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1978 Size, small to medium; trophont, sac-like, not flattened; stalk, massive with apical widening ; tentacles, bottle-like, arranged in two apical rows ; macronucleus, ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats as ectocommensals on crustaceans from Lake Baikal; one genus. – Dactylostoma Jankowski, 1967 Family DENDROSOMATIDAE Fraipont, 1878 (syns. Dendrosomidae , Stylophryidae ) Size, medium to large; trophont, pyriform to truncate to branching; stalkless, with rare excep- tion, but rather attached to the substratum by broad part of body or protuberance; indeterminate growth ; aloricate, occasionally planktonic; tenta- cles, capitate, evenly distributed or arranged in fascicles at ends of conspicuous finger-like proc- esses, sometimes highly specialized or greatly reduced in number ; budding, often multiple; swarmers, small, with transverse band of kineties; macronucleus, globular to ramified; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, multiple throughout body; in brackish and freshwater habitats, free-liv- ing in the periphyton, some as ectosymbionts on turtles , others endosymbiotic, and still others as parasites on crustacean gills; four genera. – Astrophrya Awerintzew, 1904 (subj. syn. Dendrosoma ) – Dendrosoma Ehrenberg, 1837 – Gorgonosoma Swarczewsky, 1928 (subj. syn. Dendrosoma ) – Stylophrya Swarczewsky, 1928 Family ENDOSPHAERIDAE Jankowski in Corliss, 1979 (syn. Endospaeriidae ) Size, small to medium; trophonts, ovoid to sphe- roid; without stalk; tentacles, not present ; swarm- ers, spheroid to ellipsoid, with several ‘transverse’ kineties; swarmers, produced by monogemmy or polygemmy; macronucleus, globular to ellip- soid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; in marine and freshwater habitats solely as endoparasites of cells and tissues of other organisms, such as ciliates (e.g., folliculinids, peritrichs, and even other suctoria), turbellar- ians , and bivalve molluscs ; two genera. – Acoelophthirius Jankowski in Dovgal, 2002 * – Endosphaera Engelmann, 1876 Family ERASTOPHRYIDAE Jankowski, 1978 Size, small to medium; trophonts, ovoid to irregular, attaching to peritrich host by arm- like appendages called the cinctum or hemi- cinctum ; tentacles, capitate, evenly distributed on body surface or arranged in fascicles on short actinophores; macronucleus, ellipsoid to ribbon- like; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats as hypercommen- sals on peritrich ectosymbionts of fishes ; two genera. – Chenophrya Dovgal, 2002 * – Erastophrya Fauré-Fremiet, 1943 Family PSEUDOGEMMIDAE Jankowski, 1978 Size, small; trophonts, globular to ellipsoid; lori- cate; tentacles, rod-like, one to several, serving both for feeding and attachment ; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; con- tractile vacuole, present; in marine and freshwater habitats as parasites of other ciliates, such as fol- liculinids and suctorians ; two genera. – Pottsiocles Corliss, 1960 – Pseudogemma Collin, 1909 Family RHYNCHETIDAE Jankowski, 1978 (syn. Riftidae ) Size, small; trophont, pyriform to ovoid, attach- ing to substrate by basal body surface or protuber- ance; tentacles, agile, very flexible ; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus (?); contractile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats as parasites on crustaceans ; two genera. – Rhyncheta Zenker, 1866 – Riftus Jankowski, 1981 (subj. syn. Tokophrya ) Family SOLENOPHRYIDAE Jankowski, 1981 Size, small; trophont, spheroid to ovoid, attach- ing to substrate by basal surface of the lorica; 394 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera stalkless; tentacles, capitate ; macronucleus, ellip- soid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; in brackish and freshwater habitats in periphyton or in plankton; two genera. – Solenophrya Claparède & Lachmann, 1859 – Sphaeracineta Jankowski, 1987 [not listed in Aescht] Family TOKOPHRYIDAE Jankowski in Small & Lynn, 1985 Size, small to medium; trophonts, ovoid, cylin- drical or triangular-shaped, often laterally flat- tened; without lorica ; stalked, of varying length; tentacles, capitate, typically in two or rarely more fascicles; swarmers, ovoid with oblique somatic kineties; macronucleus, globular to ribbon-like; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; in marine and freshwater habitats, both free-living and as ectocommensals on copepods , amphipods , and even other ciliates (e.g., stalk of peritrichs ); seven genera. – Lecanodiscus Jankowski, 1973 – Listarcon Jankowski, 1982 – Parastylophrya Jankowski, 1978 – Pelagacineta Jankowski, 1978 – Talizona Jankowski, 1981 – Tokophrya Bütschli, 1889 – Tokophryopsis Swarczewsky, 1928 Family TRICHOPHRYIDAE Fraipont, 1878 (syns. Actinobranchiidae , Caprinianidae [for Capriniidae ], Marinectidae , Mucophryidae , Peltacinetidae , Staurophryidae ) Size, small; trophont, flattened, attached to substratum by broad part of body or a body protuberance ; stalkless; some loricate forms, mainly with a mucous lorica; tentacles, capitate or rod-like, may be in rows or fascicles, rarely on poorly developed actinophores; determinate growth; swarmer, discoid, flattened, with equa- torial kineties ; macronucleus, ellipsoid, ribbon- like or ramified; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, may be multiple; in marine and freshwater habitats as ectocommensals on aquatic inverte- brates and vertebrates, with some found on gills of fishes ; eleven genera. – Anarma Jankowski, 1981 (subj. syn. Discophrya ) – Brachyosoma Batisse, 1975 – Capriniana Strand, 1928 (subj. syn. Trichophrya ) – Marinecta Jankowski, 1973 – Mucophrya Gajewskaja, 1928 – Paramucophrya Chen, Song, & Hu, 2005 * – Peltacineta Jankowski, 1978 (subj. syn. Trichophrya ) – Rhizobranchium Jankowski, 1981 – Staurophrya Zacharias, 1893 – Tetraedrophrya Zykoff in Dovgal, 2002 * – Trichophrya Claparède & Lachmann, 1859 Order Evaginogenida Jankowski, 1978 (syns. Cyathodiniida , Cyathomorphida , Cyat- homorphina , Dendrocometida , Dendrocometina , Discophryida , Discophryina , Heliophryida , Eva- ginogenea , Evaginogenia , Inversogenea , Neotenea p.p ., Stylocometina p.p ., Tripanococcina p.p .) Size, small to large; trophonts, sessile; with or without stalk, occasionally in lorica; tentacles either scattered singly or in fascicles at the ends of sometimes massive arms or trunks; kinetosomes of larval kineties first develop on “parental” surface of a brood pouch, but cytokinesis of a single swarmer completed exogenously after full emergence of the “everted” bud (i.e., evaginative budding) ; swarmer, often ellipsoidal, flattened; in marine and freshwater habitats, widespread, especially as symphorionts, with species of one endosymbiotic genus showing a strikingly aberrant life cycle; 11 families. Family COMETODENDRIDAE Jankowski, 1978 Size, small to large; trophont, vase-like, branched, lifted off substrate but attached to it by a basal protuberance ; tentacles, ramified ; macro- nucleus, globular; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; in freshwater habitats as ectocom- mensals on gammarid amphipods ; one genus. – Cometodendron Swarczewsky, 1928 Family CYATHODINIIDAE da Cuhna, 1914 (syn. Enterophryidae p.p .) Size, small; trophont, pyriform to ovoid; stalk- less; adult stage fleeting, but typically produces two ciliated buds simultaneously; larval form 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 395 as trophont, pyriform in shape, persisting as the dominant stage in the life cycle; swarmers retaining extensive ciliature and having ten- tacles, called endosprits, which are reduced to a series of short