn't there -- certainly not in 
Tennessee. 
There's another reason for the lack of public awareness: Much of the devastation is hidden from view by thin 
"beauty strips" of native forest left along the plateau's highways. The only way to get the full picture is to go up in a 
small plane and see it from the air. 
 
 
VOCABULÁRIO 
loblolly pine – espécie de pinheiro 
beetle – besouro, inseto 
timber – madeira 
to ravage – devastar 
 
 
Indique a opção onde o artigo definido (THE) está empregado corretamente: 
a) the Gulf of Mexico, the Canada, the Cumberland Mountains, the Guatemala 
b) the Gulf of Mexico, the North America, the Philippines, the Alasca, 
c) the Amazon River, the Hague, the Hymalayas, the Seine 
d) the Mississippi River, the South America, the Andes, the Seine 
 
Questão 08 - (UFSC/1998) 
ARE COMPUTERS GOOD EDUCATORS? 
 
Computers are becoming more and more prevalent in our schools; even five-year-olds are learning how to use 
them
1
. Many child development experts are worried that computers may deprive children of their childhood by 
pushing them into formal 
education too early in life. Others
2
 feel that computers do not replace child play; they
3
 simply enhance it by 
freeing the imagination, for example in allowing children to write stories on the computer. Most people would 
probably agree, however, that it is too soon to know how computers will affect the education of children. 
Interviewer: Should computers be encouraged in schools? 
Reply 1: We've had many other fads in education, like tape recorders and television, and these things
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 were not 
the alvation of our schools. 
The computer is just another fad. It'll die out in a few years, you'll see. 
Reply 2: Educators are too conservative to use computers wisely in the schools. So far, computers have been 
used mostly for drill work, and doing drills is not the best way to learn. I'm against using computers in schools 
unless some more imaginative uses are found for them. 
Reply 3: Using the computer to write can be very freeing for children. Because they do not have to worry about 
holding a pencil and shaping letters, they can concentrate on what they are writing, and their
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 stories can become 
very imaginative. I think using computers for writing is very worthwhile. Let's keep them. 
Reply 4: Children should learn the basics of computers simply because computers are affecting our everyday 
world in so many ways. 
We don't want to raise computer illiterates. We'd better let children become acquainted with them
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 in school. 
Reply 5: If you start children with computers too early in life, the computers will control the children. Children need 
to be active, to be outdoors; they
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 don't need to be silently hooked to a computer. 
Reply 6: As long as children get a balanced education, I see nothing wrong with encouraging children to learn to 
use computers in school. 
Working with a computer can help you to learn math and accounting. And if writing on the computer helps you 
become a better reader, what's wrong with that? 
From: Effective Writing 
Jean Withrow 
Cambridge University Press - 1990 
prevalent - predominante, comum 
to deprive – privar 
to enhance – intensificar 
to allow - permitir, possibilitar 
fad - modismo, mania 
wise - sábio 
drills - exercícios de repetição 
to shape - dar forma 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
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worthwhile - útil, conveniente 
to raise - criar, educar 
to acquaint - familiarizar-se 
to hook - prender 
 
 
Choose the proposition(s) which can CORRECTLY complete the following sentence: 
________ educators in our country are very conservative. 
01. An 
02. The 
04. Some 
08. This 
16. Much 
32. That 
64. Few 
 
Questão 09 - (UFES/2016) 
Learning styles and language learning 
 
(1) 
Research in the field of Second Language Acquisition shows that students learn in different ways, so what works 
well for one learner may not be useful for another. Since learning styles seem to be a relatively stable learner 
characteristic, teachers may not be able to exert as much influence over this learner variable as, perhaps, over 
motivation. However, it has been recommended that teachers should adapt classroom tasks in order to maximize 
the potential of individual learners with particular learning styles. It has also been found that it is also possible that 
learners over time can be encouraged to incorporate approaches to learning they were resisting in the past. The 
challenge is to successfully design and deliver language instruction relevant to a multiplicity of learning styles. 
 
It is possible that learning style may vary according to individuals, but also there may be stylistic variation 
according to gender, age, or nationality. This may mean, for instance, that classes with a majority of male 
students may have a different dominant style from a mainly female class, and may require different types of 
activities which cater for their needs. The key for teachers in planning instruction is to be aware of the multiple 
ways students learn best. 
 
During the planning and preparation stage, teachers should include a variety of language learning tasks so as to 
allow learners with different styles to do well and achieve success. Materials should be selected from a variety of 
scholarly books, refereed journals, the Internet, magazines and newspapers, videos, documents, and so on, 
since different students will have different interests, and will respond more or less favorably to different stimuli. 
Teachers should also remember that one of the most important contributions of the learning styles concept to 
language teaching is the understanding that there is no one “best” method for every student. 
 
(2) 
 
In order to successfully teach language to children and adults of different cultures, ethnicities, and/or nationalities, 
teachers need to become familiar with various methods for teaching diverse populations and develop a strong 
knowledge of and empathy for the learners. This knowledge includes the learners’ cultures and languages, their 
personality structures, their learning styles, their identities, and their inner selves. 
 
Only then can adequate and appropriate learning and teaching decisions be made. Therefore, this implies that 
good methods and good textbooks cannot be simply imported and good language teachers cannot be simply 
transferred from one cultural context into the next and be expected to be just as successful in the new 
environment. 
 
It is clear that learning is very influenced by culture. In settings where the teacher–student relationship is 
characterized by a high index in power distance (Hofstede, 1980), classroom communication, for example,might 
look very different compared to settings where the power distance index is low. This will influence the special 
characteristics of what good communication looks like. We must also be aware that this index may change over 
time. There are many factors that need to be considered in relation to good language learning. These factors 
include learning attitudes, learning motivation, and values attributed to learning as well as values associated with 
learning and education in society. 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
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Today we know that culture as well as other learner variables determine whether a language learner has a strong 
drive to communicate and to learn from communication or not. Culture influences whether learners are inhibited 
or not, whether and how much they practice and so on. 
(GRIFFITHS, Carol (ed.) Lessons from Good Language Learners . 
Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 137). 
 
 
Decide which gap(s) below need(s) to be completed with a word and which one(s) must be left blank. For those 
requiring a word, write it in the gap. For those requiring nothing, mark a cross (X). 
 
1. Researchers failed to understand ____ nature of ____ problem, he argued. 
2. As my friend from ____ school said, ____ life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans. 
3. ____ Brazilians are often regarded as friendly and free-spirited, with ____ incredible zest for life. 
4. What has been ____ longest war-free period in ____ History? 
5. It is now well-known that ____ exercising and ____ sleep are supposed to be very good for your health. 
 
Questão 10 - (UFRGS/2014) 
01
 “Fan” is ........ abbreviated form of 
02
 “fanatic”, which has ........ roots in ........ Latin 
03
 word “fanaticus”, which 
simply meant 
04
 “belonging to the temple, a devotee”. But 
05
 these words quickly assumed negative 
06
 
connotations, to the point of becoming 
07
 references to excessive religious belief and to any 
08
 mistaken 
enthusiasm. 
09
 Based on such connotations, news reports 
10
 frequently characterize fans as psychopaths 
11
 ........ frustrated 
fantasies of intimate 
12
 relationships with stars or unsatisfied desires 
13
 to achieve stardom take violent and 
antisocial 
14
 forms. Whether viewed as a religious fanatic, 
15
 a psychopathic killer, a neurotic fantasist, or a 
16
 lust-
crazed groupie, the fan remains a 
17
 “fanatic” with interests alien to the realm of 
18
 “normal” cultural experience 
and a mentality 
19
 dangerously out of touch with reality. 
20
 To understand the logic behind this 
21
 discursive construction of fans, we must 
22
 reconsider what we mean 
by taste. Concepts 
23
 of “good taste,” appropriate conduct, or 
24
 aesthetic merit are not natural or universal; 
25
 
rather, they are rooted in social experience 
26
 and reflect particular class interests. Taste 
27
 becomes one of the 
important means by 
28
 which social distinctions are maintained and 
29
 class identities are forged. Those who 
30
 
“naturally” possess appropriate tastes 
31
 “deserve” a privileged position, while the 
32
 tastes of others are seen as 
underdeveloped. 
33
 Taste distinctions determine desirable and 
34
 undesirable ways of relating to cultural 
35
 
objects, strategies of interpretation and styles 
36
 of consumption. 
37
 The stereotypical conception of the fan 
38
 reflects anxieties about the violation of 
39
 dominant cultural 
hierarchies. The fans’ 
40
 transgression of bourgeois taste disrupt 
42
 dominant cultural hierarchies, insuring that 
43
 
their preferences be seen as abnormal and 
44
 threatening by those who have an interest in 
45
 the maintenance of 
these standards (even by 
46
 those who may share similar tastes but 
47
 express them in different ways). 
Adapted from: JENKINS, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and 
Participatory Culture. New York / London: Routledge, 1992. p. 12-16. 
 
 
Select the alternative which correctly fills in the gaps in references 01 and 02, in the order they appear. 
 
a) the – the – a 
b) the – its – a 
c) the – it’s – the 
d) an – it’s – the 
e) an – its – the 
 
Questão 11 - (Unemat MT/2012) 
LIVING WITHOUT ENERGY 
 
 
1
Everyone says that we must use less energy! But how? That is the big question. In this article, you can read 
about the house of the future, which uses hardly any energy at all... 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
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Most houses use energy - lots of it. We use energy for heating, 
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lighting, for running our household appliances - 
TV's, washing machines, fridges, and so on. In winter time, most houses use dozens of kilowatts of electricity 
every day, or the equivalent in gas. 
The house in the photo, on the other hand, uses virtually nothing: 
10
most of the energy that it uses comes straight 
from the sun, the wind or the ground. This is an experimental house at the University of Nottingham, and it could 
be the kind of house that most people are living in fifty years from now. 
During the daytime, it is rarely necessary to turn on an electric 
15
light, even in rooms without windows. Sunlight, 
or daylight, is "piped" through the house, into each room, through special high-reflection aluminium tubes. You 
can see how well they reflect light, by looking at the reflections of the faces in the picture! 
http://linguapress.com/intermediate/no-energy.htm 
 
Na frase “This is an experimental house at the University of Nottingham” (ref. 10), observe o artigo sublinhado e 
assinale a alternativa correta. 
 
a) Usa-se o artigo an somente com o pronome demonstrativo This is.. 
b) Usa-se o artigo an somente com palavras com mais de uma sílaba como é o caso do adjetivo experimental. 
c) Usa-se o artigo an antes de um substantivo ou um adjetivo iniciado por vogal. 
d) O artigo an deve ser usado somente depois de um substantivo ou adjetivo. 
e) O artigo an nunca deve ser usado antes de vogal. 
 
Questão 12 - (UFAC/2002) Assinale a alternativa na qual o uso do artigo está incorreto: 
a) They have a dog called Rover and a cat. 
b) I need an advice. 
c) I’d like a glass of milk and a cheese sandwich. 
d) Do you know the answer? 
e) Have you seen the screwdriver? 
 
Questão 13 - (UERJ/2016) 
 
 
images1.fanpop.com 
 
 
And I should know. (panel 4) 
Modal verbs can be used to refer to a speaker’s attitude. 
The modal should indicates that Calvin believes his knowledge of the bad quality of the TV show would be 
characterized as: 
 
a) desirable 
b) probable 
c) surprising 
d) mandatory 
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Questão 14 - (Centro Universitário de Franca SP/2016) 
Students Cannot Multi-Task with 
Mobile Phones and Studying 
 
There is bad news for students who like to use their mobile phones while they study. New research shows that 
students do not learn very well when they are texting and checking their social media accounts. The study, called 
“Mobile Phones in the Classroom: Examining the Effects of Texting, Twitter, and Message Content on Student 
Learning,” looked at 145 American university students in the classroom and tracked the responses and results of 
students watching a lecture on a video, and then taking notes and answering questions, while facing a series of 
interruptions on their internet- connected mobile phones. 
Some of the students were asked “irrelevant” questions about their social life while others were sent links and 
questions relevant to the lecture content. Still some other students watchedthe lecture without interruptions. 
Afterwards, they were tested via multiple choice questions to see how much information they had retained and, 
out of that, how the presence of online distractions had affected their ability to retain and process information. 
Although the study concluded that the use of mobile phones definitely produced lower results, students who were 
sent relevant material were affected less negatively than those whose messages had a more social focus. 
Jeffrey Kuznekoff, the head researcher, said that one of the biggest challenges teachers have in the 
classroom is the non-stop battle of keeping students working. He said many students felt they needed to be 
online and checking messages even when they had important work to do in class. The researchers said it is very 
common for students to be physically present in class, but mentally absent because they are using their mobiles. 
Kuznekoff said teachers were fighting a “losing battle” because students were more interested in social media 
than learning. 
A study of a similar nature, conducted by the London School of Economics in four English cities, found that 
banning mobile phones produced a 6% increase in marks in schools. As the debate in the UK continues over the 
role of mobile devices in class, these results could be influential. “It is a common occurrence to observe students 
who are physically present, yet mentally preoccupied by non- course- related material on their mobile devices,” 
said the US researchers, who eventually concluded that it was the lowest- achieving students who were most at 
risk of succumbing to the distraction of mobile phones. 
(www.breakingnewsenglish.com / www.huffingtonpost.co.uk. Adaptado.) 
 
 
No trecho do último parágrafo “who are physically present, yet mentally preoccupied by non- course- related 
material”, a palavra em negrito transmite a ideia de 
 
a) adição. 
b) contraste. 
c) alternativa. 
d) resultado. 
e) efeito. 
 
Questão 15 - (FM Petrópolis RJ/2016) 
Medical Technology 
 
1
 Medical technologies benefit the lives of people 
2
 in many ways. Through the use of such technologies, 
3
 
people can live healthier, more productive and 
4
 independent lives. Many individuals who previously 
5
 may have 
been chronically ill, disabled, or suffering 
6
 chronic pain can now look forward to leading normal 
7
 or close-to-
normal lives. 
8
 In the treatment of cardiovascular disease, 
9
 the use of coronary stents – artificial tubes used in 
10
 cases of 
coronary heart disease to keep the arteries 
11
 open – has halved the number of those dying from 
12
 heart attacks 
or suffering heart failure. Patients with 
13
 an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) – a 
14
 small device 
implanted for those at risk of sudden 
15
 cardiac death – now have a 98% chance of surviving 
16
 a cardiac arrest, 
compared with only 5% without the 
17
 implantable device. 
18
 For those who suffer from diabetes – a disease 
19
 which is becoming increasingly common, and which 
20
 
places a substantial burden on health systems – now 
21
 have access to very accurate blood glucose monitoring 
22
 
technologies. This means that patients can monitor 
23
 on a daily basis and control their condition much more 
24
 
effectively, sharply reducing the risk of suffering the 
25
 common but debilitating complications of diabetes, 
26
 such 
as blindness and peripheral nerve damage. 
27
 Those undergoing surgical procedures also 
28
 benefit from the ongoing advances in medical 
29
 technology. 
The minimally-invasive surgical 
30
 techniques which are now used to treat aneurysms 
31
 can mean a recovery 
time of around four weeks, 
32
 compared with over a year for older procedures. Using 
33
 new medical technologies, 
endometrial ablation, as 
34
 an alternative to hysterectomy, has a recovery time 
35
 of just two to four days; the 
alternative needed six to 
36
 eight weeks. 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
10 
 
 
37
 What other benefits does medical technology 
38
 deliver to society? 
 
39
 Innovative medical technology is an increasingly 
40
 important driver for delivering efficiencies in healthcare 
41
 systems. Despite consuming a low and relatively 
42
 constant 5-10% of national health expenditure, 
43
 between 
2000 and 2008, medical technology has 
44
 reduced hospital stays by an average of around 13%. 
45
 This shift from 
in-patient to out-patient care provides 
46
 substantial cost savings, as well as improving quality 
47
 of life. Given the 
combination of Europe’s ageing 
48
 demographic and the current economic climate, 
49
 the value of these increased 
efficiencies cannot be 
50
 overstated. 
51
 Cataract surgery, for example, which used 
52
 to require a three to five day hospital stay, is now 
53
 almost 
universally undertaken in day-care centres. 
54
 Total knee replacements provide a cost-effectiveness 
55
 ratio of 
around €14,000 per quality-adjusted life year 
56
 (measure assessing the value for money of a medical 
57
 
intervention), by rehabilitating those people who 
58
 would previously have required considerable home 
59
 life 
support. 
60
 Just as important is the role that medical 
61
 technology plays in allowing people to remain valuable 
62
 and 
contributing members of society. Conditions such 
63
 as cataracts or severe arthritis would previously 
64
 have 
delayed or prevented people from returning 
65
 to work or even to normal day-to-day life. However, 
66
 the 
advances made by the industry in treating these 
67
 conditions have helped overcome these challenges, 
68
 
reducing or removing the hurdles to rehabilitation.
69
 This significantly improves quality of life and selfesteem 
70
 for 
many individuals. Equally important is 
71
 medical technology’s role in keeping Europe’s ageing 
72
 workforce 
active, assisting the European Union to 
73
 remain competitive in the global economy. 
 
74
 What are the wider economic benefits of 
75
 medical technology? 
 
76
 The medical technology industry is a sizeable 
77
 contributor to the European economy. It provides 
78
 large 
numbers of high-quality jobs, attracts substantial 
79
 inward investment and has created a hub for 
80
 innovation. 
81
 The European market size is estimated at roughly 
82
 €100 billion – around 30% of the world market. The 
83
 
sector directly employs around 575,000 people in 
84
 Europe, many of those in highly skilled, high-value 
85
 
innovative jobs. Furthermore, some 95% of medical 
86
 technology companies are Small and Medium 
87
 sized 
Enterprises (SMEs) sector, most of which are 
88
 dedicated to investing in research and development. 
89
 On 
average the medical technology industry reinvests 
90
 around 8% of sales into product research and 
91
 
development. 
92
 This continuous cycle of investment has made 
93
 Europe a hub of excellence for innovation in medical 
94
 
technology. The industry is growing at more than 4% 
95
 per annum, and is attracting increasing amounts of 
96
 
inward investment, outstripping the United States as 
97
 a target for venture capital. 
Available at: <http://www.eucomed.org/medical- 
technology/ value-benefi ts>. Retrieved on: July 30th, 2015. Adapted. 
 
 
In the fragment of the text “Despite consuming a low and relatively constant 5-10% of national health expenditure, 
between 2000 and 2008, medical technology has reduced hospital stays by an average ofaround 13%” (Refs. 
41-44), the connector despite introduces an idea of 
 
a) concession 
b) time sequence 
c) cause 
d) addition 
e) condition 
 
Questão 16 - (UCS RS/2016) 
Victoria and Albert: how a royal love changed culture 
By Lucinda Hawksley 
 
01
 When Queen Victoria inherited the British throne just a few weeks after her 
02
 18th birthday, there was 
immediate speculation __________ who she would 
03
 marry. Few had foreseen that this little-known princess 
would become their 
04
 monarch. But when the country found itself with a young queen after so many 
05
 dissolute 
Hanoverian kings, it seemed that an exciting new era was beginning. 
06
 Queen Victoria’s mother and the government had expected her to marry her 
07
 cousin Prince Ernst. 
__________ when Victoria fell in love with Ernst’s younger 
08
 brother, Albert, the public was fascinated. The 
media made much of the fact that 
09
 the queen’s fiancé was of her own choosing and that she, being of a higher 
rank, 
10
 had proposed. This overwhelming love shared by a queen and her prince would 
11
 change British culture 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
11 
 
forever. Many of the traditions we take for granted today, 
12
 and the artistic legacies we celebrate, emerged from 
Victoria and Albert’s 
13
 marriage. 
14
 Both the queen and her consort were accomplished artists, as well as great 
15
 collectors. In addition to 
paintings and sculpture, the couple also commissioned 
16
 love tokens from jewellers and helped boost that 
industry. When Prince Albert 
17
 gave Queen Victoria an engagement ring – an item little known in Britain in the 
18
 
first half of the 19th Century – he began a new fashion that has endured ever 
19
 since. 
20
 Gift-giving as we know it now took its form __________ Victoria and Albert 
21
 too. They gave – and 
expected – gifts at every wedding anniversary, birthday 
22
 and Christmas celebration, usually of works of art. (And 
of course we all know 
23
 how Albert helped introduce the German tradition of the Christmas tree into 
24
 British 
life.) They loved to surprise each other with a ‘secret’ present, such as the 
25
 surprisingly sexy painting of the 
young Victoria, with tendrils of hair tumbling over 
26
 bare shoulders, by German artist Franz Winterhalter (1805-
73). The painting 
27
 was commissioned by the queen as a present for Albert, in 1843. Over a decade 
28
 after his 
death, the queen wrote fondly about the painting in her journal as “my 
29
 darling Albert’s favourite picture”. 
30
 Despite the fact that Victoria and Albert often favoured artists from Germany, 
31
 most notably Winterhalter, 
they also commissioned British artists. At Christmas 
32
 1841, the queen gave Prince Albert a painting by Edwin 
Landseer of the prince’s 
33
 favourite greyhound, Eos, and Landseer was regularly engaged to paint their pets 
34
 
from then on. The queen also loved the works of the Pre-Raphaelite rebel turned 
35
 society-portrait painter John 
Everett Millais (1829-1896), whose portrait of her 
36
 adored Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli was ordered to be 
garlanded with black 
37
 mourning when Disraeli died. In the 1850s, Frederic Leighton knew his career as 
38
 a 
painter was assured when his first major sale was to the queen. Cimabue’s 
39
 Celebrated Madonna, painted 
when Leighton was living in Rome, was exhibited at 
40
 the Royal Academy exhibition of 1855. Victoria wrote in 
her journal “Albert was 
41
 enchanted by it – so much so that he made me buy it”. 
42
 Scottish authors Robert Louis Stevenson and Sir Walter Scott also owe 
43
 Victoria a debt – in fact, the royal 
couple’s love of Scotland also changed the 
44
 very idea of what was ‘British’. Until her reign, Scotland and 
England’s rivalry 
45
 remained at a fever pitch, with England seeing itself as superior. But when the 
46
 queen fell in 
love with Scotland, visiting her home in Balmoral as often as she 
47
 could, the rest of the British Isles did likewise. 
Suddenly tartan was immensely 
48
 fashionable and couture houses reflected the new trend. 
49
 Artistic collectors such as the queen and prince consort were an absolutely 
50
 vital part of Britain’s artistic 
heritage and their love of the arts helped to transform 
51
 the country. In a world hidebound by the rigidity of the 
class system, an entirely 
52
 new stratum of society – a creative class – was created throughout Queen 
53
 
Victoria’s reign. By the last quarter of the 19th Century, successful artists, 
54
 writers, artisans and actors had 
become considered a new elite. 
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150623- 
victoria-albert-cultural-impact>. Acesso em: 3 ago. 15. (Parcial e adaptado.) 
 
 
Assinale a alternativa cujos elementos melhor substituem, respectivamente, os termos sublinhados nos 
segmentos a seguir. 
 
I. Despite the fact that Victoria and Albert often favoured artists from Germany (Ref. 30). 
II. Scottish authors Robert Louis Stevenson and Sir Walter Scott also owe Victoria a debt – in fact, the 
royal couple’s love of Scotland (Refs. 42 e 43). 
 
a) While – because of it 
b) Although – in reality 
c) Even if – besides 
d) Though – so 
e) Yet – in truth 
 
Questão 17 - (UNIFESP SP/2016) 
 Poverty may hinder kids’ brain development, study says 
Reduced gray matter, lower test scores reported for poor children 
July 20, 2015 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
12 
 
 
 
Poverty appears to affect the brain development of children, hampering the growth of gray matter and 
impairing their academic performance, researchers report. Poor children tend to have as much as 10 percent less 
gray matter in several areas of the brain associated with academic skills, according to a study published July 20 
in JAMA Pediatrics. “We used to think of poverty as a ‘social’ issue, but what we are learning now is that it is a 
biomedical issue that is affecting brain growth,” said senior study author Seth Pollak, a professor of psychology, 
pediatrics, anthropology and neuroscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 
The results could have profound implications for the United States, where low-income students now represent 
the majority of kids in public schools, the study authors said in background information. Fifty-one percent of public 
school students came from low-income families in 2013. 
Previous studies have shown that children living in poverty tend to perform poorly in school, the authors say. 
They have markedly lower test scores, and do not go as far in school as their well-off peers. 
To see whether this is due to some physical effect that poverty might have on a child’s brain, Pollak and his 
colleagues analyzed MRI scans of 389 typically developing kids aged 4 to 22, assessing the amount of gray 
matter in the whole brain as well as the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and hippocampus. “Gray matter contains most 
of the brain’s neuronal cells,” Pollak said. “In other words, other parts of the brain – like white matter – carry 
information from one section of the brain to another. But the gray matter is where seeing and hearing, memory, 
emotions, speech, decision making and self-control occur.” 
Children living below 150 percent of the federal poverty level – US$ 36,375 for a family of four – had 3 percent 
to 4 percent less gray matter in important regions of their brain, compared to the norm, the authors found. Those 
in families living below the federal poverty level fared even worse, with 8 percent to 10 percent less gray matter inthose same brain regions. The federal poverty level in 2015 is US$ 24,250 for a family of four. These same kids 
scored an average of four to seven points lower on standardized tests, the researchers said. 
The team estimated that as much as 20 percent of the gap in test scores could be explained by reduced brain 
development. A host of poverty-related issues likely contribute to developmental lags in children’s brains, Pollak 
said. Low-income kids are less likely to get the type of stimulation from their parents and environment that helps 
the brain grow, he said. For example, they hear fewer new words, and have fewer opportunities to read or play 
games. Their brain development also can be affected by factors related to impoverishment, such as high stress 
levels, poor sleep, crowding and poor nutrition, Pollak said. 
This study serves as a call to action, given what’s already known about the effects of poverty on child 
development, said Dr. Joan Luby, a professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine in 
St. Louis. “The thing that’s really important about this study in the context of the broader literature is that there 
really is enough scientific evidence to take public health action at this point,” said Luby, who wrote an editorial 
accompanying the study. “Poverty negatively affects brain development, and we also know that early 
interventions are powerfully effective,” Luby said. “They are more effective than interventions later in life, and they 
also are cost-effective.” 
(www.nlm.nih.gov. Adaptado.) 
 
 
No trecho do quarto parágrafo “To see whether this is due to some physical effect that poverty might have on a 
child’s brain”, a expressão em destaque introduz uma 
 
a) finalidade. 
b) causa. 
c) condição. 
d) reiteração. 
e) estimativa. 
 
Questão 18 - (UNIFICADO RJ/2016) 
 
What Your Facebook Use Reveals About Your 
Personality: Likes, shares, and comments reveal a lot about who you are. 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
13 
 
 
1
 Every day when Facebook asks, “What’s on your 
2
 mind?” around 400 million people respond with a status 
3
 
message. While some people take the opportunity 
4
 to share about their latest meal, other people post 
5
 photos or 
inspirational messages. Over the past few 
6
 years, researchers have discovered the way people 
7
 choose to 
present themselves on Facebook speaks 
8
 volumes about their personality and self-esteem. 
9
 Examining your behavior on social media could 
10
 give you insight into your own personality, as well 
11
 as 
how others perceive you. You may think you’re 
12
 presenting yourself in a certain light only to discover 
13
 other 
people view your behavior completely different. 
14
 Here are seven things our Facebook interactions 
15
 reveal 
about people: 
16
 1. People with a lot of Facebook friends tend 
17
 to have low self-esteem. A 2012 study published 
18
 in 
Computers in Human Behavior found that people 
19
 with low self-esteem who worried about their public 
20
 
perception had the most Facebook friends. The 
21
 researchers concluded that self-conscious people 
22
 
compensate for low self-esteem by trying to appear 
23
 popular on Facebook. 
24
 2. Extroverts update their status more often 
25
 than introverts. Just like in real life, extroverts 
26
 
socialize more on social media, according to a 2014 
27
 study titled “Personality Traits and Self-Presentation 
28
 at 
Facebook”. The study found that extroverts use 
29
 the like button more often, upload more pictures, and 
30
 update 
their status more frequently than introverts. 
31
 3. Conscientious people organize their photos 
32
 carefully. Conscientious people are self-disciplined 
33
 
hard-workers who spend the least amount of time on 
34
 Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior reports 
35
 that 
when conscientious people do use Facebook, 
36
 they do so in a very organized manner. For example, 
37
 they 
may create neat folders to help share their photos 
38
 with friends and family in a methodical and convenient 
39
 
way. 
40
 4. Open people fill out their personal profiles 
41
 most thoroughly. A 2010 study discovered that 
42
 open 
people – described as artistic, imaginative, and 
43
 creative – use the most features on Facebook and 
44
 are most 
likely to complete the personal information 
45
 sections. They also tend to post more “wall messages” 
46
 when 
communicating with specific friends. 
47
 5. Narcissists make deeper self-disclosures 
48
 that contain self-promotional content. Narcissists 
49
 – 
people with an inflated self-concept and a strong 
50
 sense of uniqueness and superiority – seek attention 
51
 and 
affirmation on Facebook. A 2014 study published 
52
 in Computers in Human Behavior found that 
53
 narcissists 
posted more frequently about themselves 
54
 in an attempt to attract likes and comments that fuel 
55
 their beliefs 
about self-importance. Other studies 
56
 have found that people love selfies and they share 
57
 the ones where they 
think they look most attractive in 
58
 hopes of gaining admiration. 
59
 6. Neurotic people post mostly photos. A 2014 
60
 study found that highly neurotic people – those most 
61
 
prone to stress and anxiety – seek acceptance by 
62
 publishing photos. Since neurotic people struggle with 
63
 
communication and social skills, researchers believe 
64
 they use photos on Facebook as a means to express 
65
 
themselves. Also, photos are less controversial than 
66
 comments – which could lead to a lot of anxiety as 
67
 they 
wait for other people’s responses. 
68
 Neurotic people tend to have the most photos 
69
 per album. Researchers 
believe this stems from their 
70
 desire to present themselves positively. They may use 
71
 photos to try and appear 
happier and to show they are 
72
 able to keep up with their friends. 
73
 7. Agreeable people are tagged in other 
74
 people’s photos most often. A 2012 study titled 
75
 
“Personality and Patters of Facebook Usage” found 
76
 that the higher a person ranks in personality scales 
77
 for 
agreeableness, the more likely that person will be 
78
 tagged in Facebook photos posted by other people. 
79
 Since 
agreeable people tend to behave warm and 
80
 friendly and less competitive, it’s not surprising that 
81
 their friends 
enjoy taking lighthearted pictures with 
82
 them and sharing them on Facebook. 
83
 Although we may think we’re masking our 
84
 insecurities or portraying ourselves in the most 
85
 favorable 
light, our behavior on social media reveals 
86
 more than we might think. It’s not just what we post 
87
 on Facebook 
that reveals information about our 
88
 personalities - it’s also what we don’t post that can 
89
 be quite telling. It’s 
likely that our personality profiles 
90
 will continue to play a major role in how advertisers 
91
 market to us and how 
companies will choose to hire 
92
 people in the future. 
Available at: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/what- 
mentallystrong- people-dont-do/201504/what-your-facebook-use- 
revealsabout- your>. Retrieved on: Apr. 17th, 2015. Adapted. 
 
In the fragment of the text “Although we may think we’re masking our insecurities or portraying ourselves in the 
most favorable light, our behavior on social media reveals more than we might think.” (Refs. 83-86), the word 
although is associated with the logical idea of 
 
a) cause 
b) consequence 
c) emphasis 
d) opposition 
e) additionBlog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
14 
 
Questão 19 - (UERJ/2015) 
The Genre of Autobiography and Autofiction 
 
1
 Derived from three Greek words meaning “self”, “life” and “write”, autobiography is a 
2
 style of writing that has 
been around nearly as long as history has been recorded. Yet, 
3
 autobiography was not classified as a genre 
within itself until the late eighteenth century. 
4
 In his book, Inside out, E. Stuart Bates offers a functional definition of autobiography as “a 
5
 narrative of the past 
of a person by the person concerned”. That definition, however, is too 
6
 broad for some literary critics. Many, such 
as Philippe Lejeune, wish to define the genre more 
7
 narrowly: “(a) retrospective prose narrative produced by a 
real person concerning his own 
8
 existence, focusing on his individual life, in particular on the development of his 
personality”. 
9
 Despite disagreements concerning how inclusive the category of autobiography should 
10
 be, there are 
characteristics that are common to the majority of autobiographical works. 
11
 These features are the grammatical 
perspective of the work, the identity of the self, selfreflection 
12
 and introspection. 
13
 Most autobiographies are written from the first person singular perspective. The author, the 
14
 narrator and the 
protagonist must share a common identity for the work to be considered 
15
 an autobiography. This common 
identity could be similar, but is not identical. The self that 
16
 the author constructs becomes a character within the 
story that may not be a completely 
17
 factual representation of the author’s actual past self. 
18
 In their book The voice within, Roger Porter and H. R. Wolf state that “truth is a highly 
19
 subjective matter, and 
no autobiographer can represent exactly what happened back then, 
20
 any more than a historian can definitively 
describe the real truth of the past”. 
21
 Because the author cannot describe events objectively, even the most accurate 
22
 autobiographies have 
fictional elements. The blurring of fiction and truth characteristic 
23
 of autobiography has even led to the creation 
of a subdivision within the genre of 
24
 autobiography that deals with fictionalized self-accounts. For this style of 
writing that 
25
 blends characteristics of both fiction and autobiography, Serge Doubrovsky coined the 
26
 literary 
term “autofiction”. 
27
 The difference between traditional autobiography and the genre of autofiction is that 
28
 autobiographers are 
attempting to depict their real life, while writers of autofiction are 
29
 only basing their work upon real experiences. 
Writers of autofiction are not expected to be 
30
 as historically accurate as possible as autobiographers are. 
According to Alex Hughes, 
31
 authors of autofiction are saying “this is me and this is not me”. This sums up 
autofiction. 
32
 Autofiction draws from the life of the writer with the addition of fictional elements to 
33
 make the 
work more than just a life story. 
34
 Autobiography is a popular genre. Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an 
35
 audience. People are 
interested in the actual lives of others and want to know about 
36
 others’ pasts and feelings and desires. 
Autobiography is a way to organize the story of a 
37
 life and reflect on the past in order to better understand the 
present. 
hubpages.com 
 
 
Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an audience. People are interested in the actual lives of 
others (Refs. 34-35) 
The semantic relationship between the two sentences above can be made explicit by the additon of following 
connective: 
 
a) unless 
b) because 
c) however 
d) as though 
 
Questão 20 - (UNESP SP/2015) Pediatric group advises parents to read to kids 
 
June 26, 2014 
By Amy Graff 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
15 
 
 
Reading Go Dog Go to your 6 month old might seem like wasted time because she’s more likely to eat the 
book than help you turn the pages, but a statement released by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) this 
week says reading in the early years is essential. Reading out loud gets parents talking to their babies and the 
sound of an adult’s voice stimulates that tiny yet rapidly growing brain. In the statement, the academy advises 
pediatricians to tell parents to read books to their children from birth. 
Reading regularly with young children stimulates optimal patterns of brain development and strengthens 
parent-child relationships at a critical time in child development, which, in turn, builds language, literacy, and 
social-emotional skills that last a lifetime. Research shows that a child’s brain develops faster between 0 and 3 
than at any other time in life, making the early years a critical time for babies to hear rich oral language. The more 
words children hear directed at them by parents and caregivers, the more they learn. 
While many babies are read Goodnight Moon and The Very Hungry Caterpillar every night before bed, others 
never get a chance to “pat the bunny.” Studies reveal that children from low-income, less-educated families have 
significantly fewer books than their more affluent peers. By age 4, children in poverty hear 30 million fewer words 
than those in higher-income households. These dramatic gaps result in significant learning disadvantages that 
persist into adulthood. The AAP hopes the new guidelines will encourage all parents to start reading from day 
one. 
Research shows that when pediatricians talk with parents about reading, moms and dads are more likely to fill 
their home with books and read. Also, to help get more parents reading, the AAP is partnering with organizations 
such as Scholastic and Too Small to Fail to help get reading materials to new families who need books the most. 
This is the first time the AAP has made a recommendation on children’s literary education and it seems the 
timing might be just right as more and more parents are leaning on screens and electronic gadget to occupy their 
babies. “The reality of today’s world is that we’re competing with portable digital media,” Dr. Alanna Levine, a 
pediatrician in Orangeburg, N.Y., told The New York Times. “So you really want to arm parents with tools and 
rationale behind it about why it’s important to stick to the basics of things like books.” 
(http://blog.seattlepi.com. Adaptado.) 
 
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “that tiny yet rapidly growing brain”, o termo em destaque indica 
 
a) contraste. 
b) tempo. 
c) explicação. 
d) condição. 
e) resultado. 
 
Questão 21 - (UNISC RS/2015) 
 
Is there really such a thing as a ‘morning person’? 
 
1 
Benjamin Franklin once said, “Early to bed 
2 
and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and 
3
 
wise.”_________ in Franklin’s time most people 
4
 ________ in an unconsolidated fashion: They 
5
 went to “first 
sleep” shortly after the sun went 
6
 down, and woke four or five hours later for a few 
7
 hours of activity before 
returning to “second 
8
 sleep.” 
 9
 Industrialization and electric lighting put the 
10
 unconsolidated sleep pattern to rest, so to speak, 
11
 and today 
most adults are expected to work from 
12
 mid-morning to mid-evening and, if they’re very 
13
 lucky, sleep a solid 
eight hours from night to 
14
 morning. This is easier for some than others. 
15
 Mounting research suggests that differences in 
16
 lifestyle, personality, brain functioning, and even 
17
 brain 
physicality define two distinct chronotypes 
18
 (a person’s characteristic sleep pattern),which 
19
 could roughly be 
defined as “night owls” and 
20
 “morning larks.” Morning larks, those who 
21
 naturally wake up early and are 
energized in the 
22
 pre-lunch hours, are more suited to the typical 
23
 work schedule, while the propensities of night 
24
 owls put them at odds with it, leading them to 
25
 suffer from chronic social jetlag. 
6
 Only an estimated 10 percent of the global 
27
 population are morning larks, and roughly twenty 
28
 percent 
are night owls, with the rest of us falling 
29
 somewhere in between. Night owls are more 
30
 prone to depression 
and are more likely to smoke 
31
 and drink, and while they’re potentially smarter, 
32
 their academic abilities fall 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
16 
 
short of early birds 
33
 (possibly because they were half-asleep for most 
34
 of school). It gets worse: A study 
published in 2013 
35
 found that night owls are more likely to have a 
36
 cluster of personality traits known as the 
“Dark 
37
 Triad” — narcissism, Machiavellianism, and 
38
 psychopathy. Morning larks, conversely, have 
39
 been 
found to be more moral. 
40
 One’s circadian rhythm does change over time 
41
 — babies are often up at dawn, while teenagers are 
42
 
zombie-esque until the afternoon — and there are 
43
 certain things you can do to adjust your natural 
44
 rhythms, 
such as avoiding light in the hours before 
45
 bed, seeking light upon waking, and regimenting 
46
 sleep and wake 
time. But there’s a great deal of 
47
 evidence that our essential propensity for larkness 
48
 or owlishness is rooted in 
genetics. Genetic 
49
 variation can affect a person’s sleep and wake 
50
 cycle by up to an hour, and, gruesomely, 
can help 
51
 predict what time of a day a person will die. 
52
 One thing both groups (and those of us in 
53
 between) have in common: We probably aren’t 
54
 getting 
enough sleep. A December, 2013 Gallup 
55
 poll found that Americans average less than seven 
56
 hours of sleep a 
night — more than an hour less than 
57
 Americans slept per night in 1942. From 2006 to 
58
 2011, the market for 
over-the-counter sleep aids 
59
 grew 31 percent. 
Adapted from: World Science Festival | September 11, 2014 http:// 
theweek.com/article/index/267811/is-there-really-such-a-thingas- a-morning-person. 
Choose the alternative which best fills in the blanks of the sentence in references 3 and 4 of the text. 
 
a) Nevertheless – didn’t sleep 
b) That’s why – would sleep 
c) However – slept 
d) Then – couldn’t sleep 
e) While – sleep 
 
Questão 22 - (UEPA/2015) 
The Amazon Rural Economy and the Social Way Cooperative 
NASCIMENTO, Celso , TORRES, Iraildes & NETO, Diogo 
 
(…) Our survey happened in rural Village called Nossa Senhora Aparecida, in the District of Coari, highlights 
the work of cooperative Community Association of Rural Producers of Community Nossa Senhora Aparecida, 
which is called for the popular name of Aproducida. In an interview with one of the leaders of the community we 
were told that "the cooperative was founded in 1999 because we realized that we were (…) behind with the sale 
of our products to a Japanese. We sold to him at a price well below and he resold with goodwill" (Lucivânia, 35 
years, interview/ 2013). (…) 
The formation of the community Nossa Senhora Aparecida dates back to the late 1970s, when a group of 
people who have ties of kinship was moved from the rural area of the municipality of Manacapuru, in the State of 
Amazonas, in the rural area of the municipality of Coari, where it was built new relationships with the place, 
founding the new community. 
(…) 
About the reasons that drove the creation of the cooperative in the community Nossa Senhora Aparecida, the 
Aproducida’s Executive Officer revealed "it’s for the residents have a financial life better with a participative 
management. It’s also a way of organizing the community itself" (Damian Mota, interview/ 2013). Another subject 
of the research says that solved to organize themselves into a cooperative "for our community be strong, 
strengthen collectively in order to claim more" (Lucio Barbosa, 61 years, interview/ 2013). Organize the 
community through cooperativism implies adoption of principles, objectives, methods and methodology, referring 
to the construction of a new organizational culture. (…) 
In the case of cooperative, the principles of democracy and solidarity are central in the organizational venture 
level. In cooperativism popular workers are directly involved in the management of business. (…) Singer (2002, p. 
9), however, pays attention to the fact that "the solidarity in the Social Economy can only be carried out if it’s also 
organized by that associate themselves to produce, to sell, to consume or to save. The key to this proposal is the 
association between equal instead of contract between unequal". The Social Economy affects the life of the 
community and with the organizational structure of families. When we questioned about the interference of the 
cooperative community, Lucivanea Barbosa (35 years) said that "changed the way of life. All are earning money" 
(interview/ 2013). Another interviewee said that "gave a turning point in our lives, we have a better financial life 
(…) more appropriate. Everyone has made improvements in their homes, has their engines, all have 
canoes"(Francinete Mota, interview/ 2013).(…) 
Fonte: Adapted from Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 5. July, 2014. In: 
http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/3129/3085. Acessado em 23/08/2014. 
 
Na frase "for our community be strong, strengthen collectively in order to claim more”…, a expressão destacada “in 
order to” indica a ideia de: 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
17 
 
a) adversidade 
b) alternância 
c) explicação 
d) negação 
e) finalidade 
 
TEXTO: 20 - Comum à questão: 23 
 
Fidel Loses the Race to the Grave 
 
It’s fitting that the thaw was brokered by a president who wasn’t alive when Castro came to power. 
 
 
Fidel Castro delivering a speech in Havana on May 14, 2004 
 
The world now has the answer to a question as old as the New World Order: Which would die first? Fidel 
Castro? Or the chokehold his angry critics maintained on U.S. foreign policy since El Comandante came to power 
in Cuba 55 years ago? It was entirely fitting that the answer was delivered by an American president whose own 
age is 53. As he noted in his historic address from the White House, Barak Obama was born two years after 
Castro’s Communist guerrillas swept into Havana. Like the children and grandchildren of the Cubans who fled to 
Miami after the Communists arrived, the events Obama actually lived through were the ones that steadily 
reduced the island from a marquee venue of the Cold War — the thrust stage from which, in the 1962 Cuban 
Missile Crisis, Armageddon was nearly launched — to whatever the place qualifies as today: basically a scenic 
relic of Marxism, with beaches and cigars. 
Other stout lobbies remain as present as their animating issue: The NRA likely will be around as long as gun 
owners are, and the Israel lobby as long as the state. But the U.S. government’s determined, and solitary 
isolation of Cuba was, as Obama alluded, a victim of generational change. The collapse of the Soviet Union, so 
thrillingly dramatic, was followed by the more gradual senescence of those who had invested most in opposing 
its most famous client state. 
Time waits for no man, not even Fidel. The regime that Fidel once made a model of resistance to U.S. 
dominance is now run by his 83-year-oldkid brother. It was Raul Castro who spoke from Havana at the same 
moment Obama made his historic address, the two speeches pre-arranged by the leaders’ staffs to begin at the 
same hour, signaling both sides’ commitment to a new era of cooperation. 
But the Cuban side appeared to be locked in that other era: Raul Castro was seated between dark paneling 
and a massive desk. The framed snapshots at his elbows were in black and white — the kind of vintage 
photographs that adorn the Hotel Nacional at the edge of the magnificent ruin that is Havana’s Old City. The 
glossies in the hotel are there for the tourists, images of the like of Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack making 
themselves at home in a version of Havana glamour familiar to Americans who — forbidden by the travel 
restrictions Obama says will be pushed away — last saw the city in The Godfather Part II, or any other movie set 
in Cuba before Castro took over. 
The reality just outside the hotel’s doors is far more compelling, from the ardent struggles of human rights 
activists and artists, to the joyously sensual quality of street life in what may well be the sexiest capital city in the 
world. Americans who dared to visit — it wasn’t hard, routing through Canada or Cancun — returned with 
enthusiastic reports of a poor but intensely vibrant society. Its economy may be a shambles now, but the island’s 
physical features alone, including 2,300 miles of Caribbean coastline not an hour from the U.S., all but assure 
development, especially by American retirees. Which would be fitting as well, since they would be old enough to 
appreciate just how time can change things. 
(adapted from www.time.com, December 17th 2014) 
 
Questão 23 - (ESPM SP/2015) 
 
The underline word but in the sentence: “(…) the island’s physical features alone, including 2,300 miles of 
Caribbean coastline not an hour from the U.S., all but assure development, especially by American retirees.” can 
be replaced by which of the following word without changing its meaning? 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
18 
 
 
a) only 
b) however 
c) except 
d) because 
e) hence 
 
Texto comum às questões: 24, 25 
 
Text 1 
Luis Suárez joins anti-racism calls after Dani Alves banana incident 
 
The Barcelona defender Dani Alves has sparked a social media campaign against racism in football as 
support flooded in from fellow professionals for his decision to eat a banana thrown at him by an opposition fan. 
Luis Suárez, Neymar, Hulk, Mario Balotelli and Sergio Agüero were among those who posted pictures of 
themselves taking bites out of bananas in tribute to Alves' actions in his side's La Liga match at Villarreal on 
Sunday. 
The Fifa president Joseph Blatter has branded the abuse directed at Alves an "outrage" and promised zero 
tolerance towards discrimination at the World Cup, while Villarreal took swift action by identifying the culprit and 
handing him a lifetime stadium ban. 
Alves' response to the banana being thrown on to the pitch in front of him as he prepared to take a corner was 
to nonchalantly pick it up, peel it and take a bite before continuing with the game. The 30-yearold, who has been 
the victim of racist abuse before during his time in La Liga, said: "You need to take these situations with a dose of 
humour." 
Players across Europe paid homage on Twitter and Instagram, including Suárez, who served an eight-match 
ban for racially abusing Patrice Evra. 
Alves's Barça and Brazil team-mate Neymar led the way after posting a picture on Instagram of himself 
holding a banana, while writing "We are all monkeys". Balotelli, Milan's former Manchester City striker, posted a 
picture of himself in a similar pose. 
Suárez posted a picture on Twitter of himself and Liverpool team-mate Philippe Coutinho taking bites out of 
bananas, along with the words: "#SayNoToRacism #WeAreAllMonkeys." 
(...) 
Barça gave their player their "complete support and solidarity" and thanked Villarreal for their "immediate 
condemnation" of the incident. Villarreal later revealed they had, with the help of fans, found out who the culprit 
was, had withdrawn his season ticket and banned him from the El Madrigal stadium for life. 
Disponível em: <http://www.theguardian.com/football 
/2014/apr/29/luis-suarez-anti-racism-dani-alvesbanana>. Acesso em 29 abr.2014 (texto adaptado) 
 
Text 2 
What’s in a name? 
Henry Louis Gates Jr. (1989) 
 
The question of color takes up much space in these pages, but the question of color, especially in this country, 
operates to hide the graver questions of the self. 
- James Baldwin, 1961 
 
blood, darky, Tar baby, Kaffir, shine… moor, blackamoor, Jim Crow, spook… quadroon, meriney, red bone, 
high yellow… Mammy, porch monkey, home, homeboy, George… spearchucker, Leroy, Smokey…mouli, buck, 
Ethiopian, brother, sistah… 
- Trey Ellis, 1989 
 
I had forgotten the incident completely, until I read Trey Elli’s essay, “Remember My Name,” in a recent issue 
of the Village Voice (June 13, 1989). But there, in the middle of an extended italicized list of the bynames of “the 
race” (“the race” or “our people” being the terms my parents used in polite or reverential discourse, “jigaboo” or 
“nigger” more commonly used in anger, jest, or pure disgust), it was: “George”. Now the events of that very brief 
exchange return to my mind so vividly that I wonder why I had forgotten it. 
My father and I were walking home at dusk from his second job. He “moonlighted” as a janitor in the evenings 
for the telephone company. Every day, but Saturday, he would come home at 3:30 from his regular job at the 
paper Mill, wash up, eat supper, then at 4:30 head downtown to his second job. He used to make jokes frequently 
about a union official who moonlighted. I never got the joke, but he and his friends thought it was hilarious. All I 
knew was that my family always ate well, that my brother and I had new clothes to wear, and that all of the white 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
19 
 
people in Piedmont, West Virginia, treated my parents with an odd mixture of resentment and respect that even 
we understood at the time had something directly to do with a small but certain measure of financial security. 
He had left a little early that evening because I was with him and I had to be in bed early. I could not have 
been more than five or six, and we had stopped off at the Cut-Rate Drug Store (where no black person in town 
but my father could sit down to eat, and eat off real plates with real silverware) so that I could buy some caramel 
ice cream, two scoops in a wafer cone, please, which I was busy licking when Mr. Wilson walked by. 
Mr. Wilson was a very quiet man, whose stony, brooding, silent manner seemed designed to scare off any 
overtures of friendship, even from white people. He was Irish as was one-third of our village (another third being 
Italian), the more affluent among whom sent their children to “Catholic School” across the bridge in Maryland. He 
had white straight hair, like my Uncle Joe, whom he uncannily resembled, and he carried a black worn metal 
lunch pail, the kind that Riley carried on the television show. My father always spoke to him, and for reasons that 
we never did understand, he always spoke to my father. 
“Hello, Mr. Wilson,” I heard my father say. 
“Hello, George.” 
I stopped licking my ice cream cone, and asked my Dad in a loud voice why Mr. Wilson had called him “George.” 
“Doesn’t he know your name, Daddy? Why don’t you tell him your name? Your name isn’t George.” 
For a moment I tried to think of who Mr. Wilson was mixing Pop up with. But we didn’t have any Georges 
among the colored people in Piedmont; nor were there colored Georges living in the neighboring towns andworking at the Mill. 
“Tell him your name, Daddy.” 
“He knows my name, boy,” my father said after a long pause. “He calls all colored people George.” 
A long silence ensued. It was “one of those things”, as my Mom would put it. Even then, that early, I knew 
when I was in the presence of “one of those things”, one of those things that provided a glimpse, through a rent 
curtain, at another world that we could not affect but that affected us. There would be a painful moment of 
silence, and you would wait for it to give way to a discussion of a black superstar such as Sugar Ray or Jackie 
Robinson. 
“Nobody hits better in a clutch than Jackie Robinson.” 
“That’s right. Nobody.” 
I never again looked Mr. Wilson in the eye. 
 
Questão 24 - (IME RJ/2015) 
 
_______________ the legislation promising them a fair share of opportunity, Dalits (lower caste) Hindus continue 
to form among the poorest sections of indian society. 
 
a) Even though 
b) Nevertheless 
c) Since 
d) Despite 
e) While 
 
Questão 25 - (IME RJ/2015) 
 
There are many forms of prejudice and oppression, __________ based on race, but on gender, class, sexual 
orientation, etc. 
 
a) as well as 
b) not just 
c) in addition to 
d) simply 
e) on the contrary 
 
Questão 26 - (ITA SP/2015) Considere a tirinha a seguir: 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
20 
 
 
Fonte: http://www.pleated-jeans.com/2011/12/27/the-60- 
funniest-web-comics-of-2011/ Acesso em 25 de julho de 2014. 
 
 
Marque a opção que pode substituir “due to” sem alterar o sentido do período. 
 
a) by means of 
b) in case of 
c) in spite of 
d) instead of 
e) because of 
 
Questão 27 - (PUC RS/2015) 
01
 If you think the food airline companies serve up is bland 
02
 or unappetising, it’s not necessarily their fault. 
Essentially, 
03
 you leave your normal sense of taste behind at the airport 
04
 departure gate. Get on board a plane 
and cruise to a level 
05
 of thousands of feet, and the flavour of everything from 
06
 a pasta dish to a mouthful of 
wine becomes manipulated 
07
 in a whole host of ways that we are only beginning to 
08
 understand. 
 
09
 Taste buds and sense of smell are the first things to go at 
10
 30,000 feet, says Russ Brown, director of In-flight 
Dining 
11
 & Retail at American Airlines. “Flavour is a combination 
12
 of both, and our perception of saltiness and 
sweetness 
13
 drop when inside a pressurised cabin.” 
 
14
 Everything that makes up the in-flight experience affects 
15
 how your food tastes. There are several reasons for 
this: 
16
 lack of humidity, lower air pressure, and the background 
17
 noise. The combination of dryness and low 
pressure 
18
 reduces the sensitivity of your taste buds to sweet and 
19
 salty foods by around 30%, according to a 
2010 study. 
20
 Interestingly, the study found that we take leave of our 
21
 sweet and salty senses only. Sour, bitter 
and spicy 
22
 flavours are almost unaffected. 
 
23
 But it’s not just about our taste buds. Up to 80% of what 
24
 people think is taste, is in fact smell. We need 
evaporating 
25
 nasal mucus to smell, but in the parched cabin air our 
26
 odour receptors do not work properly, and 
the effect is 
27
 that this makes food taste twice as bland. 
 
28
 So airlines have to give in-flight food an extra kick, by 
29
 salting and spicing it much more than a restaurant on 
the 
30
 ground ever would. “Proper seasoning is key to ensure 
31
 food tastes good in the air,” says Brown at 
American 
32
 Airlines. “Often, recipes are modified with additional salt 
33
 or seasoning to account for the cabin 
dining atmosphere.” 
By Katia Moskvitch http://www.bbc.com/future/ 
story/20150112-why-in-flight-foodtastes- weird (adapted) 
 
 
The word “So” (Ref. 28) can be substituted, without a change in the meaning, by 
 
a) yet. 
b) hence. 
c) although. 
d) otherwise. 
e) furthermore. 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
21 
 
Questão 28 - (PUC MG/2015) 
 
Read the following passage and choose the option which best completes each question, according to the 
text: 
 
GENETICALLY SPEAKING, FRIENDS RESEMBLE FRIENDS 
 
When we make friends, it can help to have something in common. Anyone who has ever started conversation 
with a stranger knows this. But a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 
finds that commonality among friends goes far deeper: friends resemble each other genetically. In fact, the 
genetic similarity was enough to create a rubric from which researchers can predict, based on genes, who in a 
group will be friends at about the same level of confidence that scientists currently have for predicting a person's 
chances of obesity or schizophrenia. 
Friends have about the same amount of genes in common as fourth cousins, or people who have the same 
great-great-great grandparents, which amounts to about 1 percent of genes, according to the study. "One percent 
may not sound like much, but to geneticists it is a significant number," Nicholas Christakis, professor of medicine 
at Yale, and a lead author on the study, said in a press release: “Most people don't even know who their fourth 
cousins are! Yet we are somehow, among many possibilities, selecting as friends the people who resemble our 
relatives." 
The researchers pulled data from 1,932 individuals—most of whom were of European descent—controlled for 
already well-established factors like people's tendency to befriend those of similar ethnic backgrounds. The study 
compared pairs of unrelated friends against pairs of unrelated strangers. According to James Fowler, professor of 
medical genetics at U.C. San Diego and a lead author on the study, "We have more DNA in common with the 
people we pick as friends than we do with strangers in the same population". 
(http://www.newsweek.com. Acesso: 18/07/2014. Adaptado.) 
 
 
The word yet in “Yet we are somehow, among many possibilities, managing to select as friends the people who 
resemble our relatives" conveys an idea of 
 
a) conclusion. 
b) addition. 
c) contrast. 
d) cause. 
 
Questão 29 - (UEFS BA/2015) 
 Nowhere to hide 
How retailers can find — and up-sell — you in the aisles 
 
1
 Thanks to GPS, the apps on your phone have long 
2
 been able to determine your general location. But what 
3
 if they could do so with enough precision that a 
4
 supermarket, say, could tempt you with digital coupons 
5
 
depending on whether you were hovering near the white 
6
 bread or bagels? 
7
 It may sound far-fetched, but there’s a good chance 
8
 the technology is already built into your iPhone or 
Android 
9
 device. All it takes for retailers to tap into it are small, 
10
 inexpensive transmitters called beacons. Here’s 
how it 
11
 works: using Bluetooth technology, handsets can 
12
 pinpoint their position to within as little as 2 cm by 
receiving 
13
 signals from the beacons stores install. Apple’s version 
14
 of the concept is called iBeacon; it’s in use 
at its own 
15
 stores and is being tested by Macy’s, American Eagle, 
16
 Safeway, the National Football League and 
Major League 
17
 Baseball. 
18
 Companies can then use your location to pelt you 
19
 with special offers or simply monitor your movements. 
20
 But just as with GPS, they won’t see you unless you’ve 
21
 installed their apps and granted them access. By 
melding 
22
 your physical position with facts they’ve already collected 
23
 about you from rewards programs, brick-
and-mortar 
24
 businesses can finallyget the potentially profitable insight 
25
 into your shopping habits that online 
merchants now take 
26
 for granted. 
27
 The possibilities go beyond coupons. PayPal is 
28
 readying a beacon that will let consumers pay for goods 
29
 without swiping a card or removing a phone from their 
30
 pocket. Dough Thompson of industry site Beek.net 
31
 
predicts the technology will become an everyday reality 
32
 by year’s end. But don’t look for stores or venues to 
call 
33
 attention to the devices. “People won’t know theses 
34
 beacons are there,” he says. “They’ll just know their 
app 
35
 has suddenly become smarter.” 
 
Four Ways Beacons Could Change Shopping and Leisure 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
22 
 
1. LINE HINTS AT BALLPARKS OR STADIUMS When you step away to buy a hot dog, an app directs you to 
the closest concession stand with the shortest line. 
2. INSTANT COUPONS IN DEPARTMENT STORES Linger in the jewelry department without buying anything 
and a coupon will pop up on your phone. 
3. MORE CONTEXT AT MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES An app tells you historical information about each piece 
of art as you walk through the room. 
4. REMINDERS AT GROCERY STORES An app reminds you of each item on your list when you’re in the right 
aisle to pick it up. 
 
MCCRACKEN, Harry. Time, Mar 31, 2014, p.12. 
 
“brick-and-mortar businesses” (Refs. 23-24): traditional businesses that do not operate on the Internet. 
 
The conjunction in bold expresses what is stated on the right in alternative 
 
a) “whether you were hovering near the white bread or bagels?” (Refs. 5-6) — addition. 
b) “how it works” (Refs. 10-11) – cause. 
c) “unless you’ve installed their apps” (Refs. 20-21) —– condition. 
d) “By melding your physical position with facts” (Refs. 21-22) — concession. 
e) “But don’t look for stores” (Ref. 32) — choice. 
 
Texto comum às questões: 30, 31 
 
01
 Orientalism means several interdependent 
02
 things. The most readily accepted designation 
03
 for 
Orientalism is an academic one. Anyone 
04
 who teaches, writes about, or researches the 
05
 Orient, either in its 
specific or its general 
06
 aspects, is an Orientalist, and what he or she 
07
 does is Orientalism. 
08
 Related to this academic tradition is a 
09
 more general meaning for Orientalism as a 
10
 style of thought 
based ........ a distinction 
11
 made between ‘the Orient’ and ‘the Occident.’ 
12
 Thus a very large mass of writers 
and thinkers 
13
 have accepted the basic distinction between 
14
 East and West as the starting point for 
15
 elaborate 
theories, epics, novels, social 
16
 descriptions, and political accounts concerning 
17
 the Orient, its people, customs, 
‘mind,’ 
18
 destiny, and so on. 
19
 The interchange between the academic 
20
 and the more or less imaginative meanings of 
21
 Orientalism is a 
constant one, and since the 
22
 late 18th century there has been a 
23
 considerable traffic between the two. Here I 
24
 
come to the third meaning of Orientalism, 
25
 which is something more historically and 
26
 materially defined than 
either of the other 
27
 two. Orientalism can be discussed and 
28
 analyzed as the corporate institution for 
29
 dealing 
with the Orient—dealing with it by 
30
 making statements about it, authorizing views 
31
 of it, describing it, by 
teaching it, settling it: in 
32
 short, Orientalism as a Western discourse for 
33
 dominating, restructuring, and having 
34
 authority ........ the Orient. 
35
 The Orient is not an inert fact of nature. It 
36
 is not merely there, just as the Occident itself 
37
 is not just there 
either. As both geographical 
38
 and cultural entities such regions as ‘Orient’ 
39
 and ‘Occident’ are man-made. 
Therefore as 
40
 much as the West itself, the Orient is an idea 
41
 that has a history and a tradition of thought, 
43
 
imagery, and vocabulary that have given it 
44
 reality and presence in and for the West. The 
45
 two geographical 
entities thus support and to 
46
 an extent reflect each other. It would be 
47
 wrong to conclude that the Orient is 
48
 
essentially an idea, or a creation with no 
49
 corresponding reality. There are cultures and 
50
 nations whose 
location is in the East, and 
51
 their lives, histories, and customs have a 
52
 brute reality obviously greater than 
anything 
53
 that could be said about them in the West. 
54
 But the phenomenon of Orientalism as 
55
 studied here 
deals principally, not with a 
56
 correspondence between Orientalism and 
57
 Orient, but with the internal 
consistency of 
59
 Orientalism and its ideas about the Orient 
60
 ........ or beyond any correspondence, or lack 
61
 
thereof, with a ‘real’ Orient. 
Adaptado de: SAID, Edward. Orientalism. In: Ashcroft, 
Bill et al. (ed.) The Postcolonial Studies Reader . London/ New York: Routledge, 1995. p. 87-91. 
 
Questão 30 - (UFRGS/2015) 
 
Assinale a alternativa que preenche, correta e respectivamente, as lacunas das referências 10, 34 e 58. 
 
a) in – on – in spite of 
b) on – in – although 
c) within – on top of – regardless 
d) upon – over – despite 
e) for – above – within 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
23 
 
Questão 31 - (UFRGS/2015) 
 
Assinale a alternativa que poderia substituir a palavra Thus (Ref. 12), sem prejuízo do sentido literal e da 
correção gramatical. 
 
a) However 
b) Though 
c) In addition 
d) Therefore 
e) Eventually 
 
Questão 32 - (UEFS BA/2015) 
Fooling with Mother Nature 
 
 
Here comes the sun: How best to deal with climate change. 
 
1
 The shock of superstorm Sandy last year got a lot 
2
 of people wondering about better ways to deal with the 
3
 
weather — perhaps even how to change it. John Latham, 
4
 a climate scientist based in Colorado, has been 
5
 
proposing ways to do that for more than two decades. 
6
 His studies show that it should be possible to spray fine 
7
 
particles of sea water into clouds, increasing their ability 
8
 to reflect sunlight and thus reduce temperatures below. 
9
 Latham argues that global warming is leading to 
10
 “irreversible and possibly catastrophic consequences” 
11
 and 
that the major polluting countries appear unwilling 
12
 to take dramatic action. 
13
 But Latham claims his cloud-seeding techniques 
14
 would help to hold Earth’s temperature constant “until a 
15
 clean form of energy is developed to take over from oil, 
16
 gas, and coal.” He says, quite optimistically, that they 
17
 could keep the planet’s temperature stable for “perhaps 
18
 50 years.” If true, that would be a welcome breather 
from 
19
 impending doom. But what’s missing is money to fund 
20
 large-scale experiments — and perhaps for a 
reason. 
21
 One thing we should know by now about our climate is 
22
 that when you fix one problem, you may 
create another. 
DICKEY, Christopher . BIG THINK: 
Around the world in six ideas. Newsweek, March 25, 2013, p. 9. 
 
 
Considering language use in the text, it’s correct to say: 
 
a) The adjective “better” (Ref. 2) is in the superlative degree. 
b) The verb form “show” (Ref. 6) describes a future action. 
c) The word “thus” (Ref. 8) expresses manner. 
d) The word “that” (Ref. 9) is functioning as a relative pronoun. 
e) The modal “may” (Ref. 22) expresses certainty. 
 
Questão 33 - (UNESP SP/2015) 
Oxfam study finds richest 1% is likely to control half of global wealth by 2016By Patricia Cohen 
January 19, 2015 
 
 
The world’s business elite will meet this week at the annual World 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
24 
 
Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. 
Credit Jean-Christophe Bott/European Pressphoto Agency 
 
The richest 1 percent is likely to control more than half of the globe’s total wealth by next year, the anti-poverty 
charity Oxfam reported in a study released on Monday. The warning about deepening global inequality comes 
just as the world’s business elite prepare to meet this week at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, 
Switzerland. 
The 80 wealthiest people in the world altogether own $1.9 trillion, the report found, nearly the same amount 
shared by the 3.5 billion people who occupy the bottom half of the world’s income scale. (Last year, it took 85 
billionaires to equal that figure.) And the richest 1 percent of the population controls nearly half of the world’s total 
wealth, a share that is also increasing. 
The type of inequality that currently characterizes the world’s economies is unlike anything seen in recent 
years, the report explained. “Between 2002 and 2010 the total wealth of the poorest half of the world in current 
U.S. dollars had been increasing more or less at the same rate as that of billionaires,” it said. “However since 
2010, it has been decreasing over that time.” 
Winnie Byanyima, the charity’s executive director, noted in a statement that more than a billion people lived on 
less than $1.25 a day. “Do we really want to live in a world where the 1 percent own more than the rest of us 
combined?” Ms. Byanyima said. “The scale of global inequality is quite simply staggering.” 
Investors with interests in finance, insurance and health saw the biggest windfalls, Oxfam said. Using data 
from Forbes magazine’s list of billionaires, it said those listed as having interests in the pharmaceutical and health 
care industries saw their net worth jump by 47 percent. The charity credited those individuals’ rapidly growing 
fortunes in part to multimillion-dollar lobbying campaigns to protect and enhance their interests. 
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) 
 
 
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “However since 2010, it has been decreasing over that time.”, o termo “however” 
pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por 
 
a) meanwhile. 
b) like. 
c) then. 
d) but. 
e) so. 
 
Questão 34 - (UNIFESP SP/2015) 
 
Healthy choices 
 
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where 
we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do? 
 
By Telegraph View 
22 Aug 2014 
 
 
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from 
smaller plates. Photo: Alamy 
 
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading. 
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons 
will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s 
research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer 
from the condition. 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
25 
 
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10 
per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could 
be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community. 
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in 
a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do. 
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation 
and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be 
encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller 
plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all 
good ideas, this is rooted in common sense. 
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.) 
 
 
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the 
community”, a expressão “not only … but also” indica uma ideia de 
 
a) negação. 
b) comparação. 
c) alternativa. 
d) inclusão. 
e) contraste. 
 
 
Questão 35 - (ESPM SP/2014) 
 
 Emerging economies 
The Great Deceleration 
The emerging-market slowdown is not 
the beginning of a bust. But it is a turning-point 
for the world economy 
 
 
WHEN a champion sprinter falls short of his best speeds, it takes a while to determine whether he is temporarily 
on poor form or has permanently lost his edge. The same is true with emerging markets, the world economy’s 
21st-century sprinters. After a decade of surging growth, in which they led a global boom and then helped pull the 
world economy forwards in the face of the financial crisis, the emerging giants have slowed sharply. 
 
China will be lucky if it manages to hit its official target of 7.5% growth in 2013, a far cry from the double-digit 
rates that the country had come to expect in the 2000s. Growth in India (around 5%), Brazil and Russia (around 
2.5%) is barely half what it was at the height of the boom. Collectively, emerging markets may (just) match last 
year’s pace of 5%. That sounds fast compared with the sluggish rich world, but it is the slowest emerging-
economy expansion in a decade, barring 2009 when the rich world slumped. 
 
This marks the end of the dramatic first phase of the emerging-market era, which saw such economies jump from 
38% of world output to 50% (measured at purchasing-power parity, or PPP) over the past decade. Over the next 
ten years emerging economies will still rise, but more gradually. The immediate effect of this deceleration should 
be manageable. But the longer-term impact on the world economy will be profound. 
 
Running out of puff 
 
In the past, periods of emerging-market boom have tended to be followed by busts (which helps explain why so 
few poor countries have become rich ones). A determined pessimist can find reasons to fret today, pointing in 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
26 
 
particular to the risks of an even more drastic deceleration in China or of a sudden global monetary tightening. 
But this time a broad emerging-market bust looks unlikely. 
 
China is in the midst of a precarious shift from investment-led growth to a more balanced, consumption-based 
model. Its investment surge has prompted plenty of bad debt. But the central government has the fiscal strength 
both to absorb losses and to stimulate the economy if necessary. That is a luxury few emerging economies have 
ever had. It makes disaster much less likely. And with rich-world economies still feeble, there is little chance that 
monetary conditions will suddenly tighten. Even if they did, most emerging economies have better defences than 
ever before, with flexible exchange rates, large stashes of foreign-exchange reserves and relatively less debt 
(much of it in domestic currency). 
 
That’s the good news. The bad news is that the days of record-breaking speed are over. China’s turbocharged 
investment and export model has run out of puff. Because its population is ageing fast, the country will have 
fewer workers, and because it is more prosperous, it has less room for catch-up growth. Ten years ago China’s 
per person GDP measured at PPP was 8% of America’s;now it is 18%. China will keep on catching up, but at a 
slower clip. 
 
That will hold back other emerging giants. Russia’s burst of speed was propelled by a surge in energy prices 
driven by Chinese growth. Brazil sprinted ahead with the help of a boom in commodities and domestic credit; its 
current combination of stubborn inflation and slow growth shows that its underlying economic speed limit is a lot 
lower than most people thought. The same is true of India, where near-double-digit annual rises in GDP led 
politicians, and many investors, to confuse the potential for rapid catch-up (a young, poor population) with its 
inevitability. India’s growth rate could be pushed up again, but not without radical reforms—and almost certainly 
not to the peak pace of the 2000s. 
Jul 27th 2013/www.economist.com 
 
The underlined word but in the excerpt of the third paragraph of the text: “The immediate effect of this 
deceleration should be manageable. But the longer-term impact on the world economy will be profound.”, could 
be rewritten, without changing its meaning, as 
 
a) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable, whereas the longer-term impact on the 
world economy will be profound. 
b) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable therefore the longer-term impact on the 
world economy will be profound. 
c) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable, rather than the longer-term impact on the 
world economy will be profound. 
d) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable, provided the longer-term impact on the 
world economy will be profound. 
e) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable due to the longer-term impact on the world 
economy will be profound 
 
Questão 36 - (FGV /2014) 
The road to hell 
 
(1) Bringing crops from one of the futuristic new farms in Brazil’s central and northern plains to foreign markets 
means taking a journey back in time. Loaded onto lorries, most are driven almost 2,000km south on narrow, 
potholed roads to the ports of Santos and Paranaguá. In the 19th and early 20th centuries they were used to 
bring in immigrants and ship out the coffee grown in the fertile states of São Paulo and Paraná, but now they are 
overwhelmed. Thanks to a record harvest this year, Brazil became the world’s largest soya producer, overtaking 
the United States. The queue of lorries waiting to enter Santos sometimes stretched to 40km. 
(2) No part of that journey makes sense. Brazil has too few crop silos, so lorries are used for storage as well as 
transport, causing a crush at ports after harvest. Produce from so far north should probably not be travelling to 
southern ports at all. Freight by road costs twice as much as by rail and four times as much as by water. Brazilian 
farmers pay 25% or more of the value of their soya to bring it to port; their competitors in Iowa just 9%. The 
bottleneck at ports pushes costs higher still. It also puts off customers. In March Sunrise Group, China’s biggest 
soya trader, cancelled an order for 2m tonnes of Brazilian soya after repeated delays. 
(3) All of Brazil’s infrastructure is decrepit. The World Economic Forum ranks it at 114th out of 148 countries. 
After a spate of railway-building at the turn of the 20th century, and road- and dam-building 50 years later, little 
was added or even maintained. In the 1980s infrastructure was a casualty of slowing growth and spiralling 
inflation. Unable to find jobs, engineers emigrated or retrained. Government stopped planning for the long term. 
According to Contas Abertas, a public-spending watchdog, only a fifth of federal money budgeted for urban 
transport in the past decade was actually spent. Just 1.5% of Brazil’s GDP goes on infrastructure investment from 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
27 
 
all sources, both public and private. The long-run global average is 3.8%. The McKinsey Global Institute 
estimates the total value of Brazil’s infrastructure at 16% of GDP. Other big economies average 71%. To catch 
up, Brazil would have to triple its annual infrastructure spending for the next 20 years. 
(4) Moreover, it may be getting poor value from what little it does invest because so much goes on the wrong 
things. A cumbersome environmental-licensing process pushes up costs and causes delays. Expensive studies 
are required before construction on big projects can start and then again at various stages along the way and at 
the end. Farmers and manufacturers spend heavily on lorries because road transport is their only option. But that 
is working around the problem, not solving it. 
(5) In the 1990s Mr Cardoso’s government privatised state-owned oil, energy and telecoms firms. It allowed 
private operators to lease terminals in public ports and to build their own new ports. Imports were booming as the 
economy opened up, so container terminals were a priority. The one at the public port in Bahia’s capital, 
Salvador, is an example of the transformation wrought by private money and management. Its customers used to 
rate it Brazil’s worst port, with a draft too shallow for big ships and a quay so short that even smaller vessels had 
to unload a bit at a time. But in the past decade its operator, Wilson & Sons, spent 260m reais on replacing 
equipment, lengthening the quay and deepening the draft. Capacity has doubled. Land access will improve, too, 
once an almost finished expressway opens. Paranaguá is spending 400m reais from its own revenues on 
replacing outdated equipment, but without private money it cannot expand enough to end the queues to dock. It 
has drawn up detailed plans to build a new terminal and two new quays, and identified 20 dockside 
areas that could be leased to new operators, which would bring in 1.6 billion reais of private investment. All that is 
missing is the federal government’s permission. It hopes to get it next year, but there is no guarantee. 
(6) Firms that want to build their own infrastructure, such as mining companies, which need dedicated railways 
and ports, can generally build at will in Brazil, though they still face the hassle of environmental licensing. If the 
government wants to hand a project to the private sector it will hold an auction, granting the concession to the 
highest bidder, or sometimes the applicant who promises the lowest user charges. But since Lula came to power 
in 2003 there have been few infrastructure auctions of any kind. In recent years, under heavy lobbying from 
public ports, the ports regulator stopped granting operating licences to private ports except those intended mainly 
for the owners’ own cargo. As a result, during a decade in which Brazil became a commodity-exporting 
powerhouse, its bulk-cargo terminals hardly expanded at all. 
(7) At first Lula’s government planned to upgrade Brazil’s infrastructure without private help. In 2007 the president 
announced a collection of long-mooted public construction projects, the Growth Acceleration Programme (PAC). 
Many were intended to give farming and mining regions access to alternative ports. But the results have been 
disappointing. Two-thirds of the biggest projects are late and over budget. The trans-north-eastern railway is only 
half-built and its cost has doubled. The route of the east-west integration railway, which would cross Bahia, has 
still not been settled. The northern stretch of the BR-163, a trunk road built in the 1970s, was waiting so long to 
be paved that locals started calling it the “endless road”. Most of it is still waiting. 
(8) What has got things moving is the prospect of disgrace during the forthcoming big sporting events. Brazil’s 
terrible airports will be the first thing most foreign football fans see when they arrive for next year’s World Cup. 
Infraero, the state-owned company thatruns them, was meant to be getting them ready for the extra traffic, but it 
is a byword for incompetence. Between 2007 and 2010 it managed to spend just 800m of the 3 billion reais it was 
supposed to invest. In desperation, the government last year leased three of the biggest airports to private 
operators. 
(9) That seemed to break a bigger logjam. First more airport auctions were mooted; then, some months later, Ms 
Rousseff announced that 7,500km of toll roads and 10,000km of railways were to be auctioned too. Earlier this 
year she picked the biggest fight of her presidency, pushing a ports bill through Congress against lobbying from 
powerful vested interests. The new law enables private ports once again to handle third-party cargo and allows 
them to hiretheir own staff, rather than having to use casual labour from the dockworkers’ unions that have a 
monopoly in public ports. Ms Rousseff also promised to auction some entirely new projects and to re-tender 
around 150 contracts in public terminals whose concessions had expired. 
(10) Would-be investors in port projects are hanging back because of the high chances of cost overruns and long 
delays. Two newly built private terminals at Santos that together cost more than 4 billion reais illustrate the risks. 
Both took years to get off the ground and years more to build. Both were finished earlier this year but remained 
idle for months. Brasil Terminal Portuário, a private terminal within the public port, is still waiting for the 
government to dredge its access channel. At Embraport, which is outside the public-port area, union members 
from Santos blocked road access and boarded any ships that tried to dock. Rather than enforcing the law that 
allows such terminals to use their own workers, the government summoned the management to Brasília for some 
arm-twisting. In August Embraport agreed to take the union members “on a trial basis”. 
(11) Given such regulatory and execution risks, there are unlikely to be many takers for either rail or port projects 
as currently conceived, says Bruno Savaris, an infrastructure analyst at Credit Suisse. He predicts that at most a 
third of the planned investments will be auctioned in the next three years: airports, a few simple port projects and 
the best toll roads. That is far short of what Brazil needs. The good news, says Mr Savaris, is that the government 
is at last beginning to understand that it must either reduce the risks for private investors or raise their returns. 
Private know-how and money will be vital to get Brazil moving again. 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
28 
 
(www.economist.com/news/special-report. Adapted) 
 
 
The first word used in the fourth paragraph – moreover – carries an idea of 
 
a) contrast. 
b) conclusion. 
c) finality. 
d) addition. 
e) time. 
 
Questão 37 - (UEPA/2014) 
 
PEOPLE PREFER FACEBOOK TEXTS INSTEAD OF TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION MODES: 
RESEARCH3 
 
LONDON: People prefer to use Facebook messages for staying in touch with their loved ones back home rather 
than using traditional modes of communication like postcards, a new research has found. 
According to the study, the rise of the smartphones means holidaymakers can tweet or text about their fun in the 
sun rather than putting pen to paper, with many dismissing postcards as 'too slow'. 
The research showed that just one in six holidaymakers now send postcards to friends and family when they go 
abroad. 
Nearly half of the 2,000 people surveyed said they had never sent a postcard rather preferring to text, call or use 
Facebook to keep in touch with home, the 'Daily Mail' reported. 
The figure increases to more than half of young people aged under 24, many of whom take their social life abroad 
with them by posting envyinducing photos of their adventures online for their friends back home. (…) 
According to the study, sending text messages is the biggest cause of the decline of the postcard, with more than 
half of people (60 per cent) surveyed using texts as a way to keep friends and family updated. 
Phoning home is the second most popular way to stay in touch, while a third of holidaymakers (34 per cent) use 
Facebook and 29 per cent choose to e-mail loved ones about their travels. (…) 
Disponível em: Source: The Economic Times. August 13, 2012. In: 
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08- 13/news/33182772_1_ 
postcards-text-messages-facebookmessages. Accessed on September 13, 2013. 
 
A expressão “instead of” que aparece no título do Texto PEOPLE PREFER FACEBOOK TEXTS INSTEAD OF 
TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION MODES: RESEARCH indica: 
 
a) adição 
b) comparação 
c) exclusão 
d) consequência 
e) negação 
 
Questão 38 - (UNESP SP/2014) 
How can consumers find out if a corporation is “greenwashing” environmentally unsavory practices? 
 
June 29, 2013 
 
 
In essence, greenwashing involves falsely conveying to consumers that a given product, service, company or 
institution factors environmental responsibility into its offerings and/or operations. CorpWatch, a non-profit 
organization dedicated to keeping tabs on the social responsibility (or lack thereof) of U.S.-based companies, 
characterizes greenwashing as “the phenomena of socially and environmentally destructive corporations, 
attempting to preserve and expand their markets or power by posing as friends of the environment.” 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
29 
 
 
One of the groups leading the charge against greenwashing is Greenpeace. “Corporations are falling all over 
themselves,” reports the group, “to demonstrate that they are environmentally conscious. The average citizen is 
finding it more and more difficult to tell the difference between those companies genuinely dedicated to making a 
difference and those that are using a green curtain to conceal dark motives.” 
 
Greenpeace launched its Stop Greenwash campaign in 2009 to call out bad actors and help consumers make 
better choices. The most common greenwashing strategy, the group says, is when a company touts an 
environmental program or product while its core business is inherently polluting or unsustainable. 
 
Another involves what Greenpeace calls “ad bluster”: using targeted advertising or public relations to exaggerate 
a green achievement so as to divert attention from actual environmental problems – or spending more money 
bragging about green behavior than on actual deeds. In some cases, companies may boast about corporate 
green commitments while lobbying behind the scenes against environmental laws. 
 
Greenpeace also urges vigilance about green claims that brag about something the law already requires: “For 
example, if an industry or company has been forced to change a product, clean up its pollution or protect an 
endangered species, then uses Public Relations campaigns to make such action look proactive or voluntary.” 
 
For consumers, the best way to avoid getting “greenwashed” is to be educated about who is truly green and who 
is just trying to look that way to make more money. Look beyond advertising claims, read ingredient lists or ask 
employees about the real information on their company’s environmental commitment. Also, look for labels that 
show if a given offering has been inspected by a reliable third-party. For example, the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture’s Certified Organic label can only go on products that meet the federal government’s organic 
standard. Just because a label says “made with organic ingredients” or “all-natural” does not mean the product 
qualifies as Certified Organic, so be sure to look beyond the hype. 
(www.scientificamerican.com. Adaptado.) 
 
 
No trecho final do último parágrafo – “all-natural” does not mean the product qualifies as Certified Organic, sobe 
sure to look beyond the hype. –, a conjunção so pode ser substituída, sem alteração de sentido, por 
 
a) however. 
b) furthermore. 
c) because. 
d) although. 
e) therefore. 
 
Questão 39 - (USP Escola Politécnica/2014) 
 
1
 In the early 1990s, Wirth (1992) notes the need for 
2
 an emphasis on integrative skills (e.g., coordinating and 
3
 
facilitating, communicating, planning, and conflict 
4
 resolution), along with boundary-spanning skills (e.g., 
5
 
business negotiation, legal aspects, and community, public, 
6
 and institutional relations), within project 
management 
7
 education. These emerging skills were encouraged in lieu of 
8
 an emphasis on technical 
management skills that could be 
9
 delegated to staff with computer expertise. The integrative 
10
 skills emphasis is 
a theme that has been advocated by 
11
 several other authors. By the late 1990s, researchers were 
12
 concluding 
that effective project managers evolved with 
13
 experience, suggesting that initial project training and 
14
 
assignments should be straightforward, emphasizing the 
15
 tools and techniques of project management, 
whereas later 
16
 projects and training should address skills such as managing 
17
 people and conflicts, strategy, 
and leadership. 
Starkweather, J.A.; Stevenson, D.H. PMP certification as a core 
competency: necessary but not sufficient. Project Management 
Journal. February 2011. Adaptado. 
 
 
A conjunção “whereas” (Ref. 15) pode ser traduzida em português, sem prejuízo de sentido, por 
 
a) no lugar de. 
b) embora. 
c) portanto. 
d) ao passo que. 
e) de modo que. 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
30 
 
Questão 40 - (USP Faculdade de Saúde Pública/2014) 
 
1
 The extent and rapidity of the rise of diet-related 
2
 chronic diseases led WHO* to call for action in its Global 
3
 
Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (2004). The 
4
 Strategy recommends that governments, industry, 
and 
5
 nongovernmental organizations act at the individual, 
6
 community, national, and global levels, combining 
7
 
measures to educate and encourage individuals and 
8
 communities to eat more healthfully, as well as tackling 
9
 
more distal determinants at the population level. 
 
10
 Such recommendations are echoed by the 
11
 International Obesity Task Force, which recommends that 
12
 
nutritional criteria should be included in agricultural policy, 
13
 agricultural policies should undergo health impact 
14
 
assessment, and support should be provided for agricultural 
15
 programs aimed at meeting WHO dietary 
guidelines. 
 
16
 Despite the positive tone of these recommendations, 
17
 the contribution of the agricultural sector to the 
promotion 
18
 of healthy diets in a chronic disease context has thus far 
19
 involved more conflict than collaboration. 
 
20
 Thus, despite widespread calls for “agriculture to 
21
 play its role,” the policy role for agriculture in chronic 
22
 
disease prevention is not well understood or advanced. 
Pratima Rao Jasti. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2010, 54, 1215-1247. Adaptado. 
*WHO = OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde). 
 
 
Na sentença “Despite the positive tone...” (Refs. 16-19), a preposição “despite” pode ser corretamente traduzida 
para o português, mantendo o sentido original, por 
 
a) por outro lado. 
b) apesar de. 
c) portanto. 
d) entretanto. 
e) aliás. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções). 
 
31 
 
GABARITO: 
 
1) Gab: C 
2) Gab: D 
3) Gab: D 
4) Gab: C 
5) Gab: 
The sun is very bright today. I need to buy a cap at the store. 
6) Gab: B 
7) Gab: C 
8) Gab: 70 
9) Gab: 
1. the / the 
2. X / X 
3. X / an 
4. the / X 
5. X / X 
10) Gab: E 
11) Gab: C 
12) Gab: B 
13) Gab: A 
14) Gab: B 
15) Gab: A 
16) Gab: B 
17) Gab: B 
18) Gab: D 
19) Gab: B 
20) Gab: A 
21) Gab: C 
22) Gab: E 
23) Gab: A 
24) Gab: D 
25) Gab: B 
26) Gab: E 
27) Gab: B 
28) Gab: C 
29) Gab: C 
30) Gab: D 
31) Gab: D 
32) Gab: C 
33) Gab: D 
34) Gab: D 
35) Gab: A 
36) Gab: D 
37) Gab: C 
38) Gab: E 
39) Gab: D 
40) Gab: B