SINTAX-1

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SINTAX
PROF. MSC. VERA PIMENTEL
WHY IS SINTAX IMPORTANT?
TEXTO INTRODUTÓRIO:
THE PURPOSE OF SINTAX
Linguistics and grammarians who study sintax are not necessarily prescriptivist, which means they do not attemp to tell people how to “correctly” for a sentence.
Rather, they are descriptivist, in that look at how people actually speak and then create rules to describe what language community considers grammatical or non- grammatical.
Sintax deals with a number of elements, all which help to facilitate being understood through language. Without rules, there would be no foundation formwhich to discern meaning from a bunch os word strung together; whereas these rules allow for a virtually infinite number of sentences.
WORD ORDER IN LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTION
Perhaps, the most important aspect of sintax is how the various parts of speech connect together.
Every language has rules that dictates where certain types of words can be used in a sentence, and how to interpret the resulting sentence.
A new language learner has to understand how this word order is structured, which can be difficult for someone used to a different language.
Basic Elements of Clauses
There are many definitions of clauses. It seems that every grammarian has his own definition of clause. 
Usually what is said to students is that a sentence is a "complete idea”, that is, it has "subject and predicate expressed or implied.”
 These are the most commonly accepted definitions, although it is best not to worry about definitions, to analyze some practical examples of clauses and elements that can be found in them.
For example, emails are written in abbreviated language, eliminating non-essential words to the text. 
Thus, the clause "I am arriving tomorrow" can be "arriving tomorrow” and make full sense if the receiver knows who is the subject of the action.
The meaning can always be transmitted clearly and objectively in simple words or short sentences, since there is a context that supplies words which are not explicitly placed.
Observe these words below:
TOURIST TRIP RESTAURANT SMALL 
TOWN CUP COFFEE WAITRESS 
UNPLEASANT EXPRESSION WANTED POLITE
SMILED LOOKS RAIN FROWN HIM TASTES
Placed separately, these words does not have sense, though they may have it individually.
 It could be advised of some possibilities of sense, but that would be failed. 
The words have more meaning when used in group in sentences, as:
TOURIST ON A TRIP;
RESTAURANT IN A SMALL TOWN;
CUP OF COFFEE;
WANTED TO BE POLITE;
WAITRESS WITH UNPLEASANT EXPRESSION.
LOOKS RAIN
THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
The sentences written in the previous slide give us the possibility to guess its meaning, since they are not disconnected. 
Punctuation also helps you gain meaning. For example, "I am arriving tomorrow" is with quotation marks, because they are speeches spoken literally by someone.
The group of words, however, still does not lead us to a complete meaning. Was it the tourist or the waitress who tried to be polite? Whoever said, "looks like it's going to rain?" None of these groups can be considered a clause , since at least one of the essential elements of clause is missing. Some of the previous sentences have no subject; others have neither subject nor predicate.
In speech, one uses phrases, structures and even individual words as a complete sentence, since, as in email, they have completed meaning in the context, which they occur. 
Standard English conventions require that most sentences contain both subject and predicate in this order. These conventions dictate how these elements can be modified by the use of markers or complements.
The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about.
The predicate tells something about the subject. 
Judy and her dog run on the beach every morning.
Judy and her dog run on the beach every morning
First find the verb and then make a question by placing “who?'' or “what?'' before it.
The answer is the subject, Judy and her dog.
We spilled popcorn on the floor. 
What is the verb of this sentence?
We spilled popcorn on the floor. 
What is the subject? We
And the predicate? spilled popcorn on the floor. 
Simple Subject and SimplePredicate
Every subject is built around one noun or pronoun (or more). 
 When all other words are removed the simple subject is left.
Simple Subject
A piece of chocolate candy would taste great. 
The main word in the subject is the noun “piece'' with the other words of the subject – “a'' and “of pepperoni pizza'' – tell about the noun”piece'' is the simple subject.
Simple Predicate
A simple predicate is always the verb or verbs that links up with the subject.
A piece of chocolate candy would taste great. 
The simple predicate is “would taste'' -- in other words, 
the verb of the sentence.
Quiz SIMPLE SUBJECT AND SIMPLE PREDICATE
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Compound Subject
A sentence may have a compound subject -- a simple subject made up of more than one noun or pronoun.
Can you find the compound subjects?
Her uncle and she walked slowly through the art gallery and admired the beautiful pictures exhibited there. 
ANSWER
Her uncle and she walked slowly through the art gallery and admired the beautiful pictures exhibited there.
QUIZ COMPOUND SUBJECT
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Can you find the compound subject in each sentence below?
My little brother and my cousin broke their fingers.
His Uncle Bob and Aunt Betty asked for directions.
Those soldiers and agents carried guns.
Our babysitter and her friend arrived late.
ANSWERS
My little brother and my cousin broke their fingers.
His Uncle Bob and Aunt Betty asked for directions.
Those soldiers and agents carried guns.
Our babysitter and her friend arrived late.
Compound Predicate
A compound predicate, is more than one verb relating to the same subject.
Mother mopped and scrubbed the kitchen floor
Can you find the compound predicate in each sentence below?
My little brother bruised and broke his finger.
His Uncle Bob looked and asked for directions.
Those soldiers carried and used guns.
Our babysitter overslept and arrived late.
ANSWERS
My little brother bruised and broke his finger.
His Uncle Bob looked and asked for directions.
Those soldiers carried and used guns.
Our babysitter overslept and arrived late.
COMPLETE SUBJECT
The complete subject is the part of the sentence that tells who or what the sentence is about.
Examples:
Samantha studied for an hour to be ready for
 subject
 the English test.
 
Madison's mother says that she should give
 subject 
some of her toys away.
 
Our new puppy enjoys the safety of being in
 subject
 her crate.
Identify the complete subject from the following sentences. 
1.Jackson jumped in the water to take a swim.
2. Samuel's older sister is his best friend.
3. Benjamin and Jackson no longer play in the school band.
In each sentence below, underline the complete subject and circle the simple subject.
1. Menna typed on the computer keyboard.
2. The first grade teacher wrote the lesson on the board.
3. The ridiculously tall hat blocked my view in the movie theater.
4. My favorite video game was on sale at the store. 
5. The energetic children ran around on the playground.
6. The lady with the hairnet on served lunch in the cafeteria. 
COMPLETE PREDICATE
The complete predicate is the part of the sentence that contains the verb and tells something about the subject such as what the subject does, has, or is.
Complete Predicate Examples:
The rain poured down from the sky.
(What did the rain do? It poured down from the sky. Poured down from the sky is the complete predicate.)
The singer finished her last song.
(What did thesinger do? She finished her last song. Finished her last song is the complete predicate)
The new tent is easy to assemble.
(What is the new tent? It is easy to assemble. Is easy to assemble is the complete predicate.)
In each sentence below, underline the compound predicate, and circle the compound subject.
1. Apples and oranges grow on trees.
2. Farmers pick oranges and package them for sale.
3. Tina and her sisters sang for the church choir.
4. Silva or Kevin will show the students how to use the lab.
5. We ate and slept in the trailer.
6. The ceiling and walls of her bedroom are the same color.. 
EXERCISE OF COMPOUND SUBJECT AND COMPOUND PREDICATE.
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=compound-subject-predicate-assessment-brooks.
EXERCISE OF SIMPLE SUBJECT AND SIMPLE PREDICATE:
https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/exercises/Simple_Subjects_and_Simple_Predicates_Ex2.aspx
EXERCISE OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE:
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