ESTUDO CULTURA INGLESA

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Prova 1
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	    The political and moral problems in valuing some cultures above others has led many sociologists to adopt a more relativistic position when thinking about and comparing cultures. In this view,
		
	 
	 No one culture is "correct"- rather, different cultures are simply different and should be tolerated as such.
	
	Cultures must be judged by moral standards determined by superior cultures
	
	There are no differences between cultures
	
	Some cultures are good, others are not.
	
	Different cultures should not be tolerated because they are inferior
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Mills suggests that the task  and the purpose of sociology is to study the way in which individuals fit into cultures that produce them, and that they themselves ----------------------- over time.
		
	 
	mantain and recreate
	
	vary and explore
	
	destroy and forget
	
	start and put an end
	
	write about and calculate
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the option which best completes the following sentence: The sociological imagination enables us to grasp ---------------------------- and the relations between the two within society. That is a task and its promise.
		
	
	tradition and classical elements
	
	explicit and implicit contexts
	
	objective and subjective concepts
	 
	history and biography
	
	modern and contemporaneous elements
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Mark the only option which does NOT apply to the concept of culture:
		
	 
	All cultures are the same; they have the same characteristics.
	
	Culture shows normal ways in which people are expected to behave in society.
	
	Culture describes how people live their lives.
	
	Culture describes people ´s patterns of social organization
	
	Culture means the way of life of a group of people.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	According to Sociology, what is ethinicity (etnia)?
		
	 
	It refers to a social group that differentiates from other groups if we analyze its cultural and social specificities, which form its own identity.
	
	It refers to any group that differentiates from other groups if we analyze its cultural and social backgrounds, which form its own family.
	
	It refers to any group that differentiates from other groups if we analyze its social specificities, which form its own identity.
	
	It refers to a social group that differentiates from other groups if we understand its cultural and social problems, which form its own identity.
	
	It refers to a social group that differentiates from other groups if we analyze its cultural and social problems, which form its own family.
	
Explicação:
Ethnicity is a concept referring to a shared culture and way of life. This can be reflected in language, religion, material culture such as clothing and food, and cultural products such as music and art. Ethnicity is often a major source of social cohesion and social conflict.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Below are presented different definitions of culture. Read them and choose the alterntive that presents it correctly. 
		
	
	Culture means "the way of life of a group of people". In other words, how they live their lives. The patterns of artificial and imposed organization and the "normal" ways in which we are expected to behave in society according to how technology touches all aspects of our daily lives.
	
	Culture does not mean "the way of life of a group of people". In other words, how they live their lives. The patterns of social organization and the "normal" ways in which we are expected to behave in society do not affect all aspects of our daily lives. Culture is something particular.
	
	Culture means "the way animals work". In other words, how they live their lives. The patterns of wild organization and the ways in which they are expected to behave as a society , reffering to all aspects of their daily lives.
	
	Culture means "the way of life of a group of an individual". In other words, how minorities live. The patterns of work organization and the weird ways in which we are expected to behave in society touch all aspects of our daily lives.
	 
	Culture is the set of forms and expressions that characterize a given society in time. This set of forms and expressions can be understood as including the customs, beliefs, common practices, rules, norms, codes, dress, religion, rituals and ways of being that predominate in the majority of the people that integrate any given social group. Culture also has to do with the education and abilities that disposes an individual, personally.
	
Explicação:
Culture is the set of forms and expressions that characterize a given society in time. This set of forms and expressions can be understood as including the customs, beliefs, common practices, rules, norms, codes, dress, religion, rituals and ways of being that predominate in the majority of the people that integrate any given social group. Culture also has to do with the education and abilities that disposes an individual, personally.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Herbert  Marcuse was one of the members of -------------------, established in 1923 in Germany
		
	
	the postmodern writers
	 
	the Frankfurt School
	
	the European ancient writers
	
	the Boston writers
	
	the Beat generation
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Man needs to transmit culture. What for?
		
	 
	Because if the knowledge constructed by his people was not transmitted generation by generation, everything would be missed, which would block evolution process.
	
	Because it is our inevitable destiny.
	
	Because if we do not transmit culture, we run the risk of being dominated.
	
	Because if the knowledge constructed by his people was not transmitted generation by generation, everybody would die soon.
	
	Because if the knowledge constructed by his people was transmitted generation by generation, everything would be fine, eliminating all the problems.
	
	
Prova 2
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	Choose the option which best completes the following statement: The nature of society from a Marxist point of view is one in which unnatural systems of power must be made to seem as though they are a natural and organic outgrowth of the progress of ------------
		
	
	nature
	
	sciences
	
	local groups
	
	arts
	 
	civilization
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What is a 'civilization'?
		
	
	Mesopotamia
	 
	The broadest construction of cultural identity
	
	A society which is intellectually accomplished
	
	Europe and the US
	
	none of the above
	
Explicação:
Civilization is the stage of cultural development in which a particular people find themselves. This cultural development is represented by the dominated techniques, social relations, beliefs, economic factors and artistic creation. The development of a civilization occurs slowly, so it is a process. Several factors can influence the development of a civilization such as natural resources of a region, climate, proximity to another civilization, leadership exercised over a given period, etc. A civilization can be driven by the will, by its people or leadership, by accumulating wealth, by gaining useful knowledge, by militarily dominating other regions or even by seeking quality of life for people.
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Anthropologists have thoroughly repudiated the 19th century approach as an expression of:
		
	
	racialism and ethnocentrism, the practice of interpreting and judging other cultures by artistic values.
	
	racialism and ethnocentrism, the practice of interpreting and judging other cultures by politic values..
	 
	racialism and ethnocentrism, the practice of interpreting and judging other cultures by the values of one's own.
	
	racialism and ethnocentrism, the practice of not interpreting and judging other cultures by the values of one's own.racialism and ethnocentrism, the practice of interpreting and judging other cultures by democratic values.
	
Explicação:
Anthropologists have thoroughly repudiated the 19th century approach as an expression of racialism and ethnocentrism, the practice of interpreting and judging other cultures by the values of one's own.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The process of commodification is also seen as creating false needs, making people purchase objects/products they do not really need in order to provide capitalists with ---------------.
		
	 
	profits
	
	loans
	
	concepts
	
	ideas
	
	losses
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When Marx refers to  a class in itself to a class for itself, he means that, in other words,  the members of the working classes realize the nature of their situation and begin to develop a class identity that allows them to develop ---------------with their fellow members and act against their oppressors.
		
	
	capabilities
	
	anger
	
	dreams
	
	fear
	 
	solidarity
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Karl Marx was a revolutionary who developed several theories that affect us to this day. With respect to Marx ideas, mark the incorrect answer:
		
	
	Marx discussed how consciousness was formed, he was invoking a definite sense of economic determinism that leaves unreal consciousness shrouded in a veil. 
	
	The nature of society from a Marxist point of view is one in which natural systems of power must be made to seem as though they are a natural and organic outgrowth of the progress of civilization.
	 
	Marx defends capitalism and affirms that historical evolution takes place through the class struggle.
	
	The economic system shapes every aspect of society as it attempts to coerce or enforce the acceptance of the system as just the best method of doing things.
	
	From the ideas of Marx it was possible to elaborate new theories about changes in society, collaborating with the creation of Labor Rights.
 
	
Explicação:
For Marx, the division is enforced for the benefit of the owners so that they can exploit the working class for their own means, and this exploitation trickles down to effect every single aspect of society. 
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Sociologists study and research:
		
	
	Every part of society that represents a risk.
	 
	Society structures, as ethnical groups; social classes, as business men, politicians; genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school, religion, etc.
	
	Society structures, as ethnical groups; unsocial classes, as business men, politicians; genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school, religion, etc.
	
	Culture structures, as ethnical groups; social classes, as business men, politicians; genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school, religion, etc.
	
	Society problems, as ethnical groups; social classes, as business men, politicians; genre, as kids, men, women; violence, institutions like family, school, religion, etc.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	_____ personify the culture¿s values and serve as role models.
		
	
	CEOs
	
	Line managers
	 
	Heroes
	
	None of the above
	
	Middle managers
	
Explicação:
A hero is an archetypal figure who polarizes in himself the needed qualities to overcome, in an exceptional way, any problem of any dimension. This figure is marked by an ambiguous projection: on the one hand, it represents the human condition, in its psychological, social and ethical complexity; on the other, it transcends the same condition, inasmuch as it represents facets and virtues that the common man can not but would like to attain - faith, courage, willpower, determination, patience, and so on. It is precisely this that attracts the human imagination and enables this identification that refers to the notion of a figure to be imitated. The hero is essentially guided by noble and altruistic ideals such as sacrifice, courage, justice, morality, peace. It is always motivated by morally just and ethically justifiable elements. Heroism is a fact deeply rooted in popular imagination and morality. Made of courage and overcoming work as models and examples in diverse peoples and different cultures.
	
	
Prova 3
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Weber´s was the type of mind which was continually developing throughout his intellectually productive life. His system of ´sociological theory´ was not meant to stand alone. We dare say that his work may be conceived rather as an introduction to the institutional foundations of the modern economic and social order. For Weber, what is the difference between behavior and action?
		
	
	Weber´s action theory would take into consideration the way someone was raised, the family relationships, the human values while behavior is meant to designate the independent significance of the human beings.
	
	According to Weber, behavior takes account of the attitude other people have in relation to us and is thereby oriented in its course. Action is for him unmotivated.
	
	Weber´s behavior theory is associated with the institutionalization of authority and corporate groups while the action theory deals with the process of systematic development of modern theoretical social sciences.
	
	Weber regarded action and behavior basically as synonyms, as one was a consequence of the other. Action, in his opinion, would lead to behavior.
	 
	Behavior is an automatic response that occurs with little thought, whereas action is the result of a conscious process in which people give meaning to their actions and the world around them.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Weber and Simmels believe that a society full of petty rules can contribute for a loss of
		
	
	money
	
	time
	
	goals
	
	responsabilities
	 
	creativity
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which theoretical perspective on cultural development rests on the logic of evolution?
		
	
	symbolic-interactionism
	
	none of the above
	
	structural-functionalism
	 
	sociobiology
	
	social-conflict
	
Explicação:
Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior according to evolutionary perspective. Within the study of human societies, sociobiology is closely allied to Darwinian anthropology, human behavioral ecology and evolutionary psychology. Sociobiology investigates social behaviors. It argues that just as selection pressure led to animals evolving useful ways of interacting with the natural environment, so also it led to the genetic evolution of advantageous social behavior.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	For Weber, people make sense of what they do when they understand
		
	
	culture depends logic
	
	culture is not important
	
	culture is created by theorists
	 
	culture is created by humans through the meanings and motives they hold
	
	culture is a set of rules to be followed
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When people consider the influence of security policies developed by the police in their daily lives we can say that they are studying society
		
	
	at distance
	
	as it really is
	
	at a macro level
	
	in a wrong way
	 
	a micro level
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Action theory describes the -------------------- that influence action and serve as the foundation for society. In developing his theory, Weber distinguished between the concepts of behavior and action.The option which best completes the previous statement is
		
	
	explicit reality
	 
	subjective factors
	
	collective factors
	
	limited factors
	
	dynamic factors
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The genealogical method is important to ethnographic research because:
		
	
	it collects information of the requisite technologies for constructinga settlement
	
	it sheds light on the imponderabilia of daily life
	
	it collects data that is essential to understanding the current social relations and reconstruct history
	
	the collection of blood samples allows researchers to extract genetic material from individuals in a culture and sequence their genes
	 
	All of the above reasons explain why the genealogical method is important to ethnographic research
	
Explicação:
The method consists of collecting real genealogies of a particular people based on specific questions asked of its members. Through them, the researcher would get a diagnosis of the social organization of the group, possible because, societies tend to conserve orally, and for several generations, their genealogies. The genealogical method would therefore be the ideal solution for ethnographers who have only a short time in the field, without the command of the local language or the help of good interpreters. Its use is also effective by allowing access, in a short period, to objective and accurate information about membership, alliance, residence, status, among others.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the only option which does NOT describe culture according to sociological action:
		
	
	It´s a collective set of meanings
	
	It´s a dynamic and fluid process
	
	It´s something that individuals do
	 
	It´s a process but not a fluid one.
	
	It´s produced by individual consciousness.
	
Prova 4
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	Goffman´s dramaturgical analogy is so called because he compares social life to the theatre. Mark the only option which does not suit the statement:
		
	
	interaction is a performance to an audience
	
	people behave as characters in the theatre
	
	human play many different roles
	 
	people believe they have no way out
	
	people follow certain scripts that are relevant in some situations but not in others
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	 
Which definition does not characterize Modernity?
		
	
	A rise in the importance of science
	
	Industrialization
	 
	The decrease of Nationalization
	
	Urbanization
	
	The growth of the manufactoring industry
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	According to the Post-Modernity phenomenon, globalization
		
	
	may alter time notion, drive out the social system and all the structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers.
	 
	may alter time and space notions, drive out the social system and the imposed structures as well as make impossible the emergence of a pluralization of social centers.
	 
	may alter time and space notions, drive out the social system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers.
	
	may alter time notion, eliminate the social system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers
	
	may eliminate time and space notions, drive out the social system and the imposed structures as well as make possible the emergence of a pluralization of social power centers.
	
Explicação:
Globalization usually conveys two images ¿ the spread of a single, increasingly uniform culture throughout the world, and the compression or layering and juxtaposition of various cultures within a particular location. Globalization is less a common global culture than a field in which differences, power struggles and cultural prestige contests are played out. While globalization can still remain a vague term even in social scientific discussions, a great deal of social theory has focused on globalization as a distinct shift in the spatial and temporal dimensions of social life. More specifically, social theorists argue that the speed of social life over the past few decades has increased so greatly that social space has become compressed or even annihilated.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The values, beliefs, behaviour, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life is defined as
		
	
	folkways.
	
	mores.
	
	knowledge
	
	norms.
	 
	culture.
	
Explicação:
Culture has to do with knowledge, art, beliefs, law, morals, customs and all the habits and aptitudes acquired by the human being not only in the family, but also to be part of a society of which an individual is a member . Each country has its own culture, which is influenced by several factors. Culture is also defined in the social sciences as a set of ideas, behaviors, symbols and social practices learned from generation to generation through life in society
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In relation to the concept of Modernity it is correct to say that:
		
	
	Permanence is a word that has strong connections with the term Modernity. No social, economic, and political transformations occurred, especially, between the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present day. It is a period marked by the absence of internal and external conflicts that remain unchanged for centuries.
	 
	The first attempt to characterize modernity can describe it as a style, a custom of life or social organization, which emerged in Europe from the seventeenth century and which, because of its influence, became world-wide. It is a period of time characterized by the social, cultural and economic reality in the world. Modernity was built amidst the ideological conflicts of instrumental objective reason, used as a tool to approach questions of human thought and its reality.
	
	Although it is difficult to pinpoint exactly what Modernity is about one can surely say that Modernity is a period in the history of humanity characterized essentially by the respect for an order imposed by old social institutions that remained unquestionable because they reflected vividly the human reality lived in the same historical period.
	
	Modernity is the historical period of civilization in which reason is set aside and subjectivism and human feelings are constituted as an indispensable  filter to every understanding of all levels of human knowledge. It is understood between the XV and XIX centuries and has a strong artistic bias.
	
	Modernity presents itself in truth laden with solid certainties, offering man in general security, offers confidence. As a characteristic of Modernity life runs at a slow pace, unchanged, in which intercommunication puts us in connection with different parts of the globe without, however, representing a sensible change in human habits and relations.
	
Explicação:
Although it is difficult to pinpoint exactly what Modernity is about one can surely say that Modernity is a period in the history of humanity characterized essentially by the respect for an order imposed by old social institutions that remained unquestionable because they reflected vividly the human reality lived in the same historical period.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	According to Goffman's strenghs, which of the following does not mention one of them:
		
	
	He has conducted a variety of studies based on participant observation to back up his claims.
	 
	He thinks that we act in a manipulative and calculating way.
	
	He even thinks that people within asylums can calculate their actions.
	
	He sees humans as active and creative.
	
	The "dramaturgical analogy" is an useful tool for thinking about everyday life.
 
	
Explicação:
Goffman relates  human interaction to structures of a sort.
He notes in his study on life in asylums (1968) and elsewhere that interaction can be patterned and routinized by institutions (which can have power inequalities). 
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Why are Giddens concepts criticized? Because
		
	
	Giddens ignores the fact that some individuals don¿t have more agency than others in society, since they have less power.
	
	Giddens addresses the question of who can transform what aspects of social structure and how.
	
	Giddens praised too much the libertya special group of people had.
	
	He states that structures tend to control people and there is no way out of it.
	 
	he exaggerates the degree of choice that individuals have over their own lives, and plays down the fact that often our lives are not of our own choosing.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Habermas´ seeks a society in which unrestricted communication can occur, a society free from domination, free from the constraints of ------------
		
	
	consumption
	
	meaning
	 
	ideology
	
	processes
	
	concepts
	
Prova 5
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which one is seen as a product of human action, has an aim and has a physical presence?
		
	
	None of the above
	 
	Artefacts
	
	Corporate identity
	
	Values
	
	Norms
	
Explicação:
Artefacts are products of human action directly since they are made by humans. Also, in almost every cultural group, they have an aim (ornament or practical functional purpose) and they are physical.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The process by which one generation passes culture to the next is called
		
	 
	cultural transmission.
	
	cultural repression.
	
	cultural integration.
	
	cultural manifestation.
	
	cultural universals.
	
Explicação:
Cultural transmission is the link that unites the different generations of a particular social group. It is this possibility of perpetuating the behavior of this group that makes it alive and differentiated in relation to the others with which it divides its existence.
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The consumption of cultural products commodities- under a capitalist economy creates -------------------which in turn safeguards the dominance of the ruling group. In this respect consumerism is ideological.
		
	 
	fetichism
	
	concepts
	
	criticism
	
	bonds
	
	harmony
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The highly conservative view of the popular/mass culture of the working classes which need the high culture to become better educated, provides intellectual justification for the continuation of the -----------------in society.
		
	
	growth of artistic expressions
	 
	class system
	
	division of labor
	
	increase of good actors
	
	development of good products
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which of the following options is related to postmodernism?
		
	
	It is in some senses anti-elitist in nature since technology enables elite-only high¿.
	
	It is based on the assumption that the audience, consumers and users of popular culture are a massive lump¿of∈dividuals.
	 
	It is characterized by an unprecedentely rapid expansion in the consumption of popular culture.
	
	It can be used by audiences in an active and highly critical fashion.
	
	It is ideological and leads to false consciousness.
	
Explicação:
Postmodernity ¿ seen as the late∈dustrialera¿¿isbasedoncon∑ptionratherthan∏uction.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What ´s the  ´ mass society thesis ´?
		
	 
	It is a pessimistic critique of mass/popular culture, based on sociological theories such as Marxism. It suggests that popular culture prevents critical and revolutionary thought. It leads to a society where individuals lose their sense of community, their individuality and come to rely on strong authority from above.
	
	It is a kind of society whose arguments owe a great deal to the ideas of traditional Marxism. It is a positive critique to popular culture, giving value to the art which has its origin at the birth of each country.
	
	It is a positive view about mass/popular culture. It allows masses of people to think for themselves and dominate the rulers of a state or country.
	
	It is a thesis which defends the consumption of cultural products as a means of improving people´s view of culture of their own country.
	
	It is an idea which is based on Adorno´s proccess of creating false needs by making people purchase objects/products they really need in order to provide capitalists with profits.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Since the 80's a process of construction of a global scale culture had been developed, considering not only the already consolidated mass culture, but also a true cultural world system that followed the economical political system resulted from globalization. The Post-Modernity phenomenon arises from this context as
		
	
	a set of values that control the future social production, where communication and the Cultural Industry have no roles diffusing values and ideas of the old system.
	
	a set of values that control the future cultural production, where communication and the Cultural Industry have minor roles while diffusing values and ideas of the old system.
	
	a set of rules that control the subsequent social production, where communication and the Cultural Industry have important roles while diffusing values and ideas of the new system.
	
	a set of rules to control the subsequent cultural production, where communication and the Cultural Industry have no chances while diffusing values and ideas of the new system.
	 
	a set of values that control the subsequent cultural production, where communication and the Cultural Industry have important roles while diffusing values and ideas of the new system.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What does agency refer to?
		
	
	It refers to a number of factors (such as social class, religion, customs, etc.) that determine our future in life.
	 
	It refers to the freedom individuals have to act on their own choices. Commonly, it is referred to as free will.
	
	It is the power certain people have to inhibit social development.
	
	It is a set of norms that may exist in certain societies by means of which just the wealthy people have power.
	
	It is the cognitive belief structure one has of acquiring languages.
	
	
Prova 6
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which alternative represents the right definition of subculture:
		
	
	Subculture: This never refers to a group that has broken away from the wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
	 
	Subculture: This usually refers to a group that has broken away from the wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
	
	Subculture: This usually refers to a group that has joined a wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
	
	Subculture: This usually refers to a group that has broken away from the wider, dominant culture: a culture outside a culture that does not have its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
	
	Subculture: This usually refers to an individual that has broken away from the wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
	
Explicação:
Subculture refers to a group that has broken away from the wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	According to Merton Institutionalizedmeans¿refers→the≤gitimateways∈whichpeop≤seek→reachthegoalsofthe--------------ct̲ure.
		
	
	foreign culture
	
	deviant culture
	 
	dominant culture
	
	american culture
	
	youth culture
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What is the best way to conduct ethnographic research in complex societies?
		
	
	You should use a combination of survey and ethnographic techniques.
	
	You should observe from a distance
	
	Youshould do an ethnography.
	 
	You should do survey research.
	
	There is no good way to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in complex societies.
	
Explicação:
Ethnographic research is a qualitative method through which researchers observe and/or interact with a study¿s participants in their real-life environment. Ethnographic studies consist of the researcher observing and/or interacting with subjects within the environment which the (future) design is intended to support.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Although it seems that every generation has questioned the behavior of its young, the Second World War is regarded as a watershed for popular culture because of the creation of -----------------------------.
		
	
	increasing military movements.
	
	a huge working class.
	
	a cyclical economic recession.
	
	an organization for self-defense.
	 
	a multiplicity of youth cultures.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What is the best way to conduct ethnographic research in complex societies?
		
	 
	You should do survey research.
	
	You should use a combination of survey and ethnographic techniques.
	
	You should do an ethnography.
	
	You should observe from a distance
	
	There is no good way to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in complex societies.
	
Explicação:
Ethnographic research is a qualitative method through which researchers observe and/or interact with a study¿s participants in their real-life environment. Ethnographic studies consist of the researcher observing and/or interacting with subjects within the environment which the (future) design is intended to support.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	 
Howard Becker thinks the behavior that people exhibit may sometimes be labeled deviant by others, but on other occasions it may be regarded as acceptable and even normal. The group who support this idea is called
		
	
	Deviant subculture
	
	Patterns of behavior
	
	Adult behavior
	 
	Subculture
	
	Culture
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the best word which completes the following sentence With urban ecology the city and its organization are depicted as a series of concentric circles, at the middle of which lies a business district the inner core of the city. Next to the central area is a zone referred to as a zone of transition since it has a high migration rate and consequently an unsettled culture. Life is this zone mirrors. In many respects their idea of the functionalist concept of-------------------.
		
	
	unusual norms
	 
	anomie or normlessness
	
	careful norms
	
	set of dynamic rules
	
	transitional norms
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	 
Becker gives us an example of a brawl involving young people. In a low-income neighborhood, it may be defined by the police evidence of delinquency; in a wealthy area as evidence of high spirits. The acts are the same, but the meanings given to them by the audience differ. He thinks that happens because
		
	
	middle class people are more mature than poor people
	
	rich people are well educated
	 
	there is no such thing as a deviant act
	
	young people lost moral values
	
	 poor people are always guilty
Prova 7
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In The Savage Mind (1962), Claude Lévi-Strauss defines the concept of BRICOLAGE as
		
	 
	a method of expression through the combination of components culled from surrounding culture.
	
	a method of study through the selection and synthesis of components culled from surrounding culture.
	 
	a method of expression through the selection and synthesis of components culled from surrounding culture.
	
	a method of expression through the selection and synthesis of components culled according surrounding culture.
	
	a method of expression through the selection and synthesis of components culled from surrounding ideals.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	One of the founders of Semiology as a subject applied to Social Sciences is
		
	
	Roland Freire
	
	Roland Saussure
	
	Mario Pedrosa
	
	Ferdinand Saussure
	 
	Roland Barthes
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In The Savage Mind (1962), Claude Lévi-Strauss defines the concept of ---------as a method of expression through the selection and synthesis of components culled from surrounding culture.
		
	
	signs
	
	general issues
	
	free associations
	 
	bricolage
	
	identities
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	For Peirce, social indexicality in the human realm has been regarded as including any sign (clothing, speech variety, table manners) that points to, and helps create, ----------------
		
	
	fashion
	
	a new language
	 
	social identity
	
	foreign structures
	
	local options
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Semiotics began to become a major approach to cultural studies in the late 1960s, partly as a result of the work of ---------------------.
		
	
	Peirce
	
	Saussure
	
	Chomsky
	
	Baudrillard
	 
	Roland Barthes
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Para Habermas, a estrutura social é formada por convenções que delimitam o campo de ações, estabelecendo as condições pelas quais escolhemos uma determinada ação, pensando ter feito a melhor escolha possível. A linguagem é o instrumento que utilizamos para isso, sendo essa estrutura a maior responsável por determinar a forma como ela é usada. A partir dessa concepção, podemos dizer que
		
	
	a estrutura social utilizada pelos falantes de uma língua dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo alcançar o fim social pretendido por eles ou não.
	
	a estrutura discursiva utilizada pelos falantes de uma língua não dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo não alcançar o fim pretendido por eles ou não.
	
	a estrutura social utilizada pelos ouvintes de uma língua não dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo alcançar o fim pretendido por eles ou não.
	 
	a estrutura discursiva utilizada pelos falantes de uma língua dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo alcançar o fim pretendido por eles ou não.
	
	a estrutura discursiva utilizada pelos ouvintes de uma língua dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, sempre alcançando o fim pretendido por eles.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Thinkers who adopt a structural approach tend to believe that what we see does not always tell us what is really going on. Structuralists believe that we have to look beyond the surface action and study the hidden patterns that make this action meaningful. After reading the previous fragmente we can coclude that it relates
		
	 
	Semiology and Structuralism
	
	Semiology and Romantcism
	
	Psicology and Structuralism
	
	Terminology and Structuralism
	
	Semiology and Realism
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Who saw all languages as made up of a collection of ´signs´, that is, collection of symbols that stand for, represent, ´symbolize´ something outside the language?
		
	
	Umberto Eco
	
	G.W.Morris
	
	Roland Barthes
	
	Charles Pierce
	 
	Saussure
	
	
prova 8
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	All of the following typically generate cultural change, except:
		
	
	diffusion.
	
	invention.
	
	none of the aabove.
	 
	ethnocentrism.
	
	discovery.
	
Explicação:
Ethnocentrism is a concept of anthropology defined as the view demonstrated by someone who considers their ethnic group or culture the center of everything, therefore, on a  more important level than other cultures and societies. An ethnocentric individual considers the norms and values of his own culture better than those of other cultures. This can be a problem because it often gives rise to prejudices and unfounded ideas.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a QuestãoChoose the alternative that is INCORRECT in relation to complete the following statement:
Popular culture creates a "mass society", that is, a society in which __________.
		
	
	Individuals lose their sense of community
	
	Individuals keep their individuality.
	
	individuals come to rely on strong authority from above
	
	Individuals tend to behave in particular specific ways.
	 
	Individuals act in a similar way with practically standardized tastes and interests
	
Explicação:
The major impact of mass culture is the homogenization of individuals, it is clear why this relationship with the concept of mass society. If by reaching a large number of people the media are able to disseminate planned models of culture that do not consider the differentiated possibilities of tastes and identities and massify thoughts and tastes, then there is the formation of a homogeneous mass: mass society.
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	How can functionalism be defined?
		
	
	It is the perspective in arts according to which society consists of different but related parts, each of which serves a particular purpose.
	 
	It is the perspective in sociology according to which society consists of different but related parts, each of which serves a general purpose.
	
	It is the perspective in astrology according to which society consists of different but related parts, each of which serves a particular purpose.
	
	It is the perspective in sociology according to which society does not consists of different but related parts, each of which serves a particular purpose.
	
	It is the perspective in sociology according to which society consists of different and separate parts, each of which serves a particular purpose.
	
Explicação:
Functionalism is a theory adapted to different fields of knowledge, such as philosophy, psychology and anthropology. Its main objective is to explain society, collective and individual actions, from causalities, that is, functions. In this way society, or what is observed from this theory, is understood as an organism, composed of related organs and with specific functions.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What are the strengths of functionalism in relation to culture?
		
	
	It allows us change the nature of the social system as a whole, explains the process of socialization and how culture can create order in society.
	
	It allows us to think about the nature of the social system as a whole, changes the process of socialization and explain how culture can create order in society.
	
	It allows us to think about the nature of the social system as a whole, changes the process of socialization and explain how culture cannot create order in society.
	 
	It allows us to think about the nature of the social system as a whole, explains the process of socialization and how culture can create order in society.
	
	It does not allow us to think about the nature of the social system as a whole, explains the process of socialization and how culture can create order in society.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	A militant group advocates dropping out of the political system and disrupting society. What does this anti-government group represent?
		
	 
	counterculture
	
	none of the above
	
	popular culture
	
	Eurocentrism
	
	subculture
	
Explicação:
Counterculture is a movement related to a style of mobilization and social contestation  and new mass media. Young people innovating styles, turning more to the anti-social in the eyes of more conservative families, with a more liberal spirit, summarized as an underground culture, alternative culture or marginal culture, focused mainly on the transformations of consciousness, values and behavior , in the search for other spaces and new channels of expression for the individual and small daily realities, although the Hippie movement, which represents this peak, aimed at transforming society as a whole, through awareness, change of attitude and of political protest.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	New elements of technology, such as test-tube babies, emerge faster than societal ideas about how to use them. What is this inconsistency called?
		
	
	none of the above
	
	cultural relativism
	 
	cultural lag
	
	cultural integration
	
	cultural transmission
	
Explicação:
Cultural lag ¿ also called culture lag ¿ describes what happens in a social system when the ideals that regulate life do not keep pace with other changes which are often ¿ but not always ¿ technological. Advances in technology and in other areas effectively render old ideals and social norms obsolete, leading to ethical conflicts and crises. 
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Durkheim thoughts revealed the independent existence of social facts in relation to persons. He created the expression collective conscious, which means
		
	
	the strange manner of conduct and thought that may be observed in an inner social group.
	
	the abusive manner of conduct and thought that may be observed in an inner social group.
	
	the standardized manner of conduct and thought that may not be observed in an inner social group.
	
	the exotic manner of conduct and thought that may be observed in an inner social group.
	 
	the standardized manner of conduct and thought that may be observed in an inner social group.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the alternative that is correct in relation to Post modernism and identity:
		
	
	b. Postmodernists such as Crook suggests that present-day identities are not much more fluid and ambivalent than they were under the rigid constraints in class identity in the past. Now individuals are free to become who they wish, through consumption and the creative adaptation of life-styles.
	 
	Postmodernists such as Crook suggests that present-day identities are much more fluid and ambivalent than they were under the rigid constraints in class identity in the past. Now individuals are free to become who they wish, through consumption and the creative adaptation of life-styles.
	
	Postmodernists such as Crook suggests that present-day identities are much more fluid and ambivalent than they were under the rigid constraints in class identity in the past. Now individuals are not free to become who they wish, through consumption and the creative adaptation of life-styles.
	
	Romantics such as Crook suggests that present-day identities are much more fluid and ambivalent than they were under the rigid constraints in class identity in the past. Now individuals are free to become who they wish, through consumption and the creative adaptation of life-styles.
	
	Postmodernists such as Crook suggests that present-day identities are much more fluid and ambivalent than they were under the rigid constraints in class identity in the past. Now individuals are free to behave rigidly, through consumption and the creative adaptation of life-styles.
	
	
Prova 9
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Feminism ideology can take many different forms. In the 1970's, women started developing a theory which helped to explain their oppression. By the 1980's, feminists started disagreeing on particular issues linked to feminism. What was once one theory, began to branch out into many theories that focused on different feminist issues.
What is the main focus of radical feminism?
		
	 
	Radical feminism focuses on men as oppressors. Radical feminists view prostitution as a reinforcement, perpetuation, subordination, and exploitation of women.
	
	Radical feminism is a "current" within feminism that focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on an assumption of "female supremacy" used to oppress men. Radical feminism aims at challenging and at overthrowing patriarchy by opposing standard gender roles and the female oppression of men, and calls for a radical reordering of society.
	
	Radical feminismis a philosophy emphasizing the patriarchal roots of inequality between men and women, or, more specifically, social dominance of men by women.
	
	Radical feminists believe that society must be changed at its core in order to dissolve matriarchy, not just through acts of legislation. Unfortunately, this type of feminism also attracts a lot of negative media attention creating a negative view of feminism. Radical feminists believe that the domination of men is the oldest and worst kind of oppression in the world so their focus is on young girls who should be brought up to rule the world and banish men from their pedestal.
	
	Radical feminists tend to be more militant in their approach (radical as "getting to the root"). Radical feminism opposes existing political and social organization in general because it is inherently tied to matriarchy.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Teresa is a brazilian feminist but she contends that no woman is free until the conditions that oppress women worldwide are eliminated. When Teresa defends these ideas, she defends--------------
		
	
	the brazilian feminism
	
	the political feminism
	
	the women ´s liberation
	 
	the Global feminism
	
	the local feminism
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Complete the following sentence with the best option: Postmodern feminists seek to give a voice to a whole range of --------------- groups in society.
		
	
	special
	
	ordinary
	
	traditional
	
	modern
	 
	marginal
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	All women must be free from the constraints of belonging to a specific gender. This is called
		
	
	diligent feminism
	
	local feminism
	
	multi feminism
	 
	global feminism.
	
	special feminism
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What is the alternative approach to ethnocentrism?
		
	
	cultural conflict
	 
	cultural relativism
	
	none of the above
	
	countercultures
	
	subcultures
	
Explicação:
Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The strength of postmodern feminism is that it moves beyond simplistic notions of ---------- based on distinctions between opposites such as being either male or female, or black or white.
		
	 
	identity
	
	race
	
	color
	
	gender
	
	morality
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	 
Mark the only option which cannot complete the statement: Ethnic stereotypes vary along several dimensions among them are
		
	 
	degree of races
	
	degree of complexity.
	
	degree of stability.
	
	extent of people's consciousness and awareness.
	
	the degree of clarity.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	About the Feminism phenomenon, we can say that
		
	 
	In spite of its expressivity, the lack of studies to rescue the feminist contribution and to insert it in the different state levels, especially in the context of Latin America, is still a preoccupation.
	
	In spite of its influence, the lack of studies to eliminate the feminist contribution and to insert it in the different state levels, especially in the context of Latin America, is still a preoccupation.
	
	In spite of its influence, studies to eliminate the feminist contribution and to insert it in the different state levels, especially in the context of Latin America, are still a solution.
	
	Because of its expressivity, studies to rescue the feminist contribution and to insert it in the different state levels, especially in the context of Latin America, are still a preoccupation.
	
	Because of its influence, the lack of studies to brodcast the feminist contribution and to eliminate it in the different state levels, especially in the context of North America, is still a preoccupation.
	
Prova 10
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which one of the following is seen as the bedrock of any corporate culture?
		
	
	Fairness
	
	Justice
	 
	Norms
	 
	Values
	
	None of the above
	
Explicação:
A very large part of everything we are - our beliefs, ideals, way of seeing the world and even simpler things, such as eating and dressing - is related to the culture in which we are inserted. In companies, there is also the determination of rules, values and principles that guide the behavior of employees and the positioning of the company in the society in which it operates. This set of premises and practices is called corporate culture or organizational culture.It is a way of making the values considered important by the organization more vigorous and institutional. For it to develop, any organizational culture needs to be understood by all teams and carried forward in all activities, especially those involving relationships between people.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	With the advent of globalization, the idea of the need of consumerism to reach happiness became more and more broadcasted. One example of this fact may be found in
		
	 
	Shopping centers became 'temples of consumerism', fast food had total acceptance, young people just want expensive, costly clothes.
	
	Shopping centers became 'temples of fun', fast food had total acceptance, old people just want cheap clothes.
	
	Small markets became 'temples of consumerism', home food had total acceptance, young people just want expensive, costly clothes.
	
	Shopping centers became 'temples of fun', fast food had no acceptance, young people just want cheap clothes.
	
	Shopping centers became 'temples of consumerism', home food had total acceptance, young people just want expensive, cheap clothes.
	
Explicação:
Consumerism can be related to all humans. Consumerism is the notion that to show that we are living, we have to accumulate material goods. We use material goods to convey the message that we are living well. human beings we are loyally following the religion of consumerism. Shopping malls have become our miniature places of worship as we shop diligently and religiously. In this sense, shopping centers became 'temples of consumerism', fast food had total acceptance, young people just want expensive, costly clothes.
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which one of the following establishes standards of achievement within an organization?
		
	
	Heroes
	 
	Values
	
	Rites and rituals
	 
	Logos
	
	None of the above
	
Explicação:
A very large part of everything we are - our beliefs, ideals, way of seeing the world and even simpler things, such as eating and dressing - is related to the culture in which we are inserted. In companies, there is also the determination of rules, values and principles that guide the behavior of employees and the positioning of the company in the society in which it operates. This set of premises and practices is called corporate culture or organizational culture. A corporate culture, however, is not just a list of attitudes to follow. It is a way of making the values considered important by the organization more vigorous and institutional. For it to develop, any organizational culture needs to be understood by all teams and carried forward in all activities, especially those involving relationships between people
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	An exaggerated consumerism has generated many problems such as
		
	 
	A higher level of obesity, personal arrearages, a mistreated environment, violence increase, lack of time to have fun.
	
	A higher level of obesity, personal profits, a mistreated environment, violence increase, more time to have fun.
	
	A higher level of obesity, personal profits, a well-treated environment, peace increase, lack of time to have fun.
	
	A higher level of obesity, personal arrearages, a mistreated environment, peace increase, lack of time to have fun.A higher level of obesity, personal arrearages, a mistreated environment, violence increase, more time to have fun.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	People's concept of nation is generally distorted and called by scholars as 'the imagined nation'. Why is that imagined nation considered limited and overvalued simultaneously?
		
	 
	Because the power of liberty depends on the State.
	
	Because the power of liberty depends on society.
	
	Because the power of liberty depends on people.
	
	Because the power of liberty depends on religions.
	
	Because the power of liberty depends on our dreams.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In a globalized contemporary world, high technology has emerged and developed different means of communication more and more. This generates advantages and disadvantages, respectively:
		
	
	A large flow of lies among different cultures by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technology by lower classes, which creates violence between different communities.
	
	Little flow of ideas among different cultures by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the easy access to technology by upper classes, which creates violence between different communities.
	 
	A large flow of ideas among different cultures by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technology by lower classes, which creates a gap between different communities.
	
	Little flow of ideas among different cultures by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technology by lower classes, which creates a gap between different communities.
	
	A large flow of ideas among different people by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technology by upper classes, which creates violence between different communities.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In the past, the word 'race' was used to explain differences of skin color. Today, Sociology has brought a different meaning. According to this Science, what is race?
		
	
	A social class in which all the members share the same characteristics.
	 
	A population in which all the members share certain inherited characteristics.
	
	A social class in which all the members share bad inherited characteristics.
	
	A population in which everybody share the same characteristics.
	
	A population in which all the members share certain strange characteristics.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Progress and technology have created an illusion of a cultural hegemonic world. Why?
		
	
	Because they provide a sensation that everybody may have access to nothing the world offers.
	
	Because they provide a sensation that nobody may have access to everything the world offers.
	
	Because they provide a sensation that everybody may have access to everything the government offers.
	
	Because they provide a sensation that nobody may have access to nothing the world offers.
	 
	Because they provide a sensation that everybody may have access to everything the world offers.
	
Explicação:
Because they provide a sensation that everybody may have access to everything the world offers.