Apostila DS (1)

Prévia do material em texto

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d09 L\GACÕe Q)VAl..tCtJ,.é~ e Cl~U'I"" Q.wovfÍl dOll• •bAN~ 'DE E.NER61A&.
CienrraUdadf& '" c. aálidca cr.ataU11O!l
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-eõ:o c& ~ in\-es :
o.) A~ drbi~Q9 ele~rôniCQs. flX.kriort~ de cnd~ UM de
t01S átomos.- ~em raio.>da Ordem d~ AN&:>l~
(IO·Sc.m). A sfl:lroção eVl'ht Ol nóde~ Cl.\ómicos.
d~~ :i2r da ordem do dobfO dda Q,~",&(ldCf.
b~&I".do ~>e dt?J~éÀncic:~ r2k:r}~\/D~tYl-l-re e» á+Omo~
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de de.Jotmom mu\-k> I ~O(nando d·,~(c·\1 d~ ez:q 04fnm
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~nhc; um numero dt df!nfi (eW.l.rore cW~wY\ciCAJ
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Flg. 5 Energy·band structures 01 Ge. Si. and GaAs. where f. Is lhe (lnergy bandgap.
Plus l+) signs indlcale holes in lhe valence band. and minu. (-) sign. indicate eleclrons
in lhe eonduetlon bands. (After Chelikowsky and Cohen. ReI. 17.)
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Q 1
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r
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A linha do grático representa a barreira de energia potencial dos elétrons em tomo do
átomo .
No exemplo, para que o elétron (e1) alcance uma distancia (r1) do núcleo; ele necessita de
uma energia potenciai de (-Epr1).
Para retirarmos este elétron do átomo, deveremos tomar a sua energia potencial Ep = O
(energia de Intinito), para tanto, deveremos fornecer uma energia E • Epr1.
Exernplo:- Calcule a energia que se deve fornecer a um átomo de hidrogênio, para retirar o seu
elétron. Dados: q = 1.60 x lO-19C r1 = lO-lOm
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= Erl - Eoo = jF x di' = 9 X 109.~ joules
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LlEoo(eV) = 14,4 eV
Obs:- Se por qualquer razão o elétron adqulere energia maior do que E(infinito), ele estará livre
do átomo. Nestas condições, ele não tera restrições quanto a sua energia.
ARRANJO CRISTALINO
Quando os átomos se agrupam num arranjo cristalino, a barreira de potencial entre eles,
fica reduzida segundo o diagrama abaixo
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