Introducing Cells: Structure and Function

Prévia do material em texto

Cells – What are they?
Chapters 2 and 3
Overview
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
2. The structure of living things is determined by how the cells are arranged
Overview of Cells
3. Functions that cells perform in living things…
Obtain oxygen
Get rid of waste
4. Your hand is made up of more than 100,000 cells. Why can you not see them?
MICROSCOPIC!
Overview of Cells
5. did no one know about cells until 1590?
The microscope was not invented yet!
6. Microscope: Instrument used to make small object appear larger.
7. Simple versus Compound
Simple Microscope
One lens
Compound Microscope
More than one lens used
Overview of Cells
8. Who was the first one to observe cells?
Robert Hooke
9. Cells literally means “tiny rooms”
Robert Hooke
#10: Robert Hooke used the term “cells” (small rooms) because he thought they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in.
Like jail cells – small rooms on top of each other
Cork Cells
When he looked at cork…
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
11. He looked at
Lake Water
Scraping from teeth and gums
Water from rain gutters
12. What are the tiny animals he saw called?
Animalcules – They looked like tiny little animals moving around the slide
Development of the Cell Theory
13. Scientists who developed the cell theory:
Schwann
Schleiden
Virchow
Cell Theory
14. What is the cell theory?
Widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.
15. Cell Theory States:
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. All cells are produced from other cells 
16. When does the theory hold true?
The cell theory holds true no matter how big or small a living thing is.
Microscopes
There are two types of microscope
Light
Electron
17. Properties of Microscopes
Magnification: The process of enlarging something in appearance
Resolution: Ability to distinguish the individual parts of a 
 object
18. Types of Microscopes
Light: Use lenses to bend light and magnify an object
18. Types of Microscopes
Electron: Uses beams of electrons instead of light to magnify an image
Chapter 2: Section 4
Looking Inside Cells
Inside Cells
19. Inside cells are even smaller structures called organelles.
20. Organelles carry out specific functions within a cell.
Just like your stomach, lungs and hearts all have specific functions!
21. Organelles: Entering the CEll
Cell Wall
Rigid structure that surrounds a plant cell and gives it shape
Cell Membrane
Protects cell and regulates what substances enter and leave a cell
21. Nucleus – Control Center
Nuclear Envelope
Surrounds and protects the nucleus
Nucleolus
Where ribosomes are made
Chromatin
Contain genetic material which are instructions for directing the cells function
21. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm: The material within a cell apart from the nucleus
Mitochondria: Rod-Shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum: A cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials can be carried.
Ribosomes: A small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.
21. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies: A structure that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them
Chloroplasts: A structure in the cells of plants that captures energy from sunlight to use to make food
21. Cell Organelles
Vacuoles: Storage units in the cell
Lysosomes: A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones
Cell City
Cell City
Endoplasmic Reticulum / Golgi Bodies = Transport company
They transfer materials from one part of the cell to another 
Package materials and distribute them
Cell City
Ribosomes = Construction site
They build structures (Proteins)
Cell City
Mitochondria = Power Plant
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Provides power or energy for the cell to run
Cell City
Chloroplasts = Food Producing Plant
Makes food (Using photosynthesis)
Cell City
Vacuole = Storage Units
Stores food & water
Cell City
Lysosomes = Recycling and Waste Plant
Breaks down large molecules into smaller ones that are easier for the cell to use
Cell City
Nucleus = City Hall
Boss of the cell
Has instructions for everything that is going on in the cell
Cell City
Cell Membrane / Cell Wall = Main Gate or Fence
Surrounds and protects the cell
Regulates what goes in and out of the cell
Security
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: Organisms who’s cells have nuclei (more advanced)
Prokaryotes: Organisms who’s cells LACK nuclei.
Multicellular
Unicellular
Lowest Level
Highest Level
Chemical Compounds in Cells
38. Element: Any substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance (Made up of only one type of atom)
Chemical Compounds in Cells
39. Compound: Two or more elements that are chemically combined (Made up of two or more types of atoms)
40. What is Water?
41. Chemical Reactions without water?
Cells are mostly made out WATER!
Without water your cells would not function properly
42. Organic vs Inorganic
Any compound that contains the element Carbon (C) is called an organic compound
Organic
Inorganic
43. Organic Compounds
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic Acids
Cell Environment
47. What part of the cell controls what goes in and out of the cell?
Cell Membrane!
Both plant and animal cells!
48. Selectively Permeable
Some substances are allowed to pass through the cell membrane while others are not
49. Can move in or out of the cell by three methods:
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active Transport
50. Diffusion
Main method of movement
Process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
51. Diffusion Continued	
Molecules are always moving
More movement = more bumping into each other
More collisions will cause the molecules to move apart from each other
52. Osmosis vs Diffusion
Osmosis is the diffusion of water!
53. Cells cannot function properly without water so almost all cellular processes depend on osmosis
Test Dates
Study Session: 11/17 at 7:15 am
Test Date: 11/17 (Cell Packet Due!)
Projects!
If your project is NOT hanging up, you are need to take them home by the end of the week!
Chapter 3: Section 5
Cell Division
54. What is the cell cycle?
The process by which cells divide and make more of themselves
Cell Division
Cell Division is actually 
 made up of 3 parts
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
55. Stage 1 - Interphase
Cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
55. Stage 2 - Mitosis
One copy of DNA is distributed to each daughter cell
55. Stage 3 - Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides and organelles split between the cells
56. Cytokinesis in Plant and Animal cells
A. Animal cells: Cell membrane pinches together and cytoplasm divides into two cells (daughter cells)
B. A new membrane forms across the middle and gradually develops into a new cell membrane.
57. Mitosis (Second Step of Cell Division)
Prophase
Chromatin condense to form chromosomes
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at middle of cell
Telophase
Chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rod like appearance
Anaphase
Chromosomes spite and move to opposite end of cells
57. Mitosis (Second Step of Cell Division)
Mitosis Coloring Sheet
Coloring Codes
A = Yellow
B = BlueC = Purple
D = Orange
E = Brown
F =Red
G = Green
H = Nothing (LEAVE 
BLANK!)
I = Pink
J = Pink