sgc enem 2015 extensivo ingles i 08

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PRESENT PERFECT 
Normalmente o Present Perfect é utilizado para 
indicarmos o passado com ênfase na ação realizada 
e não quando ela foi realizada. 
Compare: 
 
Present Perfect 
Ex.: I have seen an accident. (Eu vi um acidente) 
 
Simple Past 
Ex.: I saw an accident yesterday. (Eu vi um acidente 
ontem) 
Por causa disso, algumas pessoas acreditam que o 
Present Perfect é um tempo verbal no qual não podemos 
mencionar quando a ação aconteceu. Veremos adiante 
que isso não é verdade. 
1.1. SPECIAL CASES 
1) Ações repetidas no passado: 
 Ex.: I’ve seen that film many times. 
2) Ações completas num período de tempo 
 inacabado: 
 Ex.: I’ve met Jane today. 
3) Already = já: 
 Ex.: I have already finished my project. 
4) Yet = ainda / já 
 Ex.: Have you talked to Steve yet? 
 I haven’t read the forms yet. 
5) Lately = ultimamente 
 Recently = recentemente 
 
 Ex.: I have worked a lot lately. 
6) Ever (“alguma vez” / já) 
 Never = nunca 
 
Ex.: Have you ever eaten snails? 
 This is the best film I’ve ever seen. 
 I’ve never been to Japan. 
7) Just = “acabou de” 
 
 Ex.: I have just seen an accident. 
8) Since / For 
Ex.: I have studied Cantonese for 3 years. 
 I have studied Cantonese since 2001. 
10) John has been to London 
 VS. 
 John has gone to London. 
9) Before = antes 
Ex.: Steve has been to Edingburgh before. 
(...) Languages have always died. As cultures have 
risen and fallen, so their languages have emerged 
and disappeared. We can get some sense of it 
following the appearance of written language, for we 
now have records (in various forms – inscriptions, 
clay tablets, documents) of dozens of extinct 
languages from classical times – Bithynian, Cilician, 
Pisidian, Phrygian, Paphlagonian, Etruscan, 
Sumerian, Elamite, Hittite... We know of some 75 
extinct languages which have been spoken in Europe 
and Asia Minor. 
But the extinct languages of which we have some 
historical record in this part of the world must be 
only a fraction of those for which we have nothing. 
And when we extend our coverage to the whole 
world, where written records of ancient languages 
are largely absent, it is easy to see that no sensible 
estimate can be obtained about the rate at which 
languages have died in the past. We can of 
course make guesses at the size of the population in 
previous eras, and the likely size of communities, and 
(on the assumption that each community would have 
had its own language) work out possible numbers of 
languages.(...) 
Considere as seguintes asserções: 
I. Há registro de cerca de 75 línguas, hoje extintas, que 
já foram faladas na Europa e na Ásia Menor. 
II. O exame do surgimento da linguagem escrita pode 
nos dar pistas sobre as razões do aparecimento e 
desaparecimento das línguas. 
III. As línguas extintas das quais temos registro hoje 
em dia representam a maior parte das línguas 
conhecidas. 
Das afirmações acima, está(ão) correta(s) 
A) apenas I e II. 
B) apenas I e III. 
C)apenas II e III. 
D) todas. 
E) nenhuma. 
A)