03-Charles W W Ng, Bruce Menzies-Advanced Unsaturated Soil Mechanics and Engineering-Spon Press (2007)

Advanced Unsaturated Soil Mechanics and Engineering Also available from Taylor & Francis Ground Improvement 2 nd edition K Kirsch et al . Hb: ISBN 978–0–415–27455–5 Geotechnical Modelling D Muir Wood Hb: ISBN 978–0–415–34304–6 Pb: ISBN 978–0–419–23730–3 Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Practice T Lunne et al . Hb: ISBN 978–0–419–23750–1 Soil Liquefaction M Jefferies et al . Hb: ISBN 978–0–419–16170–7 Introductory Geotechnical Engineering HY Fang et al . Hb: ISBN 978–0–415–30401–6 Pb: ISBN 978–0–415–30402–3 Information and ordering details For price availability and ordering visit our website www.tandfbuiltenvironment.com Alternatively our books are available from all good bookshops. Advanced Unsaturated Soil Mechanics and Engineering Charles W.W. Ng and Bruce Menzies First published 2007 by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Charles W.W. Ng and Bruce Menzies All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ng, C. W. W. Unsaturated soil mechanics and engineering / Charles W.W. Ng and Bruce Menzies. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-415-43679-3 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-0-203-93972-7 (ebook) 1. Soil mechanics. 2. Swelling soils. 3. Zone of aeration. 4. Soil moisture. I. Menzies, Bruce Keith. II. Title. TA710.N475 2007 624.1  5136--dc22 2007008742 ISBN 978–0–415–43679–3 Hardback ISBN 978–0–203–93972–7 eBook This edition published in the T a ylor & F rancis e-Librar y , 2 0 07. “T o purchase y our own cop y of this or any of T a ylor & Francis or R outledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” ISBN 0-203-93972-7 Master e-book ISBN Dedicated To Professor Delwyn G. Fredlund, Unsaturated Soil Mechanics Pioneer Delwyn G. Fredlund O.C., Ph.D., F.E.I.C., P.Eng. Senior Geotechnical Engineering Specialist, Golder Associates, 2005– Professor Emeritus, University of Saskatchewan, from 2000 K.P. Chao Chair, Zhejiang University, 2007–2009 Adjunct Professor, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2001– Adjunct Professor, University of Alberta, 2002– Honorary Professor, University of British Columbia, 2002– Research Professor, Arizona State University, 2004– If you learn to think the way unsaturated soil behaves, then you will make wise engineering decisions. (Del Fredlund’s advice to students) Cover Frontispiece q q = μ ( s ) + M ( s ) p (critical state) Reference tube Inner chamber Differential pressure transducer (a) (d) (c) (b) GDS pneumatic controllers, σ r , u a GDS digital transducer interface GDS hydraulic pressure/volume controllers, σ a , u w HKUST total volume change measuring system Bishop & Wesle y triaxial cell Diffused air volume indicator q = η y ( p + μ ( s )/ M ( s )) ( f s yield surface) p = p 0 ( s ) ( f c yield surface) μ ( s ) Ð μ ( s )/ M ( s )) M ( s ) p η y Images that represent the content of this book: (a) Retrogressive failures in an unsaturated expansive soil slope (Ng et al ., 2003); (b) HKUST–GDS computer controlled triaxial stress- path apparatus equipped with double wall total volume measuring system; (c) HKUST measurement of total volume change (double wall system) using a differential pressure transducer (Ng et al ., 2002); (d) Yield surface in q − p space at constant suction (Chiu and Ng, 2003). Book overview Civil engineers build on or in the earth’s surface. Most of the earth’s land surface comprises notoriously hazardous geomaterials called ‘unsaturated soils’. These soils are a hazard to earth structures and earth-supported structures because on wetting, by rain or other means, they can expand or collapse with serious consequences for cost and safety. This book puts the mechanics and engineering of unsaturated soils into a logical framework for civil engineering analysis and design. It also explains the laboratory and field testing and research that are the logical basis of this modern approach to safe construction in these hazardous geomaterials. This state-of-the-art book is written in four parts as follows: 1. Physical and flow characteristics of unsaturated soils; 2. Collapse, swelling, shear strength and stiffness of unsaturated soils; 3. State-dependent elasto-plastic modelling of unsaturated soils; 4. Field trials and numerical studies in slope engineering of unsatu- rated soils. This book is unique because: • it illustrates the importance of state-dependent soil–water characteristic curves; • highlights modern soil testing of unsaturated soil behaviour, including accurate measurement of total volume changes and the measurement of anisotropic soil stiffness at very small strains; • introduces an advanced state-dependent elasto-plastic constitutive model for both saturated and unsaturated soil; • demonstrates the power of numerical analysis which is at the heart of modern soil mechanics; • studies and simulates the behaviour of loose fills from unsaturated to saturated states, explains the difference between strain-softening and static liquefaction, and describes real applications in unsaturated soil slope engineering; • includes purpose-designed field trials to capture the effects of two inde- pendent stress variables, and reports comprehensive measurements of soil suction, water contents, stress changes and ground deformations in bare slopes; • introduces a new conjunctive surface and subsurface transient flow model for realistically analysing rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil slopes, and illustrates the importance of the flow model in slope engi- neering. Contents Authors’ biographical details xiii Preface xiv Acknowledgements xvii PART 1 Physical and flow characteristics of unsaturated soils 1 Part 1 Frontispiece 2 Chapter synopses 3 1 Basic physics, phases and stress state variables 5 Sources 5 Introduction (Fredlund, 1996) 5 Four-phase materials (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) 20 Cavitation (Young, 1989; Marinho, 1995; Marinho and de Sousa Pinto, 1997) 24 2 Measurement and control of suction: methods and applications 31 Sources 31 Theory of soil suction (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) 32 The capillary model 32 Suction control and measurement methods (Ng and Chen, 2005, 2006; Ng et al., 2007a) 36 Suction measuring devices (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993; Ridley and Wray, 1995; Feng and Fredlund, 2003) 63 Case study: comparisons of in situ suction measurements (Harrison and Blight, 2000) 87

03-Charles W W Ng, Bruce Menzies-Advanced Unsaturated Soil Mechanics and Engineering-Spon Press (2007)

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