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fishes ; seven gen- era and two genera incertae sedis . – Chilodonatella Dragesco, 1966 – Chilodonella Strand, 1928 – Phascolodon Stein, 1859 – Pseudochilodonopsis Foissner, 1979 – Talitrochilodon Jankowski, 1980 – Thigmogaster Deroux, 1976 – Trithigmostoma Jankowski, 1967 Incertae sedis in Family Chilodonellidae – Odontochlamys Certes, 1891 – Phyllotrichum Engelmann in Bütschli, 1889 Family CHITONELLIDAE Small & Lynn, 1985 Size, small; shape, ovoid to spheroid; sedentary (?) in stalkless lorica, attached to substrate; somatic kineties as only two right kineties and about four left kineties; oral ciliature as only one circumoral kinety ; macronucleus, centric heteromerous, globular; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding (?); in marine habitats, recorded only once from a salt marsh, kathrobic; one genus. – Chitonella Small & Lynn, 1985 Family CHLAMYDODONTIDAE Stein, 1859 (syn. Chlamidodontidae ) Size, small to medium; shape, nearly ellipsoidal, with width > 2/3 length; free-swimming; dorsal and ventral surfaces separated by the “railroad track” groove, which is supported by regular cytoskeletal elements; ventral somatic kineties running from the right ventral body surface to dorsal right and anterior left surfaces; local region of thigmotactic cilia at posterior of ven- tral surface, but not developed as a non-ciliated adhesive region ; oral ciliature as preoral and two circumoral kineties; macronucleus, juxtaposed heteromeric, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, may be multiple; cytoproct (?); feeding typically on diatoms and fila- mentous algae; in marine habitats; three genera. – Chlamydodon Ehrenberg, 1835 – Cyrtophoron Deroux, 1975 – Lynchellodon Jankowski, 1980 Family GASTRONAUTIDAE Deroux, 1994 Size, small; shape, ovoid, flattened; free- swimming; oral opening, a large, elongate, and transverse groove, oriented across body axis so that some somatic kineties on the right side are broken into preoral and postoral fragments; oral ciliature, apparently as one kinety that encircles the perimeter of the large oral open- ing ; macronucleus, centric heteromerous, ellip- soid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); feeding (?); in freshwater and terrestrial habitats, even as a commensal (?) in small freshwater mussels ; two genera. – Gastronauta Engelmann in Bütschli, 1889 – Paragastronauta Foissner, 2001 Family KRYOPRORODONTIDAE Alekperov & Mamajeva, 1992 (syn. Gymnozoonidae) Size, small to medium; shape, circular in cross- section; free-swimming; somatic kineties evenly disposed around the body, with several somatic kineties extending to encircle the apical cyto- stome; oral kineties as a series of small frag- ments accompanied by dikinetids ; macronucleus, juxtaposed heteromerous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole (?); cytoproct (?); feed- ing (?); in marine habitats, planktonic and near sea ice; one genus. – Gymnozoum Meunier, 1910 Family LYNCHELLIDAE Jankowski, 1968 Size, small to medium; shape, elongate to discoid, somewhat rounded anteriorly; free- swimming; dorsal and ventral surfaces may be separated by “railroad track” groove (see Family 382 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera Chlamydodontidae ); typically anterior preoral arcs of some-to-all right ventral somatic kine- ties not continuous with more posterior parts of those kineties, and left somatic kineties reduced to fewer than 7 ; thigmotactic zone broad, pos- terior, with curious structureless protrusions in several species; oral kineties, anterior to cyto- stome, typically more than three, of variable pattern, but often as flattened “Y”, opened to the left ; tips of oral nematodesmata often toothed; macronucleus, juxtaposed heteromeric, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, may be multiple; cytoproct (?); feeding (?); in marine and freshwater benthic habitats, often in sands; six genera and one genus incertae sedis . – Atopochilodon Kahl, 1933 – Chlamydonella Petz, Song, & Wilbert, 1995 – Chlamydonellopsis Blatterer & Foissner, 1990 – Coeloperix Gong & Song, 2004 * – Lynchella Kahl in Jankowski, 1968 – Wilbertella Gong & Song, 2006 * Incertae sedis in Family Lynchellidae – Lophophorina Penard, 1922 Order Dysteriida Deroux, 1976 (syns. Dysteriina , Hartmannulina ) Size, small to large; shape, typically laterally compressed with dorsal surface rounded, in extreme; free-swimming, but often temporarily attached; ven- tral cilia not thigmotactic, but ciliate attached to substrate by non-ciliated adhesive region or by flexible podite (except Atelepithites ) ; macronu- cleus, juxtaposed heteromerous; widespread and numerous, mainly marine, but some ectosymbiotic forms with members of the Family Kyaroikeidae exclusively on cetaceans ; four families. Family DYSTERIIDAE Claparède & Lachmann, 1858 (syns. Erviliidae , Trochiliidae ) Size small; shape, ovoid to almost rectangular, may be conspicuously laterally compressed; free- swimming; somatic ciliature, typically reduced, with left ventral somatic kineties as midven- tral postoral field, typically separated from an anterior preoral field; flexible podite used for attachment ; oral ciliature as two or more small kinetofragments disposed around the cytostome; nematodesmata of cyrtos reduced to six or fewer, with cytopharyngeal capitula or “teeth” often prominent ; macronucleus, juxtaposed heteromer- ous, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present, may be multiple; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacteria and microalgae; in marine and freshwater habitats, widely distrib- uted, mainly in marine habitats, and frequently as symphorionts; seven genera. – Agnathodysteria Deroux, 1977 – Dysteria Huxley, 1857 – Hartmannulopsis Deroux & Dragesco, 1968 – Mirodysteria Kahl, 1933 – Schedotrochilia Deroux, 1977 – Orthotrochilia Song, 2003 * – Trochilia Dujardin, 1841 Family HARTMANNULIDAE Poche, 1913 (for Onychodactylidae ; syns. Aegyrianidae , Aegyrianinae , Allosphaeriidae , Trichopodiellidae , Trochilioididae , Trochilioidinae ) Size, small to medium; shape, ovoid, flattened; free-swimming, but may attach to substrate, some- times making a “byssal” filament; somatic cili- ature with left ventral somatic kineties, which may be quite short, as continuous field (i.e., not fragmented); ventral kineties behind podite (i.e. transpodial kineties) with more closely packed kinetosomes ; oral ciliature, variable, rang- ing from a single circumoral kinetofragment to the typical preoral and two circumoral kinetofrag- ments; nematodesmata of cyrtos, ranging from thin and inconspicuous to prominent, typically many; macronucleus, juxtaposed heteromerous, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, may be multiple; cytoproct (?); feeding on bacteria, diatoms , and other microalgae; in marine habitats, free-living but Brooklynella harmful as gill parasite of marine fishes ; eleven genera. – Aegyriana Song & Wilbert, 2002 * – Allosphaerium Kidder & Summers, 1935 – Brooklynella Lom & Nigrelli, 1970 – Chlamydonyx Deroux, 1977 – Hartmannula Poche, 1913 – Horocontus Deroux, 1977 – Microxysma Deroux, 1977 – Paratrochilia Kahl, 1933 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 383 – Sigmocineta Jankowski, 1967 – Trichopodiella Corliss, 1960 – Trochilioides Kahl, 1931 ( nomen nudum ) Family KYAROIKEIDAE Sniezek & Coats, 1996 Size, medium; shape, elongate, ovoid, circular in cross-section; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, essentially holotrichous, but with left-ventral non-ciliated strip at whose anterior end is the left somatic field as four kinetal fragments anteriorly and midventrally;