<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e3488d99-85b1-43e7-9b6b-4c647730be9d/bg1.png"><div class="c x1 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Física 2</div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Física 2</div></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y4 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ELETRICID<span class="_0 blank"></span>ADE E MA<span class="_0 blank"></span>GNETISMO</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y5 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Jaime E. Villate</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y6 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Física 2. Eletricidade e Magnetismo</div><div class="t m0 x5 h5 y7 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Jaime E. V<span class="_0 blank"></span>illate</div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y8 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Faculdade de Engenharia</div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y9 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Uni<span class="_1 blank"></span>versidade do Porto</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x8 ya w3 h7" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e3488d99-85b1-43e7-9b6b-4c647730be9d/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yb ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">http://www<span class="_0 blank"></span>.villate.org/li<span class="_1 blank"></span>vros</div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 yc ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Física 2.<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Eletricidade e Magnetismo</div><div class="t m0 x8 ha yd ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">Copyright <span class="v1">c</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb yd ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1">\ue00d<span class="ff4 ls0 ws0">2009, 2010, 2011 Jaime E. V<span class="_3 blank"></span>illate</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hb ye ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">E-mail: villate@fe.up.pt</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb yf ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">V<span class="_0 blank"></span>ersão:<span class="_4 blank"> </span>18 de setembro de 2011</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y10 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ISBN: 978-972-99396-2-4</div><div class="t m0 xa hb y11 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Este li<span class="_1 blank"></span>vro pode ser copiado e reproduzido livremente, respeitando os termos da <span class="ff6">Licença</span></div><div class="t m1 xa hb y12 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">Cr<span class="_3 blank"></span>eative Commons Atribuição-P<span class="_0 blank"></span>artilha <span class="ff4">(versão 2.5 Portugal).<span class="_4 blank"> </span>Para obter uma cópia desta</span></div><div class="t m0 xa hb y13 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">licença, visite <span class="ff7">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/pt/</span></div><div class="t m0 xa hb y14 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ou en<span class="_3 blank"></span>vie uma carta para Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott W<span class="_0 blank"></span>ay<span class="_0 blank"></span>, Stanford,</div><div class="t m0 xa hb y15 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">California 94305, USA.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 xb h4 y16 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">Conteúdo</div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y17 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws6">Prefácio <span class="fc0">ix</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y18 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Carga e f<span class="_3 blank"></span>orça elétrica<span class="_6 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">1</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y19 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws7">................................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Estrutura atómica<span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws7">.............................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1b ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8">1.2. Eletrização<span class="_b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws7">................................. 4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Propriedades da carg<span class="_1 blank"></span>a<span class="_c blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws7">........................... 5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Força entre car<span class="_1 blank"></span>gas pontuais<span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws7">......................... 6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Campo elétrico<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws7">............................... 8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.6.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Condutores e Isoladores<span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">........................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y20 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.7.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Carg<span class="_1 blank"></span>a por indução<span class="_e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 wsa">............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y21 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y22 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y23 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>P<span class="_3 blank"></span>otencial, corrente e for<span class="_1 blank"></span>ça eletromotriz<span class="_f blank"> </span><span class="fc0">15</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y24 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y25 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Potencial eletrostático<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 wsd">............................ 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y26 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Pilhas químicas<span class="_10 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y27 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Força eletromotriz<span class="_11 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y28 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Condutores e semicondutores<span class="_12 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">....................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y29 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.5.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Corrente elétrica <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y2a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.6.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Potencial e campo nos condutores<span class="_13 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 wsd">..................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y2b ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.7.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Potência elétrica<span class="_14 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">.............................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y2c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y2d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 wsa">..................................... 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y2e ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Resistência elétrica<span class="_15 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">33</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y2f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................. 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y30 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Caraterísticas tensão-corrente<span class="_e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">....................... 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y31 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Lei de Ohm<span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................. 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y32 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.3.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Caraterística de uma bateria <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">......................... 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y33 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Código de cores<span class="_16 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">.............................. 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y34 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8">3.5. Resisti<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade<span class="_13 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................ 3<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y35 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wse">3.6.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Superconduti<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............................. 4<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y36 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.7.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Associações de resistências<span class="_17 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">......................... 4<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[9,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" 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style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:428.858000px;width:55.455000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[25,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:99.350000px;bottom:399.068000px;width:240.627000px;height:13.374000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[26,"XYZ",72,707.091,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:384.524000px;width:87.351000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[27,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:372.378000px;width:135.410000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[29,"XYZ",100.346,412.191,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:355.293000px;width:104.878000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[30,"XYZ",72,289.393,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:340.678000px;width:120.945000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[33,"XYZ",100.346,377.073,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:328.531000px;width:173.930000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[36,"XYZ",72,460.928,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:313.915000px;width:109.492000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[37,"XYZ",100.346,379.674,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:296.831000px;width:192.186000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[39,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:284.541000px;width:111.823000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[40,"XYZ",72,276.367,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:267.600000px;width:48.928000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[41,"XYZ",100.346,452.501,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:255.453000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[43,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:99.350000px;bottom:228.174000px;width:131.561000px;height:11.162000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[44,"XYZ",72,707.091,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:211.119000px;width:84.362000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[44,"XYZ",72,271.62,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:198.972000px;width:174.228000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[45,"XYZ",100.346,530.446,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:184.357000px;width:86.599000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[46,"XYZ",72,423.942,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:169.741000px;width:163.278000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[48,"XYZ",72,504.559,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:152.657000px;width:110.174000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[49,"XYZ",100.346,450.557,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:140.367000px;width:96.605000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[52,"XYZ",72,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:123.426000px;width:124.819000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[53,"XYZ",100.346,257.174,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:108.810000px;width:160.958000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x8 y37 w4 hc" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e3488d99-85b1-43e7-9b6b-4c647730be9d/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x8 hd y38 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf">iv <span class="ff6">Conteúdo</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y39 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 wsd">..................................... 4<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y3a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 4<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y3b ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws10">4. Condensadores<span class="_18 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">51</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y3c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................. 5<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y3d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Capacidade de um condutor isolado<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">.................... 5<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y3e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Esfera condutora isolada<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">.......................... 5<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y3f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8">4.3. Condensadores<span class="_13 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............................... 5<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y40 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.3.1.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Condensador plano<span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 wsd">......................... 5<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y41 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws11">4.3.2.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Ultracondensadores <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">......................... 5<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y42 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Energia elétrica armazenada num condensador<span class="_19 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............... 6<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y43 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.5.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Associações de condensadores<span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 wsa">....................... 6<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y44 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 6<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y45 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 6<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y46 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Circuitos de corrente contín<span class="_1 blank"></span>ua<span class="_1a blank"> </span><span class="fc0">67</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y47 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................. 6<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y48 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Diagramas de circuito<span class="_1b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............................ 6<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y49 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Leis dos circuitos<span class="_10 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">.............................. 6<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y4a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8">5.3. Díodos<span class="_14 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................... 7<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y4b ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Circuitos RC<span class="_b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................ 7<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y4c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.4.1.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Descarg<span class="_1 blank"></span>a de um condensador<span class="_11 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................... 7<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y4d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.4.2.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Acumulação de carg<span class="_1 blank"></span>a<span class="_1b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">........................ 7<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y4e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 7<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y4f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 8<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y50 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Campo elétrico<span class="_1c blank"> </span><span class="fc0">83</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y51 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................. 8<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y52 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Campo elétrico produzido por carg<span class="_1 blank"></span>as pontuais<span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">............... 8<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y53 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Propriedades das linhas de campo elétrico<span class="_10 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................. 8<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y54 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.3.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Fluxo elétrico<span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................ 8<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y55 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Lei de Gauss<span class="_1d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................ 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y56 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.4.1.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Campo de um plano<span class="_1e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">........................ 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y57 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.4.2.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Campo de um \ufb01o retilíneo<span class="_1f blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................... 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y58 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.4.3.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Campo de uma esfera condutora<span class="_20 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">.................. 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y59 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y5a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">..................................... 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y5b ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>P<span class="_3 blank"></span>otencial eletrostático<span class="_21 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">97</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y5c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">................................. 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y5d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Potencial e campo elétrico<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws9">......................... 9<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y5e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Potencial de carg<span class="_1 blank"></span>as pontuais<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">........................ 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y5f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.3.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Superfícies equipotenciais<span class="_1e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws13">......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y36 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Pontos críticos do potencial<span class="_1b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[57,"XYZ",100.346,492.438,null]'><div class="d m2" 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data-dest-detail='[68,"XYZ",72,352.617,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:595.324000px;width:135.196000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[70,"XYZ",72,478.697,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:578.401000px;width:252.356000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[71,"XYZ",100.346,257.174,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:563.947000px;width:176.226000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[74,"XYZ",72,707.624,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:549.493000px;width:48.929000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[74,"XYZ",72,220.456,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:537.507000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[77,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:511.035000px;width:192.950000px;height:11.162000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[78,"XYZ",72,706.629,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:494.142000px;width:84.363000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[78,"XYZ",72,592.681,null]'><div class="d m2" 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data-dest-detail='[93,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:352.179000px;width:106.288000px;height:13.487000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[94,"XYZ",72,707.091,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:337.611000px;width:84.363000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[94,"XYZ",72,513.785,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:323.157000px;width:253.002000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[95,"XYZ",100.346,209.851,null]'><div class="d m2" 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data-dest-detail='[107,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:183.520000px;width:146.768000px;height:11.162000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[108,"XYZ",72,707.091,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:166.627000px;width:87.352000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[108,"XYZ",72,518.437,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:152.173000px;width:155.986000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[110,"XYZ",72,369.174,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:137.719000px;width:165.012000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[111,"XYZ",100.346,322.086,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:123.264000px;width:158.317000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[113,"XYZ",100.346,462.321,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:108.810000px;width:161.987000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xb y37 w5 hc" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e3488d99-85b1-43e7-9b6b-4c647730be9d/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 xb hd y38 ff6 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14">Conteúdo <span class="ff3">v</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y39 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.5.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Potencial e energia eletrostática<span class="_22 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">...................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y3a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.6.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Potencial nos condutores<span class="_23 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h8 y60 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.6.1.<span class="_b blank"> </span>Potencial de uma esfera condutora<span class="_24 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y61 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y62 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y3e ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Campo magnético<span class="_25 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">111</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y3f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y40 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Força magnética<span class="_26 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y41 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Força magnética sobre condutores com corrente<span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.............. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y42 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.3.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Momento magnético<span class="_1e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................ 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y43 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Força magnética sobre partículas com car<span class="_1 blank"></span>ga<span class="_10 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................ 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y44 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.5.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Campo magnético de um \ufb01o com corrente<span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws13">................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y45 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.6.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Força entre condutores com corrente<span class="_20 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y63 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y64 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y48 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.<span class="_5 blank"> </span>Indução eletroma<span class="_1 blank"></span>gnética<span class="_27 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">129</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y49 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y4a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.1.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Campo elétrico induzido<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y4b ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.2.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Gerador de Faraday<span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y4c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.3.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Lei de Faraday<span class="_b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y4d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.4.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Gerador de corrente alternada<span class="_11 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">....................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y4e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8">9.5. Indutância<span class="_28 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">................................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y4f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8">9.6. Auto-indutância<span class="_16 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y65 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.7.<span class="_9 blank"> </span>Motores de corrente contínua<span class="_16 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">....................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y66 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws13">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y67 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y53 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.<span class="_29 blank"> </span>Processamento de sinais<span class="_2a blank"> </span><span class="fc0">145</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y54 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.1.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Equações diferenciais dos circuitos<span class="_1b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y55 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.2.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Função de transferência<span class="_2b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">........................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y56 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.3.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Unidades de tempo e frequência<span class="_13 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">...................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y57 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws16">10.4. Impedância<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y58 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.5.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Impedâncias equiv<span class="_3 blank"></span>alentes<span class="_17 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y59 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.6.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Análise de circuitos<span class="_d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y5a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws13">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y68 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws13">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h9 y5c ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.<span class="_29 blank"> </span>Circuitos de corrente alternada<span class="_2c blank"> </span><span class="fc0">163</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y5d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.1.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Funções sinusoidais<span class="_2d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y5e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws16">11.2. Fasores<span class="_1e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y5f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.3.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>T<span class="_3 blank"></span>ensão alternada<span class="_b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">.............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y36 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.4.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Impedância complexa<span class="_2b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">............................ 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[114,"XYZ",72,630.56,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:720.477000px;width:183.984000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[114,"XYZ",72,381.159,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:708.492000px;width:149.028000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[117,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:144.780000px;bottom:694.038000px;width:204.918000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[117,"XYZ",100.346,241.929,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:677.115000px;width:48.928000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[119,"XYZ",100.346,711.24,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:664.986000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[121,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:99.350000px;bottom:636.146000px;width:123.432000px;height:13.673000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[122,"XYZ",72,706.88,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:621.764000px;width:84.362000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[122,"XYZ",72,462.691,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:607.309000px;width:108.656000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[125,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:592.855000px;width:258.716000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[125,"XYZ",100.346,212.678,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:578.401000px;width:128.776000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[128,"XYZ",72,274.208,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:563.947000px;width:239.181000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[131,"XYZ",100.346,195.765,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:549.493000px;width:230.705000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[135,"XYZ",100.346,497.948,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:535.039000px;width:204.595000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[136,"XYZ",72,606.685,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:520.584000px;width:48.928000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[137,"XYZ",100.346,711.24,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:508.599000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[139,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:99.350000px;bottom:479.616000px;width:160.409000px;height:13.672000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[140,"XYZ",72,707.091,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:465.233000px;width:87.351000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[140,"XYZ",72,613.456,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:450.779000px;width:147.701000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[143,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:436.325000px;width:127.234000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[143,"XYZ",100.346,197.942,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:421.871000px;width:104.005000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[146,"XYZ",72,425.448,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:409.742000px;width:174.875000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[147,"XYZ",100.346,323.369,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:395.288000px;width:82.940000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[148,"XYZ",72,423.779,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:380.834000px;width:110.174000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[149,"XYZ",100.346,365.47,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:366.379000px;width:172.914000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[151,"XYZ",100.346,707.624,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:349.600000px;width:48.928000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[152,"XYZ",72,710.825,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:337.615000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[155,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:99.350000px;bottom:311.142000px;width:163.206000px;height:10.863000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[156,"XYZ",72,540.15,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:294.249000px;width:197.816000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[159,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:279.795000px;width:143.684000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[164,"XYZ",72,454.573,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:265.341000px;width:183.530000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[165,"XYZ",100.346,659.48,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:250.886000px;width:85.260000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[166,"XYZ",72,348.468,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:236.432000px;width:152.064000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[167,"XYZ",100.346,348.269,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:224.447000px;width:124.448000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[171,"XYZ",100.346,707.547,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:207.524000px;width:48.928000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[171,"XYZ",100.346,159.502,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:195.538000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[173,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:99.350000px;bottom:169.066000px;width:196.405000px;height:10.863000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[174,"XYZ",72,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:152.173000px;width:125.464000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[175,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:140.187000px;width:65.833000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[177,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:125.733000px;width:109.983000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[177,"XYZ",100.346,299.993,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:117.283000px;bottom:108.810000px;width:134.550000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x8 y37 w4 hc" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e3488d99-85b1-43e7-9b6b-4c647730be9d/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x8 hd y38 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">vi <span class="ff6">Conteúdo</span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y39 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws18">11.4.1.<span class="_2d blank"> </span>Resistências <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y69 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws19">11.4.2. Condensadores<span class="_10 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">........................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y6a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws19">11.4.3. Indutores<span class="_2e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y6b ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.5.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Potência dissipada nos circuitos<span class="_b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">...................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y6c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.6.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Filtros de frequência<span class="_1e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................ 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y6d ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws16">11.7. Ressonância<span class="_2d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">................................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y6e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y6f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y70 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.<span class="_29 blank"> </span>Ondas eletroma<span class="_1 blank"></span>gnéticas e luz<span class="_2f blank"> </span><span class="fc0">183</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y71 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.1.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Equações de Maxwell<span class="_1b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................ 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y72 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.2.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Campos induzidos<span class="_19 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y73 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.3.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Campo eletromagnético no vazio<span class="_17 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">...................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y74 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.4.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Ondas planas polarizadas<span class="_20 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y75 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.5.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Ondas harmónicas<span class="_19 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.............................. 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span>2<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y76 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.6.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Espetro eletromagnético<span class="_b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span>3<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y77 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.7.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>T<span class="_3 blank"></span>eoria ondulatória da luz<span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y78 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.8.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>T<span class="_3 blank"></span>eoria corpuscular da luz<span class="_20 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.......................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y79 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.9.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Díodos emissores de luz (LED)<span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">....................... 1<span class="_8 blank"></span>9<span class="_8 blank"></span>8<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y7a ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ati<span class="_1 blank"></span>vidade prática<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y7b ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsb">Perguntas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws13">..................................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y7c ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 wsc">Problemas <span class="fc0 ls2 ws13">..................................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>1<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y7d ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.<span class="_d blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"></span>ransf<span class="_1 blank"></span>ormadas de Laplace<span class="_30 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">203</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y7e ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.1.<span class="_31 blank"> </span>Propriedades da transformada de Laplace<span class="_1e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y7f ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws1a">A.1.1.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Linearidade <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y80 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.1.2.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Deriv<span class="_3 blank"></span>ada da transformada<span class="_1e blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y81 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.1.3.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>T<span class="_1 blank"></span>ransformada da deri<span class="_1 blank"></span>vada<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">..................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y82 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.1.4.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Deslocamento na frequência<span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">.................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>4<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y83 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.1.5.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Deslocamento no tempo<span class="_9 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">...................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc h8 y84 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.2.<span class="_31 blank"> </span>T<span class="_3 blank"></span>ransformadas de funções importantes<span class="_24 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y85 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws1b">A.2.1.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Polinómios <span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">............................. 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>5<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y86 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.2.2.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Funções exponenciais<span class="_b blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">....................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y87 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.2.3.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Funções sinusoidais<span class="_1d blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws12">........................ 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>6<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y88 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">A.2.4.<span class="_2e blank"> </span>Impulso unitário<span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="fc0 ls2 ws15">.......................... 2<span class="_8 blank"></span>0<span class="_8 blank"></span>7<span class="_8 blank"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y89 ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">B.<span class="_d blank"> </span>Constantes e dados n<span class="_1 blank"></span>uméricos<span class="_32 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">209</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y8a ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">C.<span class="_d blank"> </span>Créditos f<span class="_1 blank"></span>otográ\ufb01cos<span class="_33 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">211</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y8b ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Respostas das perguntas e pr<span class="_3 blank"></span>oblemas<span class="_34 blank"> </span><span class="fc0">213</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y8c ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws1c">Bibliogra\ufb01a <span class="fc0">225</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h9 y8d ff2 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws1d">Índice <span class="fc0">227</span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[179,"XYZ",100.346,440.156,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:722.802000px;width:99.355000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[180,"XYZ",72,675.661,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:708.500000px;width:113.295000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[180,"XYZ",72,232.916,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:694.054000px;width:85.404000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[183,"XYZ",100.346,374.003,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:677.140000px;width:181.904000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[185,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:662.694000px;width:128.430000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[187,"XYZ",100.346,482.872,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:650.717000px;width:89.253000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[189,"XYZ",100.346,707.624,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:633.802000px;width:48.929000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[189,"XYZ",100.346,179.912,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:621.682000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[193,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:592.884000px;width:188.324000px;height:13.672000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[194,"XYZ",72,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:578.510000px;width:135.065000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[196,"XYZ",72,557.493,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:564.064000px;width:118.161000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[197,"XYZ",100.346,568.813,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:549.618000px;width:187.572000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[199,"XYZ",100.346,180.942,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:535.172000px;width:151.001000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[202,"XYZ",72,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:523.051000px;width:118.137000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[203,"XYZ",100.346,198.296,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:506.280000px;width:146.028000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[205,"XYZ",100.346,494.365,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:494.160000px;width:149.172000px;height:10.361000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[206,"XYZ",72,418.182,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:477.389000px;width:150.487000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[208,"XYZ",72,389.152,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:463.391000px;width:180.231000px;height:12.238000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[210,"XYZ",72,707.091,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:448.497000px;width:84.363000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[211,"XYZ",100.346,707.45,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:434.051000px;width:48.929000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[211,"XYZ",100.346,295.462,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:422.074000px;width:52.467000px;height:10.218000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[213,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:393.318000px;width:170.212000px;height:13.188000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[214,"XYZ",72,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:378.759000px;width:227.346000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[214,"XYZ",72,707.521,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:366.782000px;width:97.347000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[214,"XYZ",72,571.214,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:352.336000px;width:163.805000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[214,"XYZ",72,439.325,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:337.890000px;width:164.714000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[214,"XYZ",72,205.216,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:320.975000px;width:176.358000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[215,"XYZ",100.346,675.52,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:306.529000px;width:156.464000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[215,"XYZ",100.346,314.924,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:88.936000px;bottom:292.084000px;width:214.662000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[215,"XYZ",100.346,275.806,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:280.107000px;width:94.728000px;height:10.217000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[216,"XYZ",72,607.068,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:263.192000px;width:145.323000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[216,"XYZ",72,394.923,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:248.746000px;width:136.224000px;height:12.686000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[217,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:116.433000px;bottom:234.300000px;width:119.619000px;height:12.687000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[219,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:210.338000px;width:197.183000px;height:11.162000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[221,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:181.427000px;width:140.575000px;height:13.672000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[223,"XYZ",100.346,736.017,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:155.026000px;width:220.698000px;height:13.116000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[235,"XYZ",100.346,629.243,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:128.625000px;width:67.637000px;height:13.373000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail='[237,"XYZ",100.346,604.647,null]'><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:71.004000px;bottom:104.734000px;width:36.542000px;height:13.207000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 xb h4 y16 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0">Prefácio</div><div class="t m3 xb h8 y8e ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">O objeti<span class="_1 blank"></span>vo deste manual é preparar os estudantes para que possam compreender o funciona-</div><div class="t m3 xb h8 y8f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f">mento dos dispositi<span class="_1 blank"></span>vos elétricos e eletrónicos com que são confrontados na sua e<span class="_1 blank"></span>xperiência</div><div class="t m0 xb h8 y90 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">quotidiana e os que venham a aparecer no futuro.</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 y91 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws20">Este li<span class="_1 blank"></span>vro foi escrito como texto de apoio para a disciplina de Física 2,<span class="_2b blank"> </span>do segundo</div><div class="t m5 xb h8 y92 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">ano do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Informática e Computação, na F<span class="_1 blank"></span>aculdade de</div><div class="t m0 xb h8 y93 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Engenharia da Uni<span class="_1 blank"></span>versidade do Porto.</div><div class="t m6 xb h8 y94 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">Durante vários anos tenho lecionado um semestre de Eletromagnetismo, para alunos do</div><div class="t m7 xb h8 y95 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">segundo ano de Engenharia.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Nos últimos anos temos introduzido algumas alterações no</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 y96 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws22">programa, para se enquadrar melhor com os nov<span class="_1 blank"></span>os programas do Ensino Secundário e</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 y97 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">os nov<span class="_3 blank"></span>os planos de estudo do Mestrados Integrados em Engenharia.<span class="_d blank"> </span>Uma abordagem</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 y98 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">abstrata, baseada no estudo das equações de Maxwell, já não se enquadra dentro desses</div><div class="t m0 xb h8 y99 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">nov<span class="_3 blank"></span>os planos de estudo.</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 y9a ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws25">Por outra parte,<span class="_2b blank"> </span>a mudança rápida na tecnologia implica que alguns tópicos perdem</div><div class="t m1 xb h8 y9b ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws26">interesse e outros tornam-se mais importantes.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>Por ex<span class="_1 blank"></span>emplo, os li<span class="_1 blank"></span>vro tradicionais de Física</div><div class="t m8 xb h8 y9c ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">Uni<span class="_1 blank"></span>versitária costumam abordar o funcionamento de um tubo de raios catódicos, mas não</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 y9d ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">falam dos cristais líquidos nem dos LED. Na época em que foram escritos, os cristais</div><div class="t m9 xb h8 y9e ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">líquidos e os LED prov<span class="_3 blank"></span>avelmente já tinham sido in<span class="_3 blank"></span>ventados mas não esta<span class="_3 blank"></span>vam a ser usados</div><div class="t ma xb h8 y9f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">comercialmente, enquanto que qualquer aluno estaria familiarizado com o tubo de raios</div><div class="t m3 xb h8 ya0 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2a">catódicos do tele<span class="_1 blank"></span>visor<span class="_3 blank"></span>.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>Hoje em dia a situação é diferente; é cada vez mais difícil encontrar</div><div class="t mb xb h8 ya1 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2a">monitores ou tele<span class="_1 blank"></span>visores com tubos de raios catódicos, mas estamos rodeados de ecrãs de</div><div class="t m3 xb h8 ya2 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">cristais líquidos (LCD) e díodos emissores de luz (LED). T<span class="_0 blank"></span>ornou-se muito mais importante</div><div class="t m0 xb h8 ya3 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">falar de cristais líquidos e díodos emissores de luz do que o tubo de raios catódicos.</div><div class="t m3 xb h8 ya4 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2c">Pareceu-me necessário também estender o programa tradicional da disciplina de Eletromag-</div><div class="t mc xb h8 ya5 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">netismo, para incluir alguns temas de Eletrónica.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Para conseguir cobrir todo o programa</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 ya6 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">num semestre, foi preciso prescindir de alguns temas.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Assim, é dada uma menor ênfase</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 ya7 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2e">à teoria do campo elétrico;<span class="_2 blank"> </span>o cálculo do campo e o potencial eletrostático produzidos</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 ya8 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">por uma distribuição contínua só é considerado nos poucos casos em que e<span class="_3 blank"></span>xiste<span class="_4 blank"> </span>alguma</div><div class="t m0 xb h8 ya9 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">simetria.</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 yaa ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2f">Na sequência da disciplina de Física 1, em que são usadas de forma intensiv<span class="_3 blank"></span>a as ferra-</div><div class="t m4 xb h8 yab ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">mentas de software, aqui também é feito algum uso moderado do Sistema de Álgebra</div><div class="t m0 xb h8 yac ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws30">Computacional <span class="ff6 ws31">Maxima </span><span class="ws0">e são usados alguns conceitos simples de sistemas dinâmicos.</span></div><div class="t m4 xb h8 yad ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2a">Nos quatro primeiros capítulos é feita uma introdução à eletrostática e à eletricidade de</div><div class="t m8 xb h8 yae ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2a">forma prática.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>O capítulo 5 é sobre teoria de circuitos de corrente contínua.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>Nos capítulos</div><div class="t md xb h8 y36 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">6 e 7 são estudados o campo e o potencial elétrico de forma mais geral.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>Os capítulos 8 e 9</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x8 y37 w4 hc" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/e3488d99-85b1-43e7-9b6b-4c647730be9d/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x8 hd y38 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">viii <span class="ff6 ws1">Pr<span class="_3 blank"></span>efácio</span></div><div class="t m4 x8 h8 y39 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">estão dedicados ao campo magnético e a indução eletromagnética.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>Os capítulos 10 e 11</div><div class="t m5 x8 h8 y69 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">são também sobre teoria de circuitos, mas com tensões v<span class="_1 blank"></span>ariáveis.<span class="_19 blank"> </span>No capítulo 10 é feita</div><div class="t me x8 h8 y6a ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws33">uma introdução ao processamento de sinais, e no capítulo 11 são estudados os circuitos de</div><div class="t mf x8 h8 y6b ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">corrente alternada e os \ufb01ltros de frequências.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>Finalmente, no capítulo 12 são estudadas as</div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 y6c ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ondas eletromagnéticas e a dualidade onda-partícula da luz.</div><div class="t m4 x8 h8 yaf ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34">De<span class="_1 blank"></span>vo agradecer os meus alunos pela sua v<span class="_3 blank"></span>aliosa ajuda na correção de<span class="_2 blank"> </span>muitos erros e</div><div class="t m10 x8 h8 yb0 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">gralhas e pelo seu entusiasmo e interesse que têm sido fonte de inspiração para escre<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver</div><div class="t m3 x8 h8 yb1 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws35">este li<span class="_1 blank"></span>vro.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>São muitos alunos para indicar todos os seus nomes aqui.<span class="_26 blank"> </span>Agradeço também aos</div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yb2 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">meus colegas com quem temos leccionado as disciplinas de Física 1 e 2, João Carv<span class="_3 blank"></span>alho e</div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yb3 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Francisco Salzedas.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yb4 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Jaime E. V<span class="_3 blank"></span>illate</div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yb5 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Porto, Setembro de 2011</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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