Vocabulary I - course material - Day 2

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Vocabulary I – World Englishes: (not)
just British and American
Global English
Some varieties – Australian, Canadian, Indian, Caribbean
Specialized forms – Headline English, Business English 
Professor Stephan Hughes
Why are two billion people learning English?
Professor Stephan Hughes
http://www.ted.com/talks/jay_walker_on_the_world_s_english_mania
Which English should be taught in language classrooms?
Watch the video to find out:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XT04EO5RSU
Professor Stephan Hughes
Is control of English shifting away from British and American speakers? 
Watch the video to find out:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJ29zDW9gLI 
Professor Stephan Hughes
Professor Stephan Hughes
Global English 
Globish 
International English 
English as a Lingua Franca
English as an International Language (EIL)
Kachru’s circles of English (Bhatt, 2001)
Professor Stephan Hughes
The 3 groups of English speakers (Kachru, 1992)
Norm-providing: USA, UK
Norm-developing: India, Nigeria
Norm-dependent: Brazil, China
Source: Bhatt (2001). "World Englishes". Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews) 30(1): 527–550
Professor Stephan Hughes
Professor Stephan Hughes
“English is the language of problem-solving”. If people from other nationalities want to share their ideas with the rest of the world, they have to do so in English.
English teacher and presenter Patricia Ryan, however, argues for a different approach: we should move away from an English-only policy in knowledge-sharing. If widely adopted, how would this impact on teaching and translation? 
Global English actually does exist 
In the areas of translation and professional writing
Professor Stephan Hughes
Global English – implications
Need for a global language in a globalized world
Decadence of other languages (cultural genocide)
Practicality of learning English
Reduction of problems in translation (gain on one end, loss on the other)
Professor Stephan Hughes
Global English style guide
A guide for professional writers, editors, translators and proofreaders.
Click here for the first chapter of the book online 
Professor Stephan Hughes
It aims to get rid of …
Translation-generated ambiguities
Uncommon non-technical terms
Unfamiliar grammatical constructions (for non-natives)
Complex English sentence structures
Unnecessary inconsistencies
Professor Stephan Hughes
And consequently bring the following benefits 
Readability 
Clarity and consistency
Accuracy 
Less technical support
Searchability
Text reliability
Professor Stephan Hughes
Let’s take a look at features of some of these varieties.
Once again, the major (but not ONLY) differences between them and the British or American standards are in vocabulary
Professor Stephan Hughes
Australian English
Australian English could be said to fall somewhere in between British and American English. Strong historical ties with the UK and continuing high levels of immigration from the UK ensure this; however, the increasing exposure to US English via the media has resulted in many Americanisms being prevalent within Australian English.
Professor Stephan Hughes
British English
American English
Australian English
Professor Stephan Hughes
The next slides present a few idiomatic expressions heard in Australia. Can you identify any similarities with expressions/phrases used in the British or American varieties? 
Professor Stephan Hughes
It doesn't matter what you say he'll always argue the toss.
The police officer that made Luke pull over could smell alcohol for miles, there was no need for him to blow in the bag.
It’s a great day for some fun and sun. Meet us at the beach and don't forget your budgie smugglers.
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Oh, please, come off the grass! You don´t expect us to believe that, right?
Back when we were knee high to a grasshopper, we were never careful with our things.
When I get together with my cousins, we spend most of the time talking ninety to the dozen.
Professor Stephan Hughes
I don't think he's in his right mind - he's not the full quid. 
When companies face economic difficulties, the first thing they normally do is downsize, which leaves the blue collar worker with the rough end of the pineapple. 
Come on, no need to spit the dummy. It's not the end of the world.
Professor Stephan Hughes
I'll be stuffed! Aren't there too many zeros on that check?
Councilors argue that the new urbanization project poses severe environmental risks; they’re not wrong there.
The exams were not too bad, after all. I was really expecting the worst.
Do you remember Snow White and the Seven Dwarves?
Professor Stephan Hughes
Professor Stephan Hughes
Let’s hear an adapted version of the story told by Australian actor Eric Bana.
 
Let’s see some key vocabulary is on the next page before we watch. 
Bogan 
A spunk
A top bird
A buck fifty
A block of flats
That’s classy
A “dimmy”
A deadset spunk
Have a patch
Have a defacto relationship
A good for nothing person
A good looking person
A diva, a traffic stopper 
A dollar and fifty cents
A condominium
That’s typical
An apple
A Greek god/goddess
Make out
Live together unlawfully
Professor Stephan Hughes
Professor Stephan Hughes
Snow white and the Seven Little Bogans. 
Canadian English 
Canadian English exemplifies the historical ties with the UK and the geographical proximity with the US, to the point of people often erroneously referring to it as the 51st state.
Professor Stephan Hughes
Professor Stephan Hughes
Has anyone got a loonie or toonie for me to buy a nanaimo bar?
The dishes are all piled up in the kitchen sink. The fix-it guy said it was the garburator. 
If the Americans are known as Yankees, the Canadian are referred to as Canucks.
Professor Stephan Hughes
I was a quiet kid; I didn’t cry much and my mum never had to use a soother.
If you don’t have at least a university education, you’ll probably end up in a joe job.
Is there a parkade near the office that charges reasonably? I can’t afford not to car to work. 
Indian English 
Classic 19th-century literature
European words that have been Indianized
Professor Stephan Hughes
Here are some more examples (written Indian English)
His insatiable thirst for knowledge accomplished him with all modern standards of scholarship. (equipped)
Our Company lays great stress on technical training and knowledge upgradation. (development, enhancement)
When I have a job I'll have to begin a whole new search for my better half... Back to the newspaper matrimonials on Sundays. (marriage advertisements)
The official and Service atmosphere... Set the tone for almost all Indian middle class life, especially the English-knowing intelligentsia. (Anglophone)
Professor Stephan Hughes
Professor Stephan Hughes
Now look at what David Crystal says about the trajectory of Indian English.
How does he rate the overall proficiency of Indian speakers of English?
Is Indian English the same as Hinglish?
How does a language spread?
Why does Crystal think that the next Google will come from India? 
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Professor Stephan Hughes
Caribbean English (Creole)
Caribbean English encompasses Standard English, Localized English, Mesolects (a blend between English and Creole). 
The vocabulary comprises loan words from French Creole/patois, Spanish, West African languages (islands like Jamaica), Dutch, Portuguese, Hindi and Bhojpouri (the last two peculiar to Trinidad Tobago and Guyana due to the large local population of Indian descent). 
to give sb fatigue
galvanize
to lime
be miserable (kids)
to catspraddle sb
a touchous person 
a lagniappe
macafouchette
to ramajay
to have a tabanca
to sweet mouth
have hard ears
to taunt, to provoke
corrugated roofing
to hang around
cause trouble
to floor sb with a hard blow
a short-tempered person
a free gift, bonus
leftovers
to show off
to be lovesick
to flatter
stubborn
Professor Stephan Hughes
Canadian stand-up comic Russell Peters talks of his experience with Caribbean English 
Whatpeculiarities does he notice of the way Jamaicans, Trinidadians and Guyanese speak?
Professor Stephan Hughes
What do these sentences have in common?
ATHLETE RUNS INTO TROUBLE
DIET PILLS HAVE FAT CHANCE OF SUCCESS
NEW DIRECTOR KEEPS ROYAL BALLET ON ITS TOES
SHOEWORLD CO. TO FOOT THE BILL
NEW LAW MAKES RABBIT OWNERS HOPPING MAD
Professor Stephan Hughes
These are common newspaper headlines
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The use of puns in headlines
Varies in sarcasm and malice in accordance with the paper’s reputation and target readership
Professor Stephan Hughes
This happens in every language apparently
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Professor Stephan Hughes
Do you remember some of these in Portuguese?
Professor Stephan Hughes
Professor Stephan Hughes
Some of the key features of newspaper English
Here are some examples
Professor Stephan Hughes
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Here are some more headlines with the link to the online articles. Observe the play on words whenever possible.
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Scalping battle puts fans in the middle
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Dancing with the Bear
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New race to the Moon heats up
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Social media history becomes new job hurdle
Professor Stephan Hughes
In business, the key word is…
COMPETITION
Cutthroat competition
The reason for the port strikes is the section in the port package on self-handling, in particular. As far as the first point is concerned, Parliament’s amendments make clear what is expected of the Commission, and within what time limit. The second point is more complicated. If self-handling is able to take place within excessively wide margins, there is a danger of it degenerating into cutthroat competition, with all the adverse consequences this entails. 
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20030311+ITEMS+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN
Other adjectives that collocate with “competition”.
ADJ. cut-throat, fierce, intense, keen, serious, severe, stiff, strong, tough intense competition for the contract | direct Public transport is run in direct competition with the private sector. | fair, free, healthy, open | domestic | foreign, global, international, overseas | economic
Observe the following collocations
Using “competitive”
He was criticized for being too Eurocentric and failing to pay attention to the competitive threat from South East Asia.
Businesses can sustain their performances over the long term by having some competitive edge/advantage to keep them ahead.
For the money-conscious consumer, alternative retail outlets can offer organic food at more competitive prices.
First Chicago will enhance its competitive position and boost its financial growth through the transaction, which is expected to add to earnings immediately.
Mall stores are under more competitive pressure than at any other time in their 40-year history, with new discounters and superstores increasingly moving in alongside traditional malls.
Decades of management theorizing around the world have produced piles of books, many of which promise to deliver the secrets of success. But there is no consensus on competitive strategy.
CSM can provide an in-depth assessment of automotive suppliers for competitive benchmarking and profiling activities, as well as potential merger and acquisition, and/or strategic alliance purposes.
The recovery potential to be taken into account in the competitive analysis is thus reduced by the impact of these other factors, since they do not involve any direct causal link with the merger.
Samarco may, at its discretion, cancel any competitive bidding without being subject to any type of claim on the part of the bidders.
We can make an ongoing list with this type of words (those that are not translated) 
Standard
Benchmark
Default
Marketing
Feedback
Holding
Fazer um print
Slow food
Deadline 
Business plan
Budget
Professor Stephan Hughes
Final considerations
What are the major differences between British and American English?
What should a teacher or translator be aware of when dealing with English from varieties other than British or American?
Professor Stephan Hughes
Here is a shortlist of some online dictionaries and glossaries for some of the varieties presented in the previous slides.
Professor Stephan Hughes
Australian English
Australian English Dictionary http://www.lexilogos.com/english/australian_english_dictionary.htm 
Australian Slang Dictionary http://www.koalanet.com.au/australian-slang.html 
Australian National Dictionary Centre http://andc.anu.edu.au/
Professor Stephan Hughes
Canadian English
http://www.translationdirectory.com/article1051.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries
Professor Stephan Hughes
Indian English 
Indian English Dictionary http://www.amritt.com/india-english-dictionary/ 
Dictionary of Indian English http://www.vsubhash.com/Dictionary_Of_Indian_English.asp 
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Caribbean English(es)
Jamaican Patois Translator http://www.jamaicanize.com/ 
Jamaica's Online Dictionary http://www.visitjamaica.com/about-jamaica/jamaica-talk.aspx
The Skettionary - an online Caribbean dictionary http://www.skettel.com/ 
Glossary of Trinidadian English http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary_of_Trinidadian_English 
Professor Stephan Hughes
Bibliography
Bhatt (2001). "World Englishes". Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews) 30(1): 527–550