Buscar

Aula03 1 Principios basicos de psicrometria

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes
Você viu 3, do total de 24 páginas

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes
Você viu 6, do total de 24 páginas

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes
Você viu 9, do total de 24 páginas

Faça como milhares de estudantes: teste grátis o Passei Direto

Esse e outros conteúdos desbloqueados

16 milhões de materiais de várias disciplinas

Impressão de materiais

Agora você pode testar o

Passei Direto grátis

Você também pode ser Premium ajudando estudantes

Prévia do material em texto

&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
&$3Ë78/2��
35,1&Ë3,26�%È6,&26�'(�36,&520(75,$
5REHUWR�3UHFFL��/RSHV-XDUH]�GH�6RXVD�H�6LOYD5LFDUGR�&DHWDQR�5H]HQGH
���,1752'8d­22�DU�p�FRQVWLWXtGR�SRU�XPD�PLVWXUD�GH�JDVHV��QLWURJrQLR��R[LJrQLR��GLy[LGRGH�FDUERQR�� HWF���� YDSRU�GH� iJXD� H�XPD� VpULH� GH� FRQWDPLQDQWHV�� FRPR�SDUWtFXODVVyOLGDV�HP�VXVSHQVmR�H�RXWURV�JDVHV�2�DU�VHFR�H[LVWH�TXDQGR��GR�DU�QDWXUDO��UHPRYHP�VH�WRGR�R�YDSRU�GH�iJXD�HRV�FRQWDPLQDQWHV��$�FRPSRVLomR�GR�DU�VHFR�p�UHODWLYDPHQWH�FRQVWDQWH��DSHVDU�GDVSHTXHQDV�YDULDo}HV�HP�IXQomR�GD�ORFDOL]DomR�JHRJUiILFD�H�DOWLWXGH��$�FRPSRVLomRPpGLD�SHUFHQWXDO�p�DSUHVHQWDGD�QD�7DEHOD���
7DEHOD����&RPSRVLomR�DSUR[LPDGD�GR�DU�VHFR&RPSRQHQWH )yUPXOD &RQWH~GR����SRUYROXPH�1LWURJrQLR 1� ������2[LJrQLR 2� ������$UJ{QLR $U �����'Ly[LGR�GH�FDUERQR &2� �����2XWURV � �����
2�FRQKHFLPHQWR�GDV�FRQGLo}HV�GH�XPLGDGH�GR� DU� p�GH� JUDQGH� LPSRUWkQFLDSDUD� PXLWRV� VHWRUHV� GD� DWLYLGDGH� KXPDQD�� $� FRQVHUYDomR� GH� SURGXWRV�� FRPRIUXWDV�� OHJXPHV�� RYRV� H� RXWURV�� HP� VLVWHPDV� GH� UHIULJHUDomR� GHSHQGH� HP� JUDQGHSDUWH� GH� XPD� PLVWXUD� DSURSULDGD� �DU� VHFR�YDSRU� GH� iJXD��� $� VHFDJHP�� RDUPD]HQDPHQWR� H� R� SURFHVVDPHQWR� GH� JUmRV� VmR� LJXDOPHQWH� OLPLWDGRV� SHODVFRQGLo}HV�GR�DU�DWPRVIpULFR�¬V�YH]HV��R�tQGLFH�GH�FRQIRUWR� WpUPLFR�GH�XPD�DWPRVIHUD�GHSHQGH�PDLV�GDTXDQWLGDGH�GH�YDSRU�G¶iJXD� SUHVHQWH� QR� DU� GR� TXH� GD� WHPSHUDWXUD� SURSULDPHQWHGLWD��'HVVH�PRGR��XP�DSDUHOKR�GH�FRQGLFLRQDPHQWR�GR�DU�SURPRYH�PDLRU�FRQWUROHGD� XPLGDGH� H� DSHQDV� SHTXHQDV� YDULDo}HV� QR� YDORU� GD� WHPSHUDWXUD� GR� DPELHQWH�3RU�WXGR�LVVR��R�HVWXGR�GHWDOKDGR�GD�PLVWXUD�GH�DU�VHFR� �1��2��&2���RXWURV��HYDSRU�GH�iJXD�SDVVRX�D�VHU�XPD�GLVFLSOLQD��GHQRPLQDGD�SVLFURPHWULD��TXH�HVWXGD�D�SDUWLU�GDV�GHWHUPLQDo}HV�GH�SDUkPHWURV�HVSHFtILFRV��DV�SURSULHGDGHV�GD�PLVWXUDGH�DU�VHFR�H�YDSRU�GH�iJXD�RX�GR�DU�~PLGR�3DUWLFXODUPHQWH�� QRV� HVWXGRV� GDV� HWDSDV� GH� SUp�SURFHVVDPHQWR� GH� JUmRV�� DPLVWXUD� DU� VHFR� H� YDSRU� GH� iJXD� p� XP� IDWRU� UHVWULWLYR� SDUD� D� H[HFXomR� GDVRSHUDo}HV�GH�VHFDJHP��DUPD]HQDPHQWR�H�DHUDomR��FRPR�VHUi�YLVWR�PDLV�DGLDQWH��$
&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
TXDQWLGDGH� GH� YDSRU� GH� iJXD� SUHVHQWH� QR� DU� DPELHQWH� YDULD� GH� TXDVH� ]HUR� DDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH����HP�YROXPH�
���35235,('$'(6�'2�$5�Ò0,'2$V�SURSULHGDGHV�GR�DU�~PLGR�HVWmR�UHODFLRQDGDV�j�WHPSHUDWXUD��TXDQWLGDGHGH�YDSRU�GH�iJXD��YROXPH�RFXSDGR�SHOR�DU�H�HQHUJLD�QHOH�FRQWLGD�
3URSULHGDGHV�UHODFLRQDGDV�j�WHPSHUDWXUD�� WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�EXOER�VHFR�� WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�EXOER�PROKDGR��H� WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR�3URSULHGDGHV�UHODFLRQDGDV�j�XPLGDGH��PDVVD�GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD��� SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU�� UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD�� XPLGDGH�HVSHFtILFD�� XPLGDGH�DEVROXWD�� XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD��H� JUDX�GH�VDWXUDomR�3URSULHGDGHV�UHODFLRQDGDV�DR�YROXPH�RFXSDGR�H�j HQHUJLD���YROXPH�HVSHFtILFR��H��HQWDOSLD�
�����7HPSHUDWXUDV�GH�EXOER�VHFR��W��H�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR��WP�$� WHPSHUDWXUD� GR� EXOER� VHFR� �W�� GR� DU� p� D� WHPSHUDWXUD� PHGLGD� FRP� XPWHUP{PHWUR�FRPXP��&DVR�R�WHUPR�WHPSHUDWXUD�VHMD�XVDGR�VHP�XPD�HVSHFLILFDomR�R�OHLWRU�GHYH�HQWHQGr�OR�FRPR�VHQGR�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�VHFR�2XWUD�PHGLGD� LPSRUWDQWH� GH� WHPSHUDWXUD�� TXDQGR� VH� IDOD� GH� VHFDJHP�GHJUmRV�� p�D� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR� �WP���3DUD�REWr�OD��FREUH�VH�R�EXOER�GHXP� WHUP{PHWUR� FRPXP�� FXMDV� FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV� GHYHP� VHU� VHPHOKDQWHV� jV� GRWHUP{PHWUR� GH� EXOER� VHFR�� FRP� XP� WHFLGR� GH� DOJRGmR� HPEHELGR� HP� iJXDGHVWLODGD��2�EXOER�PROKDGR�GHYH�VHU�YHQWLODGR��FRP�R�DU�TXH�VH�TXHU�FRQKHFHU��DXPD� YHORFLGDGH�PtQLPD� GH� �P�V��8PD� REVHUYDomR� GHYH� VHU� IHLWD� HP� UHODomR� jVWHPSHUDWXUDV� SVLFURPpWULFD� H� WHUPRGLQkPLFD� GH� EXOER� PROKDGR�� D� WHPSHUDWXUDSVLFURPpWULFD� GH� EXOER� PROKDGR� �WP�� p� D� WHPSHUDWXUD� GR� DU� LQGLFDGD� SHORWHUP{PHWUR� GH� EXOER� PROKDGR�� FRPR� GHVFULWR� DQWHULRUPHQWH�� Mi� D� WHPSHUDWXUDWHUPRGLQkPLFD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR�p� DTXHOD�GH� HTXLOtEULR�� DOFDQoDGD� TXDQGR�R� DU~PLGR�VRIUH�XP�SURFHVVR�GH�UHVIULDPHQWR�DGLDEiWLFR��GHYLGR�j�HYDSRUDomR�GD�iJXDQR� DU�� DWp� DWLQJLU� D� WHPSHUDWXUD� GD� iJXD�� PDQWHQGR�VH� D� SUHVVmR� FRQVWDQWH�� 1DSUiWLFD��HVWDV�WHPSHUDWXUDV�VmR�FRQVLGHUDGDV�LJXDLV�2� FRQKHFLPHQWR� GDV� WHPSHUDWXUDV� GH� EXOER� VHFR� H� GH� EXOER� PROKDGR�H[SUHVVDV� HP� JUDXV� &HOVLXV� �R&�� H� GHWHUPLQDGDV� SRU� PHLR� GH� SVLFU{PHWURV�SHUPLWH��FRP�R�XVR�GH�WDEHODV��D�GHWHUPLQDomR�UiSLGD�GD�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU�
&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
�����7HPSHUDWXUD�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR��Wpo�e�D� WHPSHUDWXUD�HP�TXH�R�DU�~PLGR�VH� WRUQD� VDWXUDGR��RX� VHMD��TXDQGR�RYDSRU�G
iJXD�FRPHoD�D�FRQGHQVDU�VH��SRU�XP�SURFHVVR�GH�UHVIULDPHQWR��PDQWHQGRFRQVWDQWHV�D�SUHVVmR�H�D UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD�
�����3UHVVmR�GH�YDSRU��S
v
�2�YDSRU�G¶iJXD��FRPR�RV�JDVHV�FRPSRQHQWHV�GD�DWPRVIHUD��H[HUFH�SUHVVmRHP�WRGDV�DV�GLUHo}HV��SUHVVmR�HVWD�TXH�GHSHQGH�GD�FRQFHQWUDomR�GR�YDSRU�$� TXDQWLGDGH� GH� YDSRU� TXH� SRGH� H[LVWLU� HP� GHWHUPLQDGD� DWPRVIHUD� pOLPLWDGD�SDUD�FDGD�YDORU�GH�WHPSHUDWXUD��7HPSHUDWXUDV�PDLV�HOHYDGDV�SHUPLWHP�DH[LVWrQFLD� GH� PDLRU� TXDQWLGDGH� GH� YDSRU� GR� TXH� HP� XP� DPELHQWH� FRPWHPSHUDWXUDV� PDLV� EDL[DV�� 4XDQGR� R� DU� FRQWpP� R� Pi[LPR� GH� YDSRU� G¶iJXDSHUPLVVtYHO�SDUD�GHWHUPLQDGD�WHPSHUDWXUD��GL]�VH�TXH�R�DU�VH�HQFRQWUD�VDWXUDGR�H�DSUHVVmR� GH� YDSRU� QHVVD� FLUFXQVWkQFLD� p� GLWD� Pi[LPD� RX� GH� VDWXUDomR�� VHQGRUHSUHVHQWDGD�SRU��SYV����6H�D�TXDQWLGDGH�GH�YDSRU�QmR�p�VXILFLHQWH�SDUD�VDWXUDU�R�DU�VXD�SUHVVmR�p�FKDPDGD�GH�SUHVVmR�SDUFLDO�GH�YDSRU�H�p�UHSUHVHQWDGD�SRU��SY�������5D]mR�GH�PLVWXUD��Z�e�GHILQLGD�FRPR�D�UD]mR�HQWUH�D�PDVVD�GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD�H�D�PDVVD�GH�DU�VHFRHP�GDGR�YROXPH�GD�PLVWXUD��e�H[SUHVVD�HP�NJ�GH�YDSRU�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�
�����8PLGDGH�UHODWLYD��85�$�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD��85��GR�DU�p�D UD]mR�HQWUH�D�SUHVVmR�SDUFLDO�GH�YDSRU��SY�H[HUFLGD�SHODV�PROpFXODV�GH�iJXD�SUHVHQWHV�QR�DU�H�D SUHVVmR�GH�VDWXUDomR��SYV���QDPHVPD�WHPSHUDWXUD��VHQGR�QRUPDOPHQWH�H[SUHVVD�HP�SRUFHQWDJHP��HTXDomR����
85�� ��SY�SYV�������������������������������������������������������������HT������� 8PLGDGH�DEVROXWD��8D�e�D�UHODomR�HQWUH�D�PDVVD�GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD�H�R�YROXPH�RFXSDGR�SHOR�DU�~PLGR�
���� 8PLGDGH�HVSHFtILFD��8H�e�D�UHODomR�HQWUH�D�PDVVD�GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD�H�D�PDVVD�GR�DU�~PLGR������*UDX�GH�VDWXUDomRe�D�UHODomR�HQWUH�D� UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD� DWXDO�H�D UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD�GR� DU�HPFRQGLomR�GH�VDWXUDomR��j�PHVPD�WHPSHUDWXUD�H�SUHVVmR�
�����9ROXPH�HVSHFtILFR��YH�e�GHILQLGR�FRPR�R�YROXPH�SRU�XQLGDGH�GH�PDVVD�GH�DU�VHFR�H�H[SUHVVR�HPP� SRU� NJ� GH� DU� VHFR� �P��NJ��� $� SRWrQFLD� UHTXHULGD� SHOR� YHQWLODGRU�� HP� XPVLVWHPD�GH�VHFDJHP��p�DIHWDGD�SHOR�YROXPH�HVSHFtILFR�GR�DU�
������(QWDOSLD��K�$�HQWDOSLD��K��GH�XPD�PLVWXUD�DU�VHFR�YDSRU�G¶iJXD�p�D�HQHUJLD�FRQWLGD�QRDU�~PLGR��SRU�XQLGDGH�GH�PDVVD�GH� DU� VHFR��SDUD� WHPSHUDWXUDV� VXSHULRUHV� D�XPD
&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
GHWHUPLQDGD� WHPSHUDWXUD� GH� UHIHUrQFLD� ��R&��� &RPR� VRPHQWH� D� GLIHUHQoD� GHHQWDOSLD� UHSUHVHQWD� LQWHUHVVH� SUiWLFR� HP� SURFHVVDPHQWR� GH� SURGXWRV� DJUtFRODV�� RYDORU�HVFROKLGR�SDUD�D� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�UHIHUrQFLD� WRUQD�VH� LUUHOHYDQWH��$�HQWDOSLD�TXH� p� H[SUHVVD� HP� NFDO� RX� N-� SRU� NJ� GH� DU� VHFR�� p� PXLWR� LPSRUWDQWH� SDUD� RGLPHQVLRQDPHQWR� GH� DTXHFHGRUHV� H� VLVWHPD� GH� VHFDJHP�H� FRPSRVLomR� GR� FXVWRRSHUDFLRQDO�GRV�GLIHUHQWHV�VLVWHPDV�
���0(',d­2�'$�80,'$'(�'2�$53DUD�PHGLU�D�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU�VmR�XVDGRV�LQVWUXPHQWRV�GHQRPLQDGRVKLJU{PHWURV��2V�PDLV�FRPXQV�VmR�D� +LJU{PHWURV�GH�FRQGHQVDomR��EDVHLDP�VH�QD�GHWHUPLQDomR�GR�SRQWRGH�RUYDOKR�E� +LJU{PHWURV� GH� DEVRUomR�� XVDGRV� HP� ODERUDWyULR�� 1HVVHVHTXLSDPHQWRV�� D� GHWHUPLQDomR� p� IHLWD� SDVVDQGR�VH��DWUDYpV� GH� XPDVXEVWkQFLD� KLJURVFySLFD�� XP� YROXPH� FRQKHFLGR� GR� DU� FXMDVSURSULHGDGHV�VH�GHVHMD�GHWHUPLQDU��2�UHVXOWDGR�p�REWLGR�SHOD�YDULDomRGR�SHVR�GHYLGR�j�XPLGDGH�DEVRUYLGD�F� +LJU{PHWURV�HOpWULFRV��EDVHLDP�VH�QD�YDULDomR�GD� UHVLVWrQFLD� HOpWULFDGH� XP� ILQR� ILOPH� GH� XP� FRQGXWRU� HOHWUROtWLFR� FRQWHQGR� XP� VDOKLJURVFySLFR��HP�IXQomR�GD�XPLGDGH�G� +LJU{PHWUR� yWLFR�� SRU�PHLR� GD� LQWHQVLGDGH� GH� OX]� UHIOHWLGD�� PHGH� DHVSHVVXUD�GH�XP�ILOPH�KLJURVFySLFR��D�TXDO�YDULD�FRP�D�XPLGDGH�H� +LJU{PHWURV�GH�GLIXVmR��FRQVWDP�GH�XPD�FkPDUD�IHFKDGD��WHQGR�XPDSODFD� SRURVD� QXPD� GDV� SDUHGHV�� 2� DU� QR� LQWHULRU� GD� FkPDUD� pFRQWLQXDPHQWH� VXEPHWLGR� j� DomR� GH� XP� DJHQWH� GHVVHFDGRU� RXXPHGHFHGRU��$�GLIXVmR�GR�DU�DWUDYpV�GD�SODFD�SRURVD�SURGX]�PXGDQoDQD� SUHVVmR� LQWHUQD� GD� FkPDUD�� TXH� p�PHGLGD� SRU� XP�PDQ{PHWUR�� 1RSRQWR�GH�HTXLOtEULR��R�YDORU�GD�PXGDQoD�GH�SUHVVmR�GHSHQGH�GD�SUHVVmRGH�YDSRU�GR�DU�H[WHULRU�H�GD�WHPSHUDWXUD�GD�FkPDUD�I� 3VLFU{PHWURV�� FRQVWDP� GH� GRLV� WHUP{PHWURV� VHPHOKDQWHV�� XP� GRVTXDLV�WHP�R�EXOER�UHFREHUWR�SRU�WHFLGR�GH�DOJRGmR�XPHGHFLGR�HP�iJXDGHVWLODGD� �)LJXUD�����$�HYDSRUDomR�GD�iJXD� VREUH�R�EXOER�XPHGHFLGRFDXVD� DEDL[DPHQWR� QD� WHPSHUDWXUD� GHVWH� H� p� GHSHQGHQWH� GR� HVWDGRKLJURPpWULFR�GR�DU��2�WHUP{PHWUR�GH�EXOER�VHFR�LQGLFD�D� WHPSHUDWXUDGR� DU�� $� GLIHUHQoD� GH� WHPSHUDWXUD� HQWUH� RV� GRLV� WHUP{PHWURV� GiLQGLFDomR� GD� XPLGDGH�� EHP� FRPR� GH� RXWUDV� SURSULHGDGHV� GR� DU�EDVWDQGR� XWLOL]DU� RV� GDGRV� REWLGRV� SDUD� GDU� HQWUDGDV� HP� WDEHODV�JUiILFRV�RX�IyUPXODV��2V�SVLFU{PHWURV�SRGHP�VHU�GH�YHQWLODomR�QDWXUDO�SVLFU{PHWURV� FRPXQV�� RX� GH� YHQWLODomR� IRUoDGD��2�PDLV� FRPXP� p� RSVLFU{PHWUR�JLUDWyULR�J� +LJU{PHWURV�GH�ILR�GH�FDEHOR��R�FDEHOR�KXPDQR�OLYUH�GH�JRUGXUDV�WHPD�SURSULHGDGH�GH�DXPHQWDU�HP�FRPSULPHQWR�DR�DEVRUYHU�XPLGDGH�H�GHGLPLQXLU� HP� FRPSULPHQWR� TXDQGR� D� SHUGH�� (VVD� YDULDomR� pFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWH� DPSOLDGD� H� WUDQVPLWLGD� D� XP� SRQWHLUR�� VREUH� XPPRVWUDGRU�� TXH� LQGLFDUi� GLUHWDPHQWH� D� XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD� GR� DU�
&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
7URFDQGR�VH�R�SRQWHLUR�SRU�XPD�SHQD�FRQWHQGR�UHVHUYDWyULR�GH�WLQWD�HR�PRVWUDGRU� SRU� XP� FLOLQGUR� URWDWLYR�PRYLGR� SRU� XP�PHFDQLVPR� GHUHORMRDULD��WHP�VH�R�KLJU{PHWUR�UHJLVWUDGRU�RX�KLJUyJUDIR�
)LJXUD���±�3VLFU{PHWURV�GH�SDUHGH�H�JLUDWyULR�
���80,'$'(�5(/$7,9$8P�KLJU{PHWUR�GH�ILR�GH�FDEHOR�RX�XP�KLJUyJUDIR�IRUQHFHP�GLUHWDPHQWH�DOHLWXUD�GD�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU��,VWR�QmR�DFRQWHFH�TXDQGR�VH�XVD�XP�SVLFU{PHWURRX� XP�KLJU{PHWUR� GH� FRQGHQVDomR�� SRLV�� QHVVH� FDVR�� D� XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD� Vy� VHUiFRQKHFLGD� DSyV� RSHUDo}HV� XVDQGR� HVVHV� GDGRV� HP� IyUPXODV�� WDEHODV� RX� JUiILFRVSVLFURPpWULFRV�
�����'HWHUPLQDomR�DQDOtWLFD&RQKHFHQGR�VH�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR�H�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU��DXPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�SRGH�VHU�GHWHUPLQDGD�SHOD�HTXDomR���
85� �H[S�^�������>�����7�������7SR�@`�����������������������������������HT���HP�TXH85� �XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU��GHFLPDO�7� �WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU��.��H7SR �WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR��.�4XDQGR�VH�XVD�XP�SVLFU{PHWUR��D�GHWHUPLQDomR�GD�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�SRGHVHU�IHLWD�SHOD�HTXDomR���
&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
85� �SY����SYV���� � HT���6HQGR SY �SYVP ��>$��3����W���WP�@ HT���HP�TXHSY �SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD�QR�DU��PP+J�SYVP �SUHVVmR�Pi[LPD�GH�YDSRU�j�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER��PROKDGR�PP+J�$� �FRQVWDQWH�SVLFURPpWULFD������[����� R&���3� �SUHVVmR�DWPRVIpULFD�ORFDO��PP+J�W� �WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU��R&��HWP �WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR��R&�$V� FRQVWDQWHV� SVLFURPpWULFDV� DGRWDGDV� VmR� ���[���� R&���� SDUD� RSVLFU{PHWUR� FRP� YHQWLODomR� �DVSLUDGR��� H� ���[����� R&���� SDUD� R� SVLFU{PHWUR� VHPPRYLPHQWDomR�GH�DU�$�SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU�VDWXUDGR�QR�DU�j�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�VHFR��SYV��SRGHVHU�GHWHUPLQDGD�SHOD�HTXDomR���
WWYV [S � ���������������� HT���HP�TXHSYV �SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU�VDWXUDGR��PEDU��HW� �WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU��q&�
2EV�������PP+J� ���������PEDU�
$�SUHVVmR�Pi[LPD�GR�YDSRU�j� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR��SYVP��SRGHVHU�H[SUHVVD�SHOD�HTXDomR���
PPWWYVP [S � ���������������� HT���HP�TXHSYVP� �SUHVVmR�Pi[LPD�GR�YDSRU��PEDU��HWP �WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�EXOER�PROKDGR��q&�([HPSOR�$V� OHLWXUDV�GH� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER� VHFR�H�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR��GDGDV�SRUXP�SVLFU{PHWUR�GH�DVSLUDomR��IRUDP��UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH��GH���q&�H���q&��'HWHUPLQHD�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU�XWLOL]DQGR�D�HTXDomR���6ROXomR'HWHUPLQDomR� GD� SUHVVmR� GH� YDSRU� VDWXUDGR� j� WHPSHUDWXUD� GH� EXOERPROKDGR��HTXDomR���� ������������ ������� ����� �[YVP [S PEDU�RX������PP+J
&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
'HWHUPLQDomR�GD�SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU�G¶iJXD�QR�DU��HTXDomR����
SY ��������>���[��������������������@SY ������PP+J�'HWHUPLQDomR�GD�SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU� VDWXUDGR� j� WHPSHUDWXUD� GH� EXOER� VHFR�HTXDomR���� ������������ ������� ����� �[YV [S PEDU�RX������PP+J
3RUWDQWR��D�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU�VHUi��HTXDomR����
�������� ���� 85
���7$%(/$6�(�*5È),&26�36,&520e75,&26$OpP� GDV� HTXDo}HV� SVLFURPpWULFDV� HVSHFtILFDV� H� GRV� SURJUDPDVFRPSXWDFLRQDLV�TXH�LQFOXHP�HVVDV�HTXDo}HV�SDUD�R�FiOFXOR�GDV�SURSULHGDGHV�GR�DU�DV�WDEHODV�H�RV�JUiILFRV�SVLFURPpWULFRV�IRUDP�FULDGRV�SDUD�IDFLOLWDU�D�GHWHUPLQDomRGDV� SURSULHGDGHV� GR� DU�� 0HVPR� FRP� D� GLVSRQLELOLGDGH� GH� FRPSXWDGRUHV�� RVJUiILFRV�H� DV� WDEHODV� VmR�EDVWDQWH�XWLOL]DGRV�� SULQFLSDOPHQWH�TXDQGR� VH�QHFHVVLWDGH�GHWHUPLQDo}HV�UiSLGDV�HP�ORFDLV�RQGH�R�FRPSXWDGRU�QmR�HVWi�GLVSRQtYHO�$�7DEHOD���p�XVDGD�QD�GHWHUPLQDomR�DSUR[LPDGD�GD�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU�HDSUHVHQWD�HQWUDGD�GXSOD��1HOD�HQFRQWUDP�VH�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR��WP��QD�SULPHLUD�FROXQD��H�D�GHSUHVVmR�SVLFURPpWULFD� �GLIHUHQoD�HQWUH�DV� WHPSHUDWXUDVGR�WHUP{PHWUR�GH�EXOER�VHFR�H�WHUP{PHWUR�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR��W���WP���QD�SULPHLUDOLQKD��2V�GLYHUVRV�YDORUHV�GD�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�FRQVWLWXHP�R�FRUSR�GD�WDEHOD�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
7DEHOD�����9DORUHV�GH�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�SDUD�YDORUHV�FRQKHFLGRV�GH�W�H�WP
7HPS�WP '(35(66­2�36,&520e75,&$��7���7P�ƒ& ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ����� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
&DStWXOR�����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
����([HPSOR�GH�DSOLFDomR�GD�7DEHOD���'HWHUPLQDU�D�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�GR�DU�VDEHQGR�VH�TXH�XP�SVLFU{PHWUR�LQGLFDW� ������R&�H�WP ������R&�3URFXUD�VH�R�YDORU�GH������R&�QD�FROXQD�FRUUHVSRQGHQWH�DR�WHUP{PHWUR�GHEXOER�PROKDGR��WP��H��GDt�� VHJXH�VH�KRUL]RQWDOPHQWH�DWp�D�FROXQD�FXMD�GHSUHVVmRSVLFURPpWULFD��W���WP��VHMD�LJXDO�D�����R&��LVWR�p��������R&��������R&��4XDQGR�RV�YDORUHV�GH�W�H��W� �� WP��QmR�HVWmR�H[SUHVVRV�QD� WDEHOD��p�SUHFLVRID]HU�XPD� LQWHUSRODomR��D�TXDO�SRGH�VHU� IHLWD� LQGLVWLQWDPHQWH�QDV�FROXQDV�RX�QDVOLQKDV�� 6RPHQWH� DSyV� FRQKHFHU� RV� YDORUHV� LQWHUPHGLiULRV� GDV� FROXQDV� RX� GDVOLQKDV��p�SRVVtYHO�FDOFXODU�D�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�)D]HQGR�D�LQWHUSRODomR�QDV�FROXQDV��WHP�VH��FROXQD��W���WP�� ���� R&��SDUD�WP ��� R&�R�YDORU�GH�85� �����H�SDUD�WP ��� R&�R�YDORU�GH�85� ������$VVLP��SDUDXPD�YDULDomR�GH�� R&� ���� R&����� R&����D�85�YDULD�HP�����7DEHOD����3DUD� XPD� YDULDomR� GH� ��� R&� ���� R&� �� �� R&�� D�85� YDL� YDULDU� HP� ����'HVVH� PRGR�� SRGH�VH� GL]HU� TXH� QD� FROXQD� �W� �� WP�� ���ž&�� SDUD� WP � ���� R&�FRUUHVSRQGHUi�XPD�85� ��������7DEHOD����&ROXQD��W���WP�� ���� R&��SDUD�WP ��� R&��R�YDORU�GH�85� ������H�SDUD�WP ���R&��R�YDORU�GH�85� ������2EVHUYD�VH�DTXL��WDPEpP��TXH�SDUD�XPD�YDULDomR�GH��ž&�D�85�YDULRX�HP����H��FRQVHTHQWHPHQWH��SDUD�D�YDULDomR�GH���� R&� ������R&����� R&���D�85�YDULDUi�HP�������2�YDORU�GD�85�SDUD�WP ����� R&�H��W���WP�� ����R&�VHUi�GH��������7DEHOD����3DUD� FRQKHFHU� D�85�QDV� FRQGLo}HV� SURSRVWDV�� EDVWD� LQWHUSRODU� RV� YDORUHVHQFRQWUDGRV�QD�OLQKD�FRUUHVSRQGHQWH�D�WP ����� R&��3DUD��W���WP�� ���� R&��R�YDORUGH�85� ��������H�SDUD��W��� WP�� ���� R&�R�YDORU�GD�85�p�GH��������$VVLP��SDUDXPD�YDULDomR�GH���� R&�HP��W���WP�� ����� R&������ R&���D�85�YDULRX�HP�����3DUDXPD�YDULDomR�GH���� R&�HP��W���WP�� ����� R&������ R&����D�85�YDULDUi�HP����$VVLP��QDV�FRQGLo}HV�SURSRVWDV��D�85�p�������FRPR�PRVWUD�D�7DEHOD���
7DEHOD���±�'HWHUPLQDomR�GD�XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD� ����HP�IXQomR�GD� WHPSHUDWXUD�GHEXOER�PROKDGR�H�GD�GHSUHVVmR�SVLFURPpWULFD
W���WP �q&�WP �q&� �������������������������������������������������������������� ���� ���� �������� ���� ���� �������� ���� ���� ����
�����*UiILFR�SVLFURPpWULFR$QWHV� GH� DERUGDU� R� XVR� GR� JUiILFR� SVLFURPpWULFR�� p� QHFHVViULRFRPSUHHQGHU�FRPR�HOH�p�FRQVWLWXtGR�$�)LJXUD� ��PRVWUD� XP� JUiILFR� SVLFURPpWULFR� j� SUHVVmR� FRQVWDQWH� GH� ���PP�GH�+J� �������PEDU��� TXH� SRGHUi� VHU�XVDGR�HP�RXWUDV� FRQGLo}HV�� GHVGH�TXHVHMDP�IHLWDV�DV�GHYLGDV�FRUUHo}HV��2�HL[R�GDV�DEFLVVDV�H[SUHVVD�DV�WHPSHUDWXUDV�GRWHUP{PHWUR�GH�EXOER�VHFR�HP�R&�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
'R�ODGR�GLUHLWR�GD�ILJXUD��FRUUHVSRQGHQGR�DR�HL[R�GDV�RUGHQDGDV��HQFRQWUD�VH�D�UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD��H[SUHVVD�HP�JUDPDV�GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD�SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DUVHFR�� H�GR� ODGR�HVTXHUGR�HQFRQWUD�VH� D�SUHVVmR� GH�YDSRU� HP�PLOLEDUHV� H�PP�GHPHUF~ULR��+J��$V�OLQKDV�FXUYDV�HQWUH�RV�WUrV�SDUkPHWURV�GHVFULWRV�FRUUHVSRQGHP�jV�OLQKDVGH� XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD��$�PDLV� H[WUHPD� p� D� OLQKD�85� � ������ RX� OLQKD� GR� YDSRUVDWXUDQWH�RX�GH�VDWXUDomR��VREUH�D�TXDO�VH�OrHP�DV�WHPSHUDWXUDV�GR�WHUP{PHWUR�GHEXOER�PROKDGR�H�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR��$FLPD�GD�FXUYD�85� �������HQFRQWUDP�VHVHJPHQWRV�GH�UHWDV��RQGH�VH�Or�D�HQWDOSLD��RX�VHMD��D�TXDQWLGDGH�GH�FDORU�HQYROYLGDQDV�PXGDQoDV�GH�HVWDGR��$�HQWDOSLD�HVWi�H[SUHVVD�HP�NFDO�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�&RPHoDQGR� D� OHLWXUD� SHOR� HL[R� GDV� WHPSHUDWXUDV� GH� EXOER� VHFR� �WEV��HQFRQWUDP�VH�� LQFOLQDGDV�SDUD�D�HVTXHUGD�HP�DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH���R�� DV� OLQKDV�GHYROXPH� HVSHFtILFR� GR� DU� VHFR�� TXH� LQGLFDP� R� Q~PHUR� GH� PHWURV� F~ELFRV� GH� DUQHFHVViULR�SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DU�VHFR�
�������8VR�GR�JUiILFR&RQKHFHQGR�D� WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR�H�D� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOERVHFR� RX� WHPSHUDWXUD� GR� DU�� SDUD� REWHU� D� XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD�� WUDoD�VH�� D� SDUWLU� GRSRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR�OLGR�VREUH�D�OLQKD�GH�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�LJXDO�D�������D�SDUDOHOD�jOLQKD�GDV�WHPSHUDWXUDV�GH�EXOER�VHFR��$�VHJXLU�� OHYDQWD�VH�XPD�SHUSHQGLFXODU�DRHL[R�GDV� WHPSHUDWXUDV�GH�EXOER�VHFR��D�TXDO�FRUUHVSRQGH�j� WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU��2FUX]DPHQWR� GDV� OLQKDV� WUDoDGDV� GHWHUPLQD� QR� JUiILFR� XP� SRQWR� GHQRPLQDGR³SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR´��D�SDUWLU�GR�TXDO�SRGHP�VH�FRQKHFHU�DV�RXWUDV�SURSULHGDGHV�GRDU� D� 8PLGDGH� UHODWLYD�� FRPR� DV� OLQKDV� FXUYDV� LQGLFDP� D� 85�� EDVWDREVHUYDU� TXDO� OLQKD� FRLQFLGH� FRP� R� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR�� &DVR� QmR� KDMDFRLQFLGrQFLD��ID]�VH�D�LQWHUSRODomR�YLVXDO�E� 5D]mR�GH�PLVWXUD��D�SDUWLU�GR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�WUDoD�VH��SDUD�D�GLUHLWD�XPD�SDUDOHOD�DR�HL[R�GDV�WHPSHUDWXUDV�GR�WHUP{PHWUR�GH�EXOER�VHFR�HOr�VH��QD�HVFDOD��R�Q~PHUR�GH�JUDPDV�GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD�SRU�TXLORJUDPDGH�DU�VHFR�F� 3UHVVmR�GH�YDSRU��D�SDUWLU�GR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�WUDoD�VH��SDUD�D�HVTXHUGDDWp� jV� HVFDODV� GH� SUHVVmR� GH� YDSRU�� XPD� SDUDOHOD� DR� HL[R� GDVWHPSHUDWXUDV� GR� WHUP{PHWUR� GH� EXOER� VHFR�� ID]HQGR� D� OHLWXUD� HPPLOLEDUHV�RX�PLOtPHWURV�GH�PHUF~ULR�G� (QWDOSLD�� D� SDUWLU� GR� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR�� WUDoD�VH� XPD� OLQKD� SDUDOHOD� jVOLQKDV� TXH� SDUWHP� GD� HVFDOD� GD� HQWDOSLD�� RQGH� VH� Or� R� Q~PHUR� GHTXLORFDORULDV�SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DU�VHFR�H� 9ROXPH�HVSHFtILFR�GR�DU�VHFR��R�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�GHWHUPLQD�R�YDORU�GRYROXPH�HVSHFtILFR�GR�DU�VHFR��4XDQGR�HOH�QmR�FRLQFLGH�FRP�XPD�GDVOLQKDV� WUDoDGDV� QR� JUiILFR�� p� IHLWD� XPD� LQWHUSRODomR� YLVXDO�GHWHUPLQDQGR�R�Q~PHUR�GH�PHWURV�F~ELFRV�GH�DU�SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DUVHFR�$V�)LJXUDV���H���LOXVWUDP��FRPR�XP�H[HPSOR��FRPR�p�SRVVtYHO�GHWHUPLQDU�RVGLIHUHQWHV�YDORUHV�GDV�SURSULHGDGHV�SVLFURPpWULFDV�GR�DU�~PLGR��FRQKHFHQGR�VH�RV
&DStWXOR����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
YDORUHV�GH�GXDV�RXWUDV�SURSULHGDGHV�QmR�DOLQKDGDV�([HPSOR�� GHWHUPLQH� DV� SURSULHGDGHV� WHUPRGLQkPLFDV� GR� DU� ~PLGR�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�VHFR��W� ����R&��H�D WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR��WP ���R&���FRPR�LQGLFDGR�QD�)LJXUD���6ROXomR��SDUD�GHWHUPLQDU�R�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR��OHYDQWD�VH�D�SHUSHQGLFXODU�DRHL[R� GDV� WHPSHUDWXUDV� GH� EXOER� VHFR�� D� SDUWLU� GR� YDORU� GD� WHPSHUDWXUD� GR� DU�� $VHJXLU�� SDUWLQGR� GD� WHPSHUDWXUD� WP�� REWLGD� QD� FXUYD� GH� VDWXUDomR�� WUDoD�VH� DSDUDOHOD�jV�OLQKDV�GH�HQWDOSLD��2�FUX]DPHQWR�GDV�GXDV�OLQKDV�GHWHUPLQD�R�SRQWR�GHHVWDGR��2V�GHPDLV�SDUkPHWURV�VmR�HQFRQWUDGRV�FRPR�GHVFULWR�DQWHULRUPHQWH���XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD� �������YROXPH�HVSHFtILFR� �������P��NJ�GH�DU�VHFR���UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD� ������JUDPDV�GH�YDSRU�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR���SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU� ������PEDU��H��HQWDOSLD� ������NFDO�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
)LJXUD���±�*UiILFR�SVLFURPpWULFR
&DStWXOR����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
)LJXUD���±�'HWHUPLQDomR�GR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�D�SDUWLU�GH�W�H�WP�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
)LJXUD���±�'HWHUPLQDomR�GDV�SURSULHGDGHV�GR�DU�D�SDUWLU�GR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�
&DStWXOR����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
&RQKHFHQGR�VH�R�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR�SR H�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU�W� SDUD�REWHU�D�XPLGDGHUHODWLYD��WUDoD�VH��D�SDUWLU�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR�DU�OLGR�VREUH�D�OLQKD�GH�VDWXUDomR�RXGH�XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD�������XPD�SDUDOHOD�j�OLQKD�GDV�WHPSHUDWXUDV�GH�EXOER�VHFR�RXDEFLVVD��$�VHJXLU��OHYDQWD�VH�XPD�SHUSHQGLFXODU�DR�HL[R�GDV�WHPSHUDWXUDV�GH�EXOERVHFR��D� TXDO� GHYH� FRUUHVSRQGHU� j� WHPSHUDWXUD� GR� DU� W�� 2� FUX]DPHQWR� GDV� OLQKDVWUDoDGDV�GHWHUPLQD�QR�JUiILFR�R�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�3��D�SDUWLU�GR�TXDO�GHWHUPLQDP�VHDV�RXWUDV�SURSULHGDGHV��GH�PRGR�VHPHOKDQWH�DR�GD�)LJXUD���([HPSOR�� TXH� FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV� DSUHVHQWDP� XPD� PDVVD� GH� DU� FXMDWHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER� VHFR�p���� R&�H� D WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR� �SR�� ��R&" 6ROXomR3HOD� )LJXUD� �� H� SHOR� SURFHGLPHQWR� VHPHOKDQWH� DR� GD� )LJXUD� ��� VHUmRGHWHUPLQDGDV�DV�VHJXLQWHV�SURSULHGDGHV�GR�DU�
�����XPLGDGH�UHODWLYD� ������ YROXPH�HVSHFtILFR� �������P��NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�� UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD� �����JUDPDV�GH�YDSRU�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�� SUHVVmR�GH�YDSRU� ������PEDU�RX������PP+J�� HQWDOSLD� ������NFDO�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR��H� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR� ������R&�
2� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� SRGH� VHU� GHWHUPLQDGR� SRU� PHLR� GH� GRLV� SDUkPHWURVTXDLVTXHU��GHVGH�TXH�QmR�VHMDP�LQWHUGHSHQGHQWHV�
���23(5$d®(6�48(�02',),&$0�2�$5&RPR� GLWR� DQWHULRUPHQWH�� QRV� GLYHUVRV� UDPRV� GDV� iUHDV� GH� SUp�SURFHVVDPHQWR�� WUDQVIRUPDomR� H�FRQVHUYDomR�GH� DOLPHQWRV�� D� XWLOL]DomR�GR�DU�QDVXD�IRUPD�QDWXUDO�RX�PRGLILFDGD�p�EDVWDQWH�FRPXP���3RU�H[HPSOR��QD�RSHUDomR�GHVHFDJHP�GHYH�VH��PXLWDV�YH]HV��DTXHFHU�R�DU�SDUD�TXH�HOH�WHQKD�R�VHX�SRWHQFLDO�GHDEVRUomR� GH� iJXD� DXPHQWDGR�� SDUD� DFHOHUDU� R� SURFHVVR�� 1D� FRQVHUYDomR� GHSHUHFtYHLV� VmR� XWLOL]DGDV� FkPDUDV� HVSHFLDLV� FRP� UHFLUFXODomR� GR� DU� D� EDL[DVWHPSHUDWXUDV� �IULJR�FRQVHUYDomR��� SDUD� TXH� R� SURGXWR� SRVVD� VHU� WUDQVSRUWDGR� HDGTXLULU� PDLRU� YLGD�GH�SUDWHOHLUD�� GXUDQWH� D� FRPHUFLDOL]DomR�� VHP� VH� GHWHULRUDU�(P� RXWUDV� RSHUDo}HV�� GHYH�VH�� FRP� IUHTrQFLD�� PRGLILFDU� RXWUDV� SURSULHGDGHV�FRPR�D�TXDQWLGDGH�GH�YDSRU�GH�iJXD�2� SURFHVVR� GH� VHFDJHP� GH� JUmRV� HP� FDPDGD� SURIXQGD� SRGH� VHUUHSUHVHQWDGR� HP� XP� JUiILFR� SVLFURPpWULFR�� FRPR�PRVWUDGR� QD� )LJXUD� ��� $VVLPTXH�R�DU�PRYH�DWUDYpV�GR�DTXHFHGRU��SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR���SDUD�R�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR����VXD� WHPSHUDWXUD� H� VXD� HQWDOSLD� DXPHQWDP�� H�� DR� DWUDYHVVDU� D� FDPDGD� GH� JUmRV�SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� �� SDUD� R� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� ���� D� XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD� H� D� UD]mR� GHPLVWXUD�DXPHQWDP��D� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER� VHFR�GLPLQXL�H�D HQWDOSLD�SHUPDQHFHFRQVWDQWH�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
)LJXUD� �� �� 'HWHUPLQDomR� GR� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� D� SDUWLU� GD� WHPSHUDWXUD� GRSRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR��WSR��H�GD�WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU��W��
&DStWXOR����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
)LJXUD� �� ±�0RGLILFDomR� GR� DU� GXUDQWH� R� SURFHVVR� GH� VHFDJHP� HP� FDPDGDSURIXQGD�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
�����$TXHFLPHQWR�H�UHVIULDPHQWR�GR�DU$R�IRUQHFHU�FDORU� ³VHFR´�DR�DU��D� WHPSHUDWXUD�GHVWH� DXPHQWD��HQTXDQWR�DUD]mR� GH�PLVWXUD� SHUPDQHFH� FRQVWDQWH�� SRUTXH� QmR� Ki� DXPHQWR� QHP� UHGXomR� QDTXDQWLGDGH� GH� YDSRU� SUHVHQWH�� $TXHFLGR� R� DU�� R� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� PRYH�VHKRUL]RQWDOPHQWH�SDUD�D�GLUHLWD��FRQIRUPH�)LJXUD����RQGH�R�DU�FRP�85� ����H�W� ��� R&� IRL� DTXHFLGR� SDUD� W� �� R&�� 2� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� GHVORFRX�VHKRUL]RQWDOPHQWH� SDUD� D� GLUHLWD� H� D� XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD� FDLX� SDUD� ����� $� HQWDOSLDYDULRX�GH����SDUD����NFDO�SRU�TXLOR�GH�DU�VHFR��,VWR�VLJQLILFD�TXH�IRUDP�QHFHVViULDV����NFDO�SDUD�HOHYDU�D� WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU�GH����SDUD��� R&��SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DUVHFR� 1R� UHVIULDPHQWR�� R� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� PRYH�VH� KRUL]RQWDOPHQWH� SDUD� DHVTXHUGD��4XDQGR�D�FXUYD�GH�VDWXUDomR��85� �������p�DWLQJLGD�� WHP�VH�R�SRQWRGH�RUYDOKR��&RQWLQXDQGR�R�UHVIULDPHQWR��R�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�PRYH�VH�VREUH�D�OLQKDGH�VDWXUDomR��LQGLFDQGR�TXH�R�YDSRU�G
iJXD�HVWi�FRQGHQVDQGR�$� )LJXUD� �� PRVWUD� R� UHVIULDPHQWR� SDUD� �� R&� GH� XPD� PDVVD� GH� DU� TXHLQLFLDOPHQWH� DSUHVHQWDYD� �� R&� H� 85� ����� 2� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� GHVORFD�VHKRUL]RQWDOPHQWH�SDUD�D�HVTXHUGD�DWp�DWLQJLU�85 ������RQGH�R�SRQWR�GH�RUYDOKR�p�� R&��$�SDUWLU�GHVVH�SRQWR��GHVORFD�VH�VREUH�D�FXUYD�GH�VDWXUDomR�DWp�DWLQJLU�� R&�PDQWHQGR� D� 85 � ������ ,VWR� VLJQLILFD� D� FRQGHQVDomR� GH� GRLV� JUDPDV� GH� YDSRUG
iJXD� SRU� TXLORJUDPD� GH� DU� VHFR�� FRUUHVSRQGHQGR� D� XPD�PXGDQoD� QD� UD]mR� GHPLVWXUD�GH�����SDUD�����JUDPDV�SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DU�VHFR�$� HQWDOSLD� YDULRX� GH� ��� SDUD� ��� NFDO� SRU� TXLORJUDPD� GH� DU� VHFR�� $GLIHUHQoD�HQWUH�HVVHV�YDORUHV�LQGLFD�D�QHFHVVLGDGH�GH�����NFDO�GH�UHIULJHUDomR�SRUTXLORJUDPD�GH�DU�VHFR��SDUD�TXH�HVWH�SDVVH�GH�W� �� R&�SDUD�W� �� R&������6HFDJHP�H�XPHGHFLPHQWR$�DGLomR�RX�UHWLUDGD�GH�XPLGDGH�GR�DU��VHP�DGLFLRQDU�RX�UHWLUDU�FDORU��OHYDR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�D�VH�GHVORFDU�VREUH�XPD�OLQKD�GH�HQWDOSLD�FRQVWDQWH��1R�FDVR�GHDGLomR� GH� XPLGDGH�� R� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� GHVORFD�VH� SDUD� FLPD� H� SDUD� HVTXHUGD�� H�PHGLDQWH�D�UHWLUDGD�GH�XPLGDGH��HVWH�SRQWR�GHVORFD�VH�SDUD�EDL[R�H�SDUD�D�GLUHLWD�$�)LJXUD���PRVWUD�TXH��HP�FRQGLo}HV�LQLFLDLV�GH���R&�H�UD]mR�GH�PLVWXUD�GH����JUDPDV�GH�YDSRU�SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DU�VHFR��SRQWR�����R�DU�SHUGHUi�����JUDPDV�GHYDSRU� G
iJXD� SRU� TXLORJUDPD� GH� DU� VHFR�� TXDQGR� R� SRQWR� GH� HVWDGR� VH� GHVORFDUVREUH�D�OLQKD�GH�XPD�PHVPD�HQWDOSLD�DWp�DWLQJLU�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH��� R&��SRQWR����1RYDPHQWH�� SDUWLQGR�VH� GDV� FRQGLo}HV� LQLFLDLV� �SRQWR� ���� TXDQGR� VHDFUHVFHQWDP����� JUDPDV� GH�YDSRU�G
iJXD�SRU�TXLORJUDPD� GH� DU� VHFR�� R� SRQWR� GHHVWDGR�GHVORFD�VH�SDUD�R�SRQWR���j� WHPSHUDWXUD�GH����R&��1RWD�VH�TXH�D�HQWDOSLDSHUPDQHFH�FRQVWDQWH�D������NFDO�SRU�TXLORJUDPD�GH�DU�VHFR�
&DStWXOR����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
)LJXUD���±�'HVORFDPHQWR�GR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�GHYLGR�DR�DTXHFLPHQWR�GDPDVVD�GH�DU�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
)LJXUD���±�'HVORFDPHQWR�GR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR�GHYLGR�DR�UHVIULDPHQWR�GDPDVVD�GH�DU�
&DStWXOR����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
)LJXUD���±�2SHUDomR�GH�VHFDJHP�H�XPHGHFLPHQWR�GD�PDVVD�GH�DU�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
�����0LVWXUD�GH�GRLV�IOX[RV�GH�DU(P�JUDQGH�Q~PHUR�GH�VHFDGRUHV�DJUtFRODV��VmR�PLVWXUDGDV�GXDV�PDVVDV�GHDU�FRP�GLIHUHQWHV�IOX[RV�H�SURSULHGDGHV�WHUPRGLQkPLFDV��)LJXUD������$V�FRQGLo}HVILQDLV� GD� PLVWXUD� UHVXOWDQWH� SRGHP� VHU� GHWHUPLQDGDV� SRU� PHLR� GH� JUiILFRVSVLFURPpWULFRV�&RQVLGHUDQGR�GRLV�IOX[RV�GH�PDVVD� ��P H� ��P ��WHPSHUDWXUDV�W� H�W���UD]}HVGH�PLVWXUDV�Z��Z� H� HQWDOSLDV� K� H� K� �� D�PLVWXUD� ILQDO� WHUi� IOX[R� GH�PDVVD� ��P �WHPSHUDWXUD� W��� UD]mR� GH�PLVWXUD�Z�� H� HQWDOSLD� K��� 2V� EDODQoRV� GH� HQHUJLD� H� GHPDVVD�SDUD�HVVH�SURFHVVR�VmR�
������ PPP �
��������� ZPZPZP � H
��������� KPKPKP �
6XEVWLWXLQGR� ��P ��WHP�VH
��P �K� ��K��� � ��P �K� ��K��
��P �Z� ��Z��� � ��P �Z� ��Z��3RUWDQWR
��
��� �
� � KK KKPP �� �� �� ZZ ZZ �� 
$�FRQGLomR�ILQDO�GD�PLVWXUD�GRV�GRLV�IOX[RV�p�HQFRQWUDGD�QD�OLQKD�TXH�OLJDRV�SRQWRV��K���Z���H��K���Z���QR�JUiILFR�SVLFURPpWULFR��2�SRQWR��K���Z���SRGH�VHUHQFRQWUDGR� DOJHEULFDPHQWH� RX� DSOLFDQGR�VH� D� SURSULHGDGH� GRV� WULkQJXORVVHPHOKDQWHV�GLUHWDPHQWH�QR�JUiILFR�SVLFURPpWULFR�
)LJXUD����±�0LVWXUD�GH�GXDV�PDVVDV�GH�DU�
&DStWXOR����������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV ��
([HPSOR(P� XP� VHFDGRU� GH� IOX[R� FRQFRUUHQWH�� ���� P��PLQXWR� GH� DU� FRPWHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�VHFR�GH���q&�H�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR�GH���q&��DU���� SURYHQLHQWH� GD� VHomR� GH� UHVIULDPHQWR�� VmR� PLVWXUDGRV� QD� HQWUDGD� GH� XPDIRUQDOKD� FRP� R� DU� DPELHQWH� �DU� ���� FXMD� YD]mR� p� GH����� P��PLQXWR�� FRPWHPSHUDWXUD� GH� EXOER� VHFR� GH� ��q&� H� XPLGDGH� UHODWLYD� GH� ��� ��� 'HWHUPLQH� DWHPSHUDWXUD�GH�EXOER�VHFR�H�GH�EXOER�PROKDGR�GR�DU�UHVXOWDQWH�GD�PLVWXUD��DU���TXH�D�IRUQDOKD�GHYHUi�DTXHFHU�6ROXomR$�SDUWLU� GRV�SRQWRV�GH� HVWDGRV� GDGRV�SHODV� FRQGLo}HV� GR� DU� �� H� GR� DU� ��WHP�VH� 9ROXPH�~PLGR�GR�DU����Y����������P��NJ�GH�DU�VHFR5D]mR�GH�PLVWXUD�GR�DU����Z���������J�GH�YDSRU�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR(QWDOSLD�GR�DU����K���������NFDO�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR9ROXPH�~PLGR�GR�DU����Y����������P��NJ�GH�DU�VHFR5D]mR�GH�PLVWXUD�GR�DU����Z���������J�GH�YDSRU�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR(QWDOSLD�GR�DU����K���������NFDO�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR'HWHUPLQDomR�GD�YD]mR�PiVVLFD� � �P H� � �P �
����������� PLQ���� �� ����� � ��NJPPY4P NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�PLQXWR
����������� PLQ���� �� ����� � ��NJPPY4P NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�PLQXWR
6XEVWLWXLQGR�RV�YDORUHV�GH� � �P �� � �P ��K� H�K���Z� H�Z� QDV�H[SUHVV}HV�
��
��� �
� � KK KKPP �� H��� �� ��� �
� � ZZ ZZPP �� 
WHP�VH�R�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR����UHVXOWDQWH�GD�PLVWXUD�GR�DU���H�GR�DU����FDUDFWHUL]DGRSRU�K� ������NFDO�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR��HZ� ����J�GH�YDSRU�NJ�GH�DU�VHFR�$�SDUWLU�GR�SRQWR�GH�HVWDGR���SRGHP�VH�GHWHUPLQDU�WRGDV�DV�SURSULHGDGHVGD�PLVWXUD��VHQGR�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�EXOER�VHFR�GH���q&�H�D�GR�EXOER�PROKDGR�GH����q&�$V� WUDQVIRUPDo}HV�HIHWXDGDV�VHUmR�FRQVLGHUDGDV�PDLV�GHWDOKDGDPHQWH� HPHVWXGRV�VREUH�D�VHFDJHP�H�DUPD]HQDJHP�GRV�GLYHUVRV�SURGXWRV�DJUtFRODV�
&DStWXOR��������������������������������������������������������3ULQFtSLRV�%iVLFRV�GH�3VLFURPHWULD
6HFDJHP�H�$UPD]HQDJHP�GH�3URGXWRV�$JUtFRODV��
���/,7(5$785$�&2168/7$'$
���%522.(5��'�%���%$..(5�$5.(0$��)�:��	�+$//��&�:��'U\LQJDQG� VWRUDJH� RI� JUDLQV� DQG� RLOVHHGV�� 1HZ� <RUN�� $Q� $9,� %RRN����������S���� 3(5(,5$�� -�$�0�� 	� 48(,52=�� '�0�� 3VLFURPHWULD�� 9LoRVD�&(175(,1$5����S���� 38==,�� '�� $EDVWHFLPHQWR� H� DUPD]HQDJHP� GH� JUmRV�� &DPSLQDV�,QVWLWXWR�&DPSLQHLUR�GH�(QVLQR�$JUtFROD�����������S����6,/9$��-��6���5(=(1'(��5��&��+LJURPHWULD ,1��3Up�SURFHVVDPHQWR�GHSURGXWRV�DJUtFRODV��-XL]�GH�)RUD��,QVWLWXWR�0DULD�����������S����9,$1(//2��5��/���$/9(6��$��5��0HWHRURORJLD�EiVLFD�H�DSOLFDo}HV�9LoRVD��8)9������������S���� =2/1,(5�� 6�� 3VLFURPHWULD� ,�� 9LoRVD�� (QJHQKDULD� QD� $JULFXOWXUD�6pULH���&DGHUQR�'LGiWLFR��1R������������S�
	1. INTRODUÇÃO
	2. PROPRIEDADES DO AR ÚMIDO
	 2.1 Temperaturas de bulbo seco (t) e de bulbo molhado (tm)
	 2.2 Temperatura do ponto de orvalho (tpo)
	 2.3 Pressão de vapor (pv)
	 2.4 Razão de mistura (w)
	 2.5 Umidade relativa (UR)
	 2.6 Umidade absoluta (Ua)
	 2.7 Umidade específica (Ue)
	 2.8 Grau de saturação
	 2. 9 Volume específico (ve)
	 2.10 Entalpia (h)
	3. MEDIÇÃO DA uMIDADE DO AR
	4. UMIDADE RELATIVA
	 4.1 Determinação analítica
	5. TABELAS E GRÁFICOS PSICROMÉTRICOS
	 5.1 Exemplo de aplicação da tabela 2
	 5.2 Gráfico psicrométrico
	6. OPERAÇÕES QUE MODIFICAM O AR
	 6. 1 Aquecimento e resfriamento do ar
	 6.2 Secagem e umedecimento
	 6.3 Mistura de dois fluxos de ar
	7. LITERATURA CONSULTADA

Outros materiais