DrivingAround_Coursebook wise up

Prévia do material em texto

Driving Around.
ChaptersChapters.
Booking a Car1 p. 03
3 Traffic Laws p. 48
2 At the Rental p. 23
4 Expressways p. 68
5 Driving in the City p. 90
6 At the Gas Station p. 110
7 Returning the Car p. 129
8 Grammar Guide p. 148
Arquivo Interativo. 
Interações no menu ao 
lado, topo e base das 
páginas, e nas indicações 
do Grammar Guide no 
f inal de cada lesson.
1Bookinga Car.
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[In the living room]
Steph: 
Hi, guys! My husband David and I decided to start recording this 
series because we’ve realized that, when travelers come to America, 
sometimes they can be nervous about driving and renting a car. There 
are so many differences between driving here and anywhere else in the 
world. You know, we use miles, there are requirements that you don’t 
have in other countries for renting a car…
So we decided to drive around Los Angeles and share our experience 
with you guys. And Los Angeles happens to have the worst traff ic in all 
of America.
David:
So, what’s a very important step? You’re going to want to make your 
online car reservation in advance. Why? – you ask. So you can get the 
car that you want. I’m a bigger guy, so I can’t be in a compact car, I’m 
going to need a mid-size SUV, or maybe even a big truck. There are 
some other factors…
Steph: 
You’re going to get better deals when you book online. And again, as 
David said, availability. 
So, how do you choose your perfect car?
Well, you have to ask yourself a few questions: how many people are 
coming? Do you have luggage? How far are you going to go? What kind 
of car do you want? Do you want a luxury car? 
BOOKING A CAR
Many people believe it is hard to drive in the United States. But it can be easier 
than it seems if you follow some nice tips. Before you actually start driving 
around, you will probably want to rent a car that will suit you, and for that you 
must know how to make the right questions and provide the correct answers too. 
In this chapter, you are going to learn this and a little more. Now look at the script 
of Booking a Car.
Part 1.
Video Script
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Do you want a convertible? Do you want an economy? What’s your 
budget? Where do you want to pick up the car? If you want to drop it off 
in a different location, you can. You can choose all of that online, which is 
super, super practical. So we highly recommend it.
[Going through the car rental agency app]
David:
Alright, guys. Steph and I are going to walk you through the steps. It’s 
very simple. 
So obviously you’re going to choose where you’re picking up the car 
from. We’re going to be returning it to the same place. Because you can, 
if you want to, go to Las Vegas, have fun, and drop it off there. But we’re 
not doing that this time.
When are we picking it up? It’s going to be June 1st, 2019. And we’re 
going to be returning it on June 28th, 2019. 
So, there are different cars: there’s the standard pick-up truck. You 
have the bigger pick-up truck, the compact SUV – not doing that… 
The mid-size SUVs, as I’m a bigger guy, are good for me. You have 
your premium models, your standard models, and your economy. So, 
let’s go ahead and select. Awesome!
And the last step: you’re going to go ahead and put your name in there 
and your email, and we’re good, we’re booked! We’re good to go.
Steph: 
Did you actually book it?
David:
Yeah!
Steph:
Cancel it! Cancel it!
David: 
We already have a reservation, guys! We’re going to…
Steph:
I got it, I got it…
David:
Cool!
Steph:
Thank you! 
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RESERVANDO UM CARRO
[Na sala de estar] 
Steph: 
Oi, pessoal! Eu e meu marido, David, decidimos começar a gravar esta série 
porque percebemos que, quando viajantes vêm para os Estados Unidos, 
às vezes podem ficar nervosos ao dirigir e alugar um carro. Existem muitas 
diferenças entre dirigir aqui e em qualquer outro lugar no mundo. Nós 
usamos milhas, e há requisitos que não existem em outros países para 
alugar um carro... Então, decidimos dirigir por Los Angeles e compartilhar 
nossa experiência com vocês. E acontece que Los Angeles tem o pior 
tráfego dos Estados Unidos. 
David:
Então, qual passo é muito importante? Fazer sua reserva de carro 
on-line antecipadamente. Por quê? – talvez você pergunte. Para que você 
consiga o carro que deseja. Eu sou um cara grande; então, não posso f icar 
em um carro compacto. Vou precisar de um utilitário médio ou talvez até de 
uma caminhonete grande. Existem alguns outros fatores...
Steph:
Você vai conseguir preços melhores quando reservar on-line. E novamente, 
como o David falou, tem a questão da disponibilidade. 
Mas como você escolhe o carro que é perfeito para você?
Bem, você deve se fazer algumas perguntas: quantas pessoas estão vindo? 
Você está levando bagagem? Que distância você planeja percorrer? Que 
tipo de carro você quer? Você quer um carro de luxo? Um conversível? 
Você quer um econômico? Qual o seu orçamento? Onde você quer retirar 
o carro? Se você quer entregá-lo em um local diferente, você pode. Você 
pode escolher tudo isso on-line, o que é super, superprático. Então, nós 
recomendamos muito!
[Mostrando o aplicativo da agência locadora de carros] 
David:
OK, pessoal. A Steph e eu vamos mostrar o passo a passo. É bem fácil! 
Então, obviamente vamos escolher o lugar onde vamos pegar o carro. Nós 
vamos devolver o carro no mesmo lugar, porque você pode, caso queira, ir 
para Las Vegas se divertir e entregar o carro lá. Mas não vamos fazer isso 
desta vez. 
Quando nós vamos pegar o carro? Será dia 1º de junho de 2019. E vamos 
devolvê-lo no dia 28 de junho de 2019. 
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Há carros diferentes: tem a caminhonete padrão. Tem as caminhonetes 
maiores, os utilitários compactos... Não, esse não. Os utilitários médios, 
como sou um cara grande, são bons para mim. Tem os modelos 
premium, os modelos normais, e os econômicos. Então, vamos escolher. 
Ótimo!
E o último passo: você vai colocar seu nome e seu e-mail. E pronto, 
reserva feita! Tudo certo!
Steph:
Você realmente fez a reserva?
David:
Sim!
Steph:
Cancela! Cancela!
David:
Nós já temos uma reserva, pessoal! Nós vamos...
Steph: 
Deixa comigo. 
David:
Beleza!
Steph:
Obrigada.
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We will start by making an online car reservation. It is much more comfortable and safer to arrive at your 
destination with your reservation in hand. The good things about making an online car reservation in advance 
are availability and good deals. So we have the following tips for you: 
So in order to book the right car, you need to take a moment and answer a few questions. The f irst one is: 
Note that we use what kind of whenever we want to know the type of something. You will see this 
expression in many situations related to choosing a product or a service, especially together with the rest of 
the sentence: would you like.
Book your car in advance to guarantee better deals and availability. 
Reserve seu carro com antecedência para garantir preços melhores e disponibilidade.
Note that we used the word book as a verb, which, in the context, means the same as to make a reservation. 
So, we could also say:
Make your reservation in advance to guarantee better deals and availability. 
Faça sua reserva com antecedência para garantir preços melhores e disponibilidade.
You can use the verb book in any other context involving reservations. For example: 
I’d like to book a table. 
Gostaria de reservar uma mesa.
I’d like to book a room. 
Gostaria de reservar um quarto.
What kind of car would you like to rent?
Que tipo de carro você gostaria de alugar?
Vocabulary
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CAR CATEGORIES
Compact
Compacto
SUV
Utilitário
Full-size
Carro grande - indicado para até cinco pessoas 
Minivan
Standard
Standard/Padrão
So, to choose the ideal car for your trip, there are 
some aspects you must consider. The f irst one is:
What’s your budget? 
Qual é o seu orçamento?
Economy
Econômico
Car rental companies sort cars into various categories. Their names will vary, but you will probably f ind the 
following more often: 
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You should know how much you are willing to pay for your rental. 
Once you have settled that, there is a second aspect you must consider: 
How many people are coming with you? 
Quantas pessoas estão viajando com você?
It is possible to use the same sentence structure to research the other types 
of cars by replacing the word minivan with the car you wish. 
Having enough room for your luggage is something else you should pay 
attention to. The words bag or suitcase refer to each unit of luggage you are 
taking with you. Each bag is going to take up a certain amount of space in 
the trunk. So you can count them. This is what you will want to know before 
you choose your car: 
How many bags are you taking?
Quantas malas você está levando?
That means thinking about the number of people who will be riding with 
you. Notice that how many is an expression used to ask about quantity.
If you need to check the number of people that f it in each of those 
categories, you can ask someone or do some online research. For instance, 
you can type on the website:
How many people fit in a minivan? 
Quantas pessoas cabem numa minivan?
Then you check online if they will f it in your rental. You can type something like:
How many bags fit in a minivan trunk? 
Quantas malas cabem no porta-malas de uma minivan?
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The answers may come in volume measurements, like this: 
There are 532 liters of cargo space. 
O bagageiro comporta 532 litros.
Or in number of suitcases, like this:
The trunk can fit up to nine large suitcases. 
O porta-malas comporta até nove malas grandes.
On some car rental websites, you will be able to 
f ind this information when you select the car. It is 
usually next to a suitcase icon, like this one: 
When you book a car online, insurance is usually charged apart from the 
daily rate because it is considered an additional service. These are the 
most common types of insurance you will f ind:
Besides your luggage, you have to consider the distance you will be driving. 
So, think about the following: 
How far will you go? 
Qual a distância que você vai percorrer?
Note that we used how far to ask a question about distance.
Collision Damage Waiver (CDW)
Seguro contra danos de colisão 
TYPES OF INSURANCE
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Roadside Assistance Insurance 
Cobertura de assistência na estrada
Personal Effects Coverage (PEC)
Cobertura de perda ou roubo de pertences dentro do carro
Personal Accident Insurance (PAI)
Cobertura de acidentes pessoais
Additional Liability Insurance (ALI) 
Seguro de danos contra terceiros
Most travelers choose the Collision Damage Waiver or CDW, which covers all the 
damages that your car and the other cars involved in a collision may suffer, including 
cases of a total loss. If you are going to take the road, it is advisable to purchase the 
Roadside Assistance Insurance as well, just in case you need your car to be towed 
or something. The Personal Effects Coverage or PEC could be a good idea if you 
need to spend the night in dangerous areas, with your luggage inside the car and 
no private parking lot. Finally, the Personal Accident Insurance or PAI, and the 
Additional Liability Insurance, or ALI, are considered secondary insurances, for they 
will cover more drastic events, such as death as a consequence of an accident.
1. Choose the pick-up date, time, and spot.
Escolha a data, a hora, e o local de retirada do carro.
2. Choose the drop-off date, time, and spot.
Escolha a data, a hora, e o local de devolução do carro.
After having decided on all these aspects, it is time to make your online 
reservation. The next information you have to type in is:
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Now you know which aspects must be considered before 
you go through the steps of booking a car online. 
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3. Select the kind of car you want. 
Selecione o tipo de carro que você quer.
4. Select the additional services you want. 
Escolha os serviços adicionais que você quer.
5. Type in your personal information, email address, 
and credit card information. 
Insira seus dados pessoais, e-mail e dados do cartão de crédito.
6. Confirm the reservation and check the voucher in your mailbox. 
Confirme a reserva e verif ique o comprovante na caixa 
de entrada do seu e-mail.
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A
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3 
/ 5
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8 
/ 1
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12
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10
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6 
/ 2
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11
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7 
/ 4
A
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b.
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c.
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d.
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e.
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bi
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
( 1 ) Budget
( 2 ) Online car 
 reservation
( 3 ) Great deals
( 4 ) Special offers
( 5 ) Bag/suitcase
( 6 ) Rental car / rental
( 7 ) Car rental 
 company
( 8 ) Insurance
( 9 ) Additional 
 services
( 10 ) Pick-up spot/ 
 location
( 11 ) SUV
( 12 ) To book 
( ) Ótimos preços
( ) Mala
( ) Seguro
( ) Orçamento 
( ) Reservar
( ) Serviços adicionais
( ) Local de retirada 
 (do carro)
( ) Carro alugado
( ) Reserva de carro 
 on-line
( ) Utilitário 
( ) Locadora de carros
( ) Ofertas especiais
a) The can fit up to nine large suitcases.
 O porta-malas comporta até nove malas grandes.
b) What’s your ?
 Qual é o seu orçamento? 
c) Select the of car you want.
 Selecione o tipo de carro que você quer.
d) Choose the drop-off date, time, and .
 Escolha a data, a hora, e o local de devolução do carro.
e) Book your car in advance to guarantee better deals and .
 Reserve seu carro com antecedência para garantir preços melhores e 
 disponibilidade.
Part 3.
ActivitiesVocabulary
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Select the kind of car you want. 
Selecione o tipo de carro que você quer.
Select the additional services you want.
Selecione os serviços adicionais que você quer.
Choose the pick-up date, time, and spot.
Escolha a data, a hora, e o local de retirada do carro.
In this chapter, you will learn how to give instructions using the imperative form, how to 
use the question word how and some of its variations, as well as understand the difference 
between countable and uncountable nouns. 
Let’s start by talking about the imperative form, which is frequently used to give instructions. 
The structure of this verb form is pretty simple. In the affirmative form, you will use the base 
form of the verb followed by the complement. Let’s take a look:
The verb select is in the imperative, followed by the complement of the verb, the kind of car you want. 
Let’s see other examples:
The negative form of the imperative is made by placing the 
auxiliary verb do + not before the verb in its base form. Take a look:
As you can see, the negative is made by the auxiliary do + not, followed by thebase form of the 
verb and the complement. Do not emphasizes an instruction that something is not supposed to be 
done. For that reason, the contracted form don’t will be used more often.
NEGATIVE FORM
Do not confirm the reservation.
Don’t confirm the reservation.
Não confirme a reserva.
Part 4.
Grammar
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This is a very common sentence as you close a deal. So, right before signing the 
papers of a contract, for instance, you will probably hear this sentence. It can be 
understood either as an instruction or a favor. 
The imperative is used not only for instructions, but also to give orders and ask 
for favors. The structure of the sentences is the same for all these functions, 
which means that context and intonation will help you understand the speaker’s 
intentions. Take a look:
Check the voucher in your mailbox. 
Verif ique o comprovante na caixa de entrada do seu e-mail.
Type in the requested information. 
Insira as informações solicitadas.
All the previous sentences can be regarded as instructions or orders, depending 
on the context. 
However, when you use the imperative to ask for favors, you should mind the 
tone of your voice and preferably say please. Check it out:
Type in your personal information, please. 
Insira suas informações pessoais, por favor.
This sentence in the imperative might come up during some personal interaction 
with a clerk or a salesperson, for example. It may also come up in a set of instructions. 
Now, have a look at the following example:
Sign here, please. 
Assine aqui, por favor. 
Don’t forget to select the pick-up spot. 
Não se esqueça de selecionar o local de retirada do carro.
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Wear the seat belt.
Use o cinto de segurança.
Don’t drive too fast. 
Não dirija muito rápido.
Keep the car clean.
Mantenha o carro limpo.
Tell me how to book a car online, please. 
Me explique como reservar um carro on-line, por favor.
You can also ask for instructions using the imperative. Look:
First, download the rental service app.
Primeiro, baixe o aplicativo da locadora.
Then, choose the car you want. 
Depois, escolha o carro que quiser.
Note that the verb tell is in the imperative. When you say this, you are asking for instructions. 
And the answer could be:
As you can see, all the answers can also be built in the imperative.
Using the imperative is not the only way to ask for instructions. The question 
word how is also widely used to do so. For example:
HOW + INTERROGATIVE FORM
MODAL VERB CAN 
How can I rent a car online?
Como eu posso alugar um carro pela internet?
If you wish to give an order, that is, to tell someone to do something, you will probably do it 
straight. The tone of voice may be a bit harsher, but it is still important to avoid sounding rude. 
Take a look at some examples that can be easily understood as orders:
This way of asking for instructions is, in fact, a question. That’s why we use the 
question word how followed by the interrogative form. We chose to use the 
modal verb can because it refers to the ability or possibility of doing something.
When we ask for instructions, we are looking for possible ways to perform an action. 
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HOW + INTERROGATIVE FORM
SIMPLE PRESENT 
How do I start the car? 
Como eu ligo o carro? / Como dou a partida no carro?
Now we have an example using how and the interrogative form of the simple 
present. After the question word how, there is the auxiliary verb do, then the 
subject I, the main verb start, and the complement: the car. This is a way to ask 
for instructions on how to do something. 
The question word how can also be combined with other words to form 
expressions used to ask about several other subjects. One possibility is the 
variation how far. Have a look:
HOW FAR + INTERROGATIVE FORM
How far will you go? 
Qual é a distância que você vai percorrer?
How far from New York is Miami? 
Qual é a distância de Miami a Nova York?
So, let’s break this question down: f irst, we use the question word how; then the 
modal verb can; after this, the subject I followed by the main verb rent. Finally, 
we add the complement: a car online.
Let’s see another example of asking for instructions using how:
Use how far to ask about distance. Note that the structure of the questions is the 
same: how far + interrogative form.
As seen in the vocabulary part of this chapter, how can also be combined with 
many and much to ask questions about quantity. But they cannot be used 
interchangeably. Have a look at this example:
HOW MANY + COUNTABLE NOUNS
How many suitcases fit in the trunk?
Quantas malas cabem no porta-malas?
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In this sentence, we are talking about suitcases, which is a countable noun, that 
is, it is possible to count suitcases. In short, all countable nouns can be counted. 
Some examples of countable nouns are: cars (carros), people (pessoas), hours 
(horas), dollars (dólares), suitcases (malas), among others.
When we want to ask about the quantity of countable nouns, we use how 
many. Notice that, in the question, how many is followed by the countable noun 
in the plural form. In the case of the previous example, how many + suitcases. 
Pay close attention to irregular plural forms. There are few of them in English, 
but they can’t be ignored. Check these examples out:
HOW MANY + COUNTABLE NOUNS
How many people are coming with you?
Quantas pessoas estão viajando com você?
How many people fit in a minivan?
Quantas pessoas cabem numa minivan?
We will say one person, but two people. The word people seems to be singular 
because it does not end in S, but it is actually a plural form for the noun person. A 
good tip: if there is a plural form, the noun is countable, so we will use how many 
to ask about quantity.
Uncountable nouns, on the other hand, are different. We can’t pick them up and 
count them, so they have no plural form. We can’t use how many to ask questions 
about their quantity, so we use how much instead. Have a look at the example:
How much money do you have for a rental car? 
Quanto dinheiro você tem para um carro alugado? 
HOW MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Here, we want to know the amount of money the person has to rent the car. 
Money is an uncountable noun in English. We don’t say, for example, “one 
money,” “two moneys.” That is, it is not possible to count money, just currency, 
such as dollars, euros, reais. So, since it is a question about the quantity of an 
uncountable noun, we are supposed to use how much.
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I have one thousand dollars.
Eu tenho mil dólares. 
532 liters.
532 litros.
Cargo space is an uncountable noun, as you cannot count it, so 
we use how much. As you can see, once again, how much is being 
followed by an uncountable noun, which, as we know, does not have 
a plural form. That’s why we have how much + cargo space. 
Here is a possible answer to that question: 
As you can see, the answer is in liters, which is a countable noun. Once again, there is no problem answering 
a how much question with a countable noun, as long as it makes sense within the context. 
Now you know that you can use the imperative form to give orders, ask for favors 
and instructions, and even give instructions. You also know how to use the question 
word how to ask for instructions and use the question phrases how much and how 
many to ask about the quantity of countable and uncountable nouns.
For more on these topics, go the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Countable and Uncountable Nouns Page149 w 
Imperative Page 154 w
Interrogative Form Page 159 w
Question Word How Page 180 w
If we were to answer the question 
about budget, we could say: 
Since the question is about the amount of money available, when you answer I have 
one thousand dollars, it makes perfect sense. You are choosing to say the exact 
quantity of dollars you have, even though dollar is a countable noun used to answer 
a question with how much. In the context, it is a completely acceptable answer. 
The same goes for space. For example:
How much cargo space is there in the trunk? 
Quanto de capacidade tem o porta-malas?
Qual é a capacidade do porta-malas?
HOW MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
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B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s) according to the translation in bold.
a) How many are coming with you?
 Quantas pessoas estão viajando com você?
b) drive too fast. 
 Não dirija muito rápido.
Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
( 1 ) Asking for instructions ( 2 ) Giving instructions
a) ( ) First, download the rental service app.
 Primeiro, baixe o aplicativo da locadora.
b) ( ) Tell me how to book a car online, please.
 Me explique como reservar um carro on-line, por favor.
c) ( ) Type in your personal information, please.
 Insira suas informações pessoais, por favor.
d) ( ) How can I rent a car online?
 Como eu posso alugar um carro pela internet?
e) ( ) Don’t forget to select the pick-up spot.
 Não se esqueça de selecionar o local de retirada do carro.
A. Number the sentences according to their functions. 
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Notes
A
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a.
 p
eo
pl
e 
b.
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on
’t 
/ D
o 
no
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c.
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ow
 
d.
 H
ow
 fa
r 
e.
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ow
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uc
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f. 
H
ow
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an
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d.
 1
e.
 2
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a.
 2
b.
 1
c.
 2
c) can I rent a car online? 
 Como eu posso alugar um carro pela internet?
d) from New York is Miami?
 Qual é a distância de Miami a Nova York?
e) money do you have for a rental car? 
 Quanto dinheiro você tem para um carro alugado?
f) suitcases fit in the trunk? 
 Quantas malas cabem no porta-malas?
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2At the Rental.
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2424
Steph: 
We have just landed in Los Angeles. 
David: 
Usually, when you land, there’s going to be a sign that says, “Car 
Rentals.” There’s usually a shuttle or a tram, or, you know, a service that 
will take you to the car rental dealership. 
Steph:
However, just know this: it can take a while to pick up your car and get 
all the paperwork done. So, make sure that you allow enough time to do 
that; don’t plan any activity right after you’ve landed. 
Here’s another tip: it’s convenient to rent a car at the airport, that’s for 
sure! But you might end up paying a bit more. This is because rental 
companies pay fees to the airport where they do business and pass 
these fees on to the customer. On average, airport car-rental costs are 
higher than what you’ll f ind away from the airport property. So, compare 
the costs. Many hotels are also car-rental points, and it might pay off to 
get a cab from the airport to your hotel and pick up your car there! That 
is what we have decided to do!
[At the hotel lobby] 
Car-rental point clerk:
Hi, how may I help you?
David:
So…We want to rent a car.
AT THE RENTAL
You have booked your car, and now it is time to pick it up. There are many things 
you will want to know in order to get exactly what you need and avoid spending 
more time and money than necessary. To do so, you should be ready to ask the 
right questions and give the right answers as well. So in this chapter you are 
going to learn what to do and say when you go pick up your rental, and you will 
also be introduced to some vocabulary and grammar that will help you improve 
your English. 
Now look at the script of At the Rental. 
Part 1.
Video Script
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Car-rental point clerk:
Great, what size car are you looking for?
David:
Compa...? No, not compact. We need, like, a mid-sized SUV.
Steph:
Look at this guy! We’ve got to f it him in!
Car-rental point clerk:
Fantastic! And will there be additional drivers?
Steph:
Yes, me.
David:
Yes, this lovely lady right here.
Car-rental point clerk:
Love it! Would you like full-coverage insurance on that?
David:
Yeah, we definitely need that.
Steph:
So, as you can see, David is taking care of the car-rental process. He’s 
f illing out the questionnaire. She’s going to ask for his credit card, his 
driver’s license, all the things that you would normally do. So it’s pretty, 
pretty straightforward. Maybe she’s going to ask if we want a car seat – 
if we had a kid, but we don’t. 
So yeah. We’re going to get our car and I’m so excited!
Car-rental point clerk:
So, now I’ll need a copy of your driver’s license and credit card. 
[At the pick-up spot just outside the hotel]
Car-rental point clerk:
Steph and David, are you guys ready? Just sign right here.
David:
Thank you!
Steph:
That was fast!
Car-rental point clerk:
I know!
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Steph:
Thank you! I got the keys!
David:
Yes, you do, as per usual. 
Steph:
Is that everything?
Car-rental point clerk:
Yes, right this way!
David:
Awesome!
[In the car]
Steph: 
Awesome! Seat belts?
David:
Check! Push the start button. 
Steph: 
Good! Brakes. California, here we come! 
So now, cars here might look different than they do where you’re 
coming from. So you want to make sure that you know the parts 
because you don’t want to get into any trouble.
So, we have the side-view mirrors; there are two of them. Then, here 
you have the rearview mirror, to always look behind you to see who’s 
behind you; very, very important.
David: 
In most newer cars, all you do is push this button and it’ll start. You don’t 
need a key to start, but you do need a key to get in the car. So you do 
like so: you push the button, and you’re good to go.
Steph:
Right here we have the gears, so we have “park,” “reverse,” “neutral,” 
and “drive.” Neutral is so the car stays still, but do not use neutral when 
you are on a hill, because it might roll down, OK? You always want to 
use park and the e-brake when you’re on a hill.
David:
The emergency brake, where is it? Well, in this car we don’t have a 
lever, and that’s not to worry because there is a pedal by the driver’s 
side door that you’ll just step on and you’ll be good to go.
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Steph:
Right here you have the dashboard, which tells you how much gas you 
have left, and how fast you are going. 
David:
So as far as the gas tank is concerned, it could be on the left side or the 
right side. But if you want to check in the car, on the fuel gauge, there’s 
a little arrow letting you know if it’s going to be on the left or the right 
side. So you have two options: get outside and check, or check the fuel 
gauge.
So, on newer cars like this one, the windshield wipers and the 
headlights are automatic. But, if you’re in an older model, you can 
turn on the headlights right here, as so, with this button. Just switch it 
and you’re good to go! For the windshield wipers, you just rotate this 
forward. And there you are: you’re all set.
So, you know, you might have luggage. You want to get it in the car, you 
want to get it out of the car, you need to open the trunk. Easy. On the 
remote here, you just push the button, and you’re good to go. It’s easy!
Steph:
So I think that covers the basics,and I think you’re ready to drive now.
NA LOCADORA
Steph: 
Nós acabamos de pousar em Los Angeles! Normalmente, quando 
você pousa, haverá uma placa dizendo “Car Rentals”. Geralmente há 
um traslado ou trem, ou algum tipo de serviço que vai te levar até a 
locadora. Porém, saiba que pode demorar um pouco até que você pegue 
o seu carro e resolva a papelada. Então, certif ique-se de que você terá 
tempo o bastante para fazer isso. Não planeje uma atividade para logo 
depois de você pousar.
Aqui vai outra dica: é prático alugar um carro no aeroporto, é claro! Mas 
talvez você acabe pagando um pouco mais. Isso é porque locadoras 
pagam taxas aos aeroportos onde elas mantêm filiais, e repassam isso aos 
consumidores. Em média, o preço de alugar um carro no aeroporto é mais 
caro do que fora dele. Então, compare os preços, pois muitos hotéis também 
são pontos de aluguel de carros, e pode sair mais barato pegar um táxi do 
aeroporto até o hotel e pegar seu carro lá! Isso é o que decidimos fazer!
[No saguão do hotel]
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Olá, como posso ajudar?
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David:
Então... Queremos alugar um carro. 
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Ótimo, que tamanho de carro vocês estão procurando?
David:
Compa...? Não, compacto não. Precisamos de um utilitário médio.
Steph:
Olhe só para este rapaz, ele tem que caber no carro!
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Fantástico! E vai ter algum motorista adicional?
Steph:
Sim, eu.
David:
Sim, esta linda moça aqui mesmo.
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Adorei! Vocês gostariam do seguro com cobertura completa?
David:
Sim, definitivamente precisamos disso.
Steph:
Como vocês podem ver, o David está cuidando do processo de aluguel 
do carro. Ele está preenchendo um questionário. A atendente vai pedir o 
cartão de crédito dele, a carteira de motorista, e todas as outras coisas 
que normalmente são necessárias. Então, é algo bem, bem direto. Talvez 
ela pergunte se precisamos de uma cadeirinha – caso tivéssemos um 
filho, mas não temos. 
Vamos pegar nosso carro, e eu estou muito empolgada!
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Agora vou precisar de uma cópia da sua carteira de motorista e do 
cartão de crédito.
[No local de retirada do carro, do lado de fora do hotel]
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Steph e David, vocês estão prontos? É só assinar aqui.
David: 
Obrigado!
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Steph: 
Como foi rápido!
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Não é?
Steph: 
Obrigada! Estou com as chaves!
David: 
Sim, está, como de praxe.
Steph: 
Isso é tudo?
Atendente da locadora de carros:
Sim, por aqui!
David:
Maravilha!
[Dentro do carro]
Steph: 
Maravilha! Cintos de segurança?
David:
OK! Aperte o botão “start”. 
Steph: 
Muito bem! Freios. Califórnia, aqui vamos nós! 
Os carros aqui podem parecer diferentes daqueles de onde você está 
vindo. Então, é bom ter certeza de que você sabe o nome das coisas, 
porque você não quer ter nenhum problema. 
Tem os retrovisores laterais, dois deles. Então, tem o retrovisor traseiro, 
para que possamos ver o que está atrás da gente. É muito, muito 
importante.
David:
Na maioria dos carros mais novos, tudo o que você precisa fazer é 
apertar este botão, e ele vai ligar. Você não precisa de uma chave para 
dar a partida, mas precisa de uma chave para entrar no carro. Então, 
você faz assim: aperte o botão, e pronto! 
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Steph:
Certo, aqui estão as marchas: “parado” ou “estacionado”, “ré”, “ponto 
morto”, e “dirigir”. Ponto morto é quando você quer que o carro f ique 
parado, mas não deixe o carro em ponto morto quando você estiver em 
uma ladeira, porque o carro pode descer, OK? Você sempre deve usar a 
marcha “parado” ou o freio de mão quando estiver em uma ladeira.
David: 
Onde está o freio de mão? Bem, neste carro não tem uma alavanca, mas 
não se preocupe, porque tem este pedal ao lado da porta do motorista, 
em que basta você pisar e pronto! 
Steph:
Aqui está o painel, no qual você pode ver a quantidade de gasolina e a 
velocidade em que está dirigindo. 
David:
Em relação ao tanque de gasolina, ele pode estar do lado esquerdo ou 
do direito. Mas se você quer checar de dentro do carro, no medidor de 
combustível tem uma pequena seta que informa se ele está do lado 
esquerdo ou direito. Então, você tem duas opções: sair e checar, ou olhar 
para o medidor de combustível.
Em carros mais novos como este, os limpadores de para-brisa e os 
faróis são automáticos. Mas caso você esteja em um modelo mais velho, 
pode ligar os faróis aqui, deste modo, com este botão. É só virá-lo e 
pronto! Para os limpadores de para-brisa, você só gira isso para frente. E 
pronto! Tudo certo!
Talvez você esteja levando bagagens. Você quer colocá-las e tirá-las do 
carro; então, precisa abrir o porta-malas. É fácil! No controle remoto, é só 
apertar este botão e pronto! É fácil! 
Steph:
Acho que isso cobre o básico, e acho que você está pronto para dirigir!
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If you have made an online reservation, 
all you have to do is go to the chosen 
pick-up spot when you get to your 
destination. If you have chosen to pick 
up the car at the airport, look for your 
car-rental company by following the 
signs that usually have an icon of a car 
and a key, like this one: 
The name Souza is just an example, of course. You should say your last name instead. 
If you decide not to book the car in advance, just rent it at the company counter. You may 
choose a company at the airport or the ones around the city, or, in some cases, the one at your 
hotel. You can start by saying: 
If you can’t f ind any signs like this one, you can ask for directions. You can say, for example:
Where are the car rentals?
Onde estão as locadoras de carro?
The car rentals should be outside the main terminal, and you may need to take some special 
transportation to get there. This is what usually happens at international airports in the U.S. 
The shuttle may serve all the car rentals, so you will have to tell the driver which one you are 
headed for. Or there may also be a private bus to each company. You should check that before 
boarding. When you get there, you will tell them you have got a reservation. You can say 
something like this:
I have a reservation under (Souza).
Tenho uma reserva em nome de (Souza).
Hello, I’d like to rent a car for (ten) days.
Olá, eu gostaria de alugar um carro por (dez) dias.
Vocabulary
Part 2.
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What kind of car would you like? 
De que tipo de carro você gostaria?
Which car would you like? 
De qual carro você gostaria?
I need to drop off the car after hours. Is it okay?
Preciso devolver o carro após o expediente. Tudo bem?
Here, the example contemplates renting the car for ten days. To say how long 
you would like to have it, just replace the number of days or even months in the 
sentence. 
After that, the clerk will probably ask you about the car itself. They can probably 
ask you a question like the following:
What size car would you like?
De qual tamanho de carro você gostaria? 
You can answer both questions by using a car name or a brand. 
But you may also hear a question like this one:
I’d like a midsize/full-size/compact car. 
Eu gostaria de um carro médio/grande/compacto.
In this case, an answer with the name of the car will sound weird. Since it is 
a question about size, it is only natural to answer it using words that express 
how big or how small you would like the car to be. In this case, you can say, for 
example:
After choosing the car, tell them the drop-off date, time, and spot, just like you 
would do if you were makingan online reservation. 
If you need to return the car after hours, check if the company provides that kind 
of service. You can say: 
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Then the clerk will probably want to know about the people who will be driving the car. 
They can ask questions such as: 
Will there be an additional driver? 
Vai ter um motorista adicional?
How old are the drivers? 
Quantos anos têm os motoristas? 
They ask about the age of the drivers to determine the insurance coverage. 
The clerk will probably check if the insurance you bought when you made your 
reservation is still suitable for you, or they may offer you some insurance options if 
you didn’t make a reservation. Remember: the age of the drivers may influence on 
the price of insurance. So, at this point, the clerk may say something like: 
Would you like full-coverage insurance?
Você gostaria de seguro com cobertura total?
If you do not want to purchase the insurance they offer you, just say:
I wouldn’t like to add insurance. Thank you. 
Não gostaria de acrescentar seguro. Obrigado.
But if you do want it, you had better check 
the price before getting it. Ask them: How much is it? 
Quanto custa?
If the price f its your budget and you will get it, you can say:
I’d like to add full-coverage insurance, please. 
Eu gostaria de acrescentar o seguro com cobertura total, por favor.
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After signing the contract, you will be sent to the parking lot to pick your car—and 
there you will f ind the cars grouped into categories. So, the clerk might say: 
Go this way to pick your car. 
Vá por aqui para escolher seu carro. 
Finally, you should make sure to have the car documents or registration. If you 
don’t know where to f ind them, ask: 
Where are the car documents? / Where is the registration? 
Onde está o documento do carro?
The clerk will probably answer like this:
The registration is in the glove compartment.
O documento do carro está no porta-luvas.
If you can’t f ind the category you have hired, you can just ask:
Where are the compacts? 
Onde estão os compactos?
After picking the car, you will get the keys either from the clerk 
or in the car itself. If you f ind it hard to f ind them, you can ask: 
Where are the keys? 
Onde estão as chaves?
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CAR PARTS
Windshield wipers / Windscreen wipers
Limpadores de para-brisa
Parking brake / Emergency brake 
Freio de mão
Turn signals / Blinkers 
Setas
Side mirrors / Side-view mirrors 
Espelhos laterais
Dashboard
Painel
Lights / Headlights
Faróis
Rearview mirror 
Espelho retrovisor
Now that you are ready to hit the road with your rental, let’s focus on some car parts you 
will use while driving: 
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Now you know what to do and say when you go pick up 
your rental, as well as some important car parts. 
P = Park
Parado, estacionado
R = Reverse 
Ré
D = Drive
Dirigir
N = Neutral 
Ponto morto
And the last step would be to explore the gear. In the U.S., most cars will shift 
gears automatically—you will just have to press the gas pedal to accelerate, 
and the brake pedal to lower your speed or to get to a full stop. That’s why it is 
important to know what each letter on the gear lever means. Take a look:
While you are at the car-rental parking lot, it is also advisable that 
you take the chance to ask the staff some questions you still might 
have about the car. For instance:
How do I open the trunk / the fuel door? 
Como abro o porta-malas / a tampa do tanque de gasolina?
How do I start the car? 
Como eu ligo o carro? / Como dou a partida no carro?
How do I turn on the headlights / the windshield wipers? 
Como eu ligo os faróis / os limpadores de para-brisa?
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A
ct
iv
ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
10
 / 
9 
/ 7
 / 
12
 / 
2 
/ 8
 / 
4 
/ 
11
 /
 1
 /
 5
 /
 3
 /
 6
A
ct
iv
ity
 B
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
a.
 re
se
rv
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b.
 d
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c.
 in
su
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e
d.
 s
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e.
 d
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p-
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f. 
ca
r r
eg
is
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tio
n 
/ d
oc
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.
( 1 ) Side-view mirrors
( 2 ) Rearview mirror
( 3 ) Neutral
( 4 ) Dashboard
( 5 ) Reverse
( 6 ) Gas tank
( 7 ) Windshield wipers
( 8 ) Lights/ 
 Headlights
( 9 ) Turn signals / 
 Blinkers
( 10 ) Parking brake / 
 Emergency brake
( 11 ) Trunk
( 12 ) Gear 
( ) Freio de mão
( ) Setas
( ) Limpadores de 
 para-brisa
( ) Marcha 
( ) Espelho retrovisor
( ) Faróis
( ) Painel
( ) Porta-malas
( ) Espelhos laterais
( ) Ré
( ) Ponto morto
( ) Tanque de gasolina
a) I don’t have a .
 Não tenho reserva.
b) Will there be an additional ?
 Vai ter um(a) motorista adicional?
c) I’d like to add full-coverage , please.
 Eu gostaria de acrescentar o seguro com cobertura total, por favor.
d) How do I the car?
 Como eu ligo o carro?
e) Where is the spot?
 Onde é o local de devolução do carro?
f) The is/are in the glove compartment.
 O documento do carro está no porta-luvas.
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How are you today?
Como vai você hoje?
QUESTION WORD HOW
In this chapter, we are going to expand our knowledge on the 
question word how and see the difference between what and 
which. We will also explore the modal verb would a little bit. 
We have already talked about the question word how. We use it to 
greet people, as when we ask: 
Depending on the car, those things can be done in different ways. 
Sometimes you will just need to press a button to open the trunk and 
start the car; in other cases, you may have to use a key. There are 
different options, and by asking how you can learn the right way to do 
something.
We have also seen that how can be combined with other words to 
form questions about certain subjects.
We also use how when we don’t know how to do something or how we can do 
something. These questions are used to ask about the way to perform a task or follow a 
procedure. Let’s check some examples out: 
QUESTION WORD HOW
How do I open the trunk / the fuel door? 
Como abro o porta-malas / a tampa do tanque de gasolina? 
How do I turn on the headlights / the windshield wipers? 
Como eu ligo os faróis / os limpadores de para-brisa? 
How do I start the car? 
Como eu ligo o carro? / Como dou a partida no carro?
Part 4.
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39
You have also learned that we use the 
question phrases how much and how many 
to ask about quantity. Look at the example:
How much is it? 
Quanto custa?
How much money is it?
Quanto dinheiro custa?
For instance, we use how old to know a person’s age. Have a look: 
How old are you?
Quantos anos você tem?
QUESTION WORD HOW
As you can see, we used the structure how old + interrogative 
form of the verb to be. It is also possible to use how old to ask 
questions about age in different contexts, such as:
How old are the drivers? 
Quantos anos têm os motoristas?
QUESTION WORD HOW
This question often comes up when you pick up the car, because there are 
different age allowances in different American states. In this case, the structure of 
the questions is the same as that of the previous example. 
And note that you will also use the verb to be to answer questions about age:
How old are you?
Quantos anosvocê tem? / Com quantos anos você está?
I am / I’m 24 years old. 
Eu tenho / estou com 24 anos de idade.
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QUESTION WORD WHAT
 What is a trunk?
 O que é “trunk”?
If you want to learn what the glove compartment is, you can ask this:
QUESTION WORD WHAT
What is a glove compartment? 
O que é “glove compartment”?
Other questions you can ask using what are: 
QUESTION WORD WHAT
What is the speed limit on this road? 
Qual é o limite de velocidade nesta via? 
What is your favorite car? 
Qual é o seu carro favorito?
This question is about the price of something, so we use how much. It refers 
to the amount of money needed to buy something. As we know, money is an 
uncountable noun. But nobody would normally ask How much money is it?
That’s why the word money is omitted from the question. 
As you can see, the question word how is very versatile and can be combined 
with a variety of words to ask different kinds of questions. 
There is another question word very much used in English, and, therefore, quite 
important. It is the question word what. We use it to ask questions about things, 
animals, feelings, and situations. 
For example, if you don’t know what the word trunk means, you can ask:
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TYPE
What kind of car would you like? 
De que tipo de carro você gostaria?
WHAT KIND OF
We can also combine what with size and color to ask questions about the car. Just pay 
close attention to the fact that, once again, what precedes the nouns to which it refers. 
What is not the only question word used to ask questions when presenting choices. 
There is a question word quite like what, but it is not the same. They are similar but used 
in different ways. It is the question word which.
Here is the main difference between them:
What size car would you like?
De qual tamanho de carro você gostaria? 
What color would you like? 
De qual cor você gostaria?
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Here we have the expression what kind to ask about the type of something. When we 
use it, the sentence structure changes a bit. We use what kind of plus the noun to which 
we are referring. In this case, since we are talking about cars, we will say: what kind of 
car. It will, then, be followed by an interrogative form. Here: would you like.
Now take a look at these next examples:
WHAT VS. WHICH
WHAT unlimited options 
(O) QUE / QUAL opções ilimitadas
WHICH limited options 
QUAL / QUAIS opções limitadas
Note that the sentence structure for all these questions is: What + interrogative form. 
It is also possible to combine what with nouns to create questions that will be used 
in specif ic contexts, but the structure will be slightly different. Check it out:
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So, if I ask you: 
In this dialogue, the clerk f irst asks what the customer is looking for before 
checking what is available. He uses what kind to ask this question because there 
are probably too many options.
I am clearly giving you limited options. And this is when we use which. 
Let’s see it in a dialogue: 
WHAT VS. WHICH
Clerk: What kind of car would you like? 
Atendente: De que tipo de carro você gostaria? 
Customer: I’d like to rent an SUV.
Cliente: Eu gostaria de alugar um utilitário.
Clerk: Let me see what I have for you. 
Atendente: Deixe-me ver o que tenho para você.
What color of car would you like?
De qual cor de carro você gostaria? 
I am not presenting any options; then, you may choose whatever color you like: 
black, blue, gray, white, red, yellow...
But if I ask:
Which color of car would you like? Black or gray?
De qual cor de carro você gostaria? Preto ou cinza? 
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As you can see, the clerk now clearly tells the customer the three types of car available, so 
which is used to ask the question because now there are limited options: compact cars, 
economy cars, and SUVs.
You have probably noticed the structure would you like in many examples we have seen.
There are actually many ways to make offers and requests in English, but the best way to 
do that without running the risk of sounding rude is to use would you like.
Let’s see a few examples:
MODAL VERB WOULD
OFFERS AND REQUESTS
Would you like to test-drive a sports car? 
Você gostaria de fazer um test-drive num carro esporte?
Notice that in the interrogative form we have: Would + Subject + Like. The subject, 
in this case, is you because we’re making an offer directly to the person to whom we 
are talking. 
This question could be answered like this: 
Yes, please. I’d love to. / I’d love to test-drive a sports car.
Sim, por favor. Eu adoraria. / 
Eu adoraria fazer um test-drive em um carro esporte.
Now take a look at the continuation of the dialogue:
WHAT VS. WHICH
Clerk: I have compact cars, economy cars, and SUVs. 
Which one would you like? 
Atendente: Eu tenho carros compactos, econômicos e utilitários. 
De qual deles você gostaria?
Customer: I’ll take a compact car. 
Cliente: Vou f icar com um compacto.
Here, we have two possible aff irmative answers. We have the short form I’d instead 
of I would, which is very common in spoken language. The complete answer would 
be I’d love to test-drive a sports car, but it is not necessary to repeat the whole 
sentence. All we have to do is say I’d love to, just like that, ending with to. 
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REFUSING OFFERS
No. I wouldn’t like to add insurance. Thank you. 
Não. Eu não gostaria de acrescentar seguro. Obrigado.
You could accept or refuse the offer. The negative answer would be:
ACCEPTING OFFERS
Would you like full-coverage insurance?
Você gostaria de seguro com cobertura total?
Yes. I’d like to add full-coverage insurance, please. 
Sim. Eu gostaria de acrescentar o seguro com cobertura total, por favor.
Wouldn’t is the short form of the negative would not, and it sounds more natural in 
the spoken language. Saying would not will sound as if you were emphasizing the 
negative statement, which might sound a little harsh.
On the other hand, if you wish to accept the offer, the answer will be in the 
aff irmative. You can either just say: Yes, I would, or the complete sentence, as we 
have already seen. Take a look:
Let’s think of other similar questions that can be asked when you rent a car.
There will come the moment when you will have to choose the additional services. 
That is when the questions with would you like will come up. Check it out: 
MODAL VERB WOULD
OFFERS AND REQUESTS
Would you like full-coverage insurance?
Você gostaria de seguro com cobertura total?
As you can see, the contracted form I’d like is more commonly used than I would like.
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Chapter 2
Now you know how to use the modal verb would and the question 
words how, what, and which. For more details on them, go to the 
Grammar Guide section at the end of your book. 
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Modal Verb Would Page 173 w
Question Word How Page 180 w
Question Word What Page 186 w
Question Word Which Page 198 w
MODAL VERB WOULD
I love driving. I would drive for days if I could. 
Eu amo dirigir. Eu dirigiria por dias se eu pudesse.
In this example, we have would + drive referring to a hypothetical situation. 
That’s another very common use of the modal verb would.
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So, we know we use would to form the expression would you like. But would 
is a modal verb, and that means that it may come as an auxiliary to any verb, for 
example:
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B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate question word or their combinations.
a) do I open the trunk? 
 Como abro o porta-malas?
Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
a) What size car would you like?
 De qual tamanho de carro você gostaria?
 ( 1 ) question word – unlimited options ( 2 ) question word – limited options
b) Would you like full-coverage insurance?
 Você gostaria de seguro com cobertura total?
 ( 1 ) modal verb – hypothetical situation ( 2 ) offer
c) How much is insurance? 
 Quanto é o seguro?
 ( 1 ) question phrase to ask about price ( 2 ) question phrase to ask about age
d) Which color of car would you like? Black or gray?
 De qual cor de carro você gostaria? Preto ou cinza? 
 ( 1 ) question word – unlimited options ( 2 ) question word – limited options
e) I love driving. I would drive for days if I could. 
 Eu amo dirigir. Eu dirigiria por dias se eu pudesse.
 ( 1 ) offer ( 2 ) modal verb – hypothetical situation
A. Mark the option that best explains the function of the underlined words. 
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Chapter 2
Notes
A
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a.
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b.
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c.
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d.
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H
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a.
 1
b.
 2
c.
 1
b) is your favorite car? 
 Qual é o seu carro favorito?
c) is the speed limit on this road? 
 Qual é o limite de velocidade nesta via?
d) color of car would you like? Red or white?
 De qual cor de carro você gostaria? Vermelho ou branco?
e) are you? 
 Quantos anos você tem?
f) is it? 
 Quanto custa?
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3Traffic Laws.
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[In the living room] 
Steph:
Alright, so we just experienced driving in L.A., which was so much fun. 
But now we have got to talk about something a little more serious.
David:
Traff ic laws. Guys, traff ic laws vary from state to state. For example, in 
California it is illegal to smoke with children in the car. Do not do it.
Steph:
Something else you don’t want to do is litter. You’ll get f ined a thousand 
dollars if you get caught. Even if you don’t get caught, don’t litter!
David:
Just don’t do it. And some other things to think about: there are the 
traff ic signs, the toll roads, the fast lanes, there’s a lot of stuff to cover. 
So, let’s just go ahead and check it out.
Steph:
Let’s take a look, yeah. 
Traff ic signs: you have to always pay attention to the signs anywhere 
you’re driving. 
David:
Perfect example: the yield sign. That means that you should yield to 
pedestrians. So, if you’re driving and you see a yield sign, you’re going 
to give the pedestrians the right of way, you’re going to allow them to 
cross the street before you continue driving.
TRAFFIC LAWS
Driving in other countries can be diff icult. That is because the law varies from 
country to country. Well, in the United States it often varies from state to state, so 
it is very important that you learn how things work there when it comes to traff ic 
laws. And this is exactly what you are going to do in this chapter. You will learn 
some language items that will help you drive around U.S. roads nice and easy. 
Now look at the script of Traffic Laws. 
Part 1.
Video Script
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Steph:
You always have to be aware of the speed limit. And know that it is in 
miles per hour, and not kilometers per hour. So, it’s very, very different. 
Know the difference.
David: 
The speed limit changes from street to street, so you’re going to want to 
check it constantly. And at night as well, there’s a nighttime speed limit 
on certain streets. So, make sure you’re constantly checking your area to 
know what the speed limit is.
Steph:
Also, something very important is the no-parking tow zone, right? If it 
says “no parking” or the curb is red, do not park there. You will get your 
car towed, and you do not want that to happen, especially with a rental 
car. Big headache! 
David:
The left/right must-turn lanes, this is very important. If you’re in those 
lanes, you must turn left, or you must turn right. Please do not go 
straight because that can cause an accident, and even if you do manage 
to avoid that, the ticket is very expensive, it’s not worth it. Just turn left 
or turn right because you must do it.
Steph:
To avoid accidents, for your own safety, we have got to talk about 
overtaking. We should always, always pass a car to the left. 
David:
This is true, but sometimes when you’re on the freeway, there are so 
many lanes, it’s not uncommon for a car pass to the right. 
Steph: 
Right. It’s illegal, but it’s not uncommon. 
David: 
Yes. So you have got to be safe, be very safe.
Steph:
Motorcycles. In California, motorcycles are actually allowed to ride in 
between lanes. 
David:
In other states, it is illegal. And they’re not allowed to do that, so they 
must stick to one lane. So, you have to watch out for them; just be very 
careful, be aware of your surroundings while you’re driving. 
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Steph:
You must respect the speed limit. They vary from road to road. 
David:
And you also must respect the carpool lane. You cannot be in the 
carpool lane by yourself, you need two or more people to drive in the 
carpool lane.
Steph: 
Absolutely, you also must respect road signs. In some highways, you’ll 
be required to pay toll. Now, pay attention to drive in the right lanes in 
case there’s a toll on the highway. There are different lanes for drivers 
who have a pre-paid pass, and another for those who will pay cash.
I think that covered all of it! So be aware of your surroundings, always 
look at the signs, and just do your own research as well, to make sure 
that you know the traff ic laws of where you’re going. 
L.A. is a nice place to drive! 
David:
I love it! 
Steph:
I enjoy it, I really do! Where should we go?
LEIS DE TRÂNSITO
[Na sala de estar] 
Steph:
OK, experimentamos dirigir em L.A. agora, e foi muito divertido! Mas 
agora temos que falar sobre algo um pouco mais sério.
David:
Leis de trânsito. Pessoal, leis de trânsito variam de estado para estado. 
Por exemplo, na Califórnia é ilegal fumar com uma criança dentro do 
carro. Não faça isso.
Steph: 
Algo que você também não deve fazer é jogar lixo no chão. Você será 
multado em mil dólares se for pego. E mesmo que você não seja pego, 
não jogue lixo no chão! 
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David:
Simplesmente não faça isso. Outras coisas para se pensar são as placas 
de trânsito, as vias com pedágios, as faixas expressas... temos muito 
para cobrir! Então, vamos em frente e dar uma olhada!
Steph:
Vamos dar uma olhada sim. Placas de trânsito: você sempre tem que 
prestar atenção nas placas onde quer que dirija.
David:
Um exemplo perfeito é a placa de preferência. Ela signif ica que você 
deve dar a preferência aos pedestres. Logo, se você estiver dirigindo e 
vir uma placa dessas, você tem que dar a preferência para os pedestres, 
e deve deixá-los atravessar a rua antes de continuar.
Steph:
Você sempre tem que estar ciente do limite de velocidade. E saiba que 
o limite é em milhas por hora, e não em quilômetros por hora. Então é 
muito, muito diferente. Saiba a diferença.
David: 
Os limites de velocidade mudam de rua para rua; então, você tem que 
f icar constantemente atento. E à noite também: existe um limite de 
velocidade noturno em algumas ruas. Então, não se esqueça de checar a 
área constantemente para saber qual é o limite de velocidade.
Steph:
Além disso, algo muito importante. É a área de proibido estacionar,com 
zona de reboque, OK? Se estiver escrito “no parking” ou o meio-fio for 
vermelho, não pare lá. O seu carro será rebocado, e você não quer que 
isso aconteça, principalmente com um carro alugado. É uma enorme dor 
de cabeça!
David: 
As faixas em que é obrigatório virar à direita ou à esquerda: isso é muito 
importante. Se você estiver em uma dessas faixas, você deve virar à 
esquerda ou à direita. Por favor, não siga em frente, pois isso pode causar 
um acidente. E mesmo que você consiga evitar, a multa é muito alta, não 
vale a pena. É só virar à esquerda ou à direita, porque você é obrigado. 
Steph: 
Para evitar acidentes e para sua própria segurança, vamos falar sobre 
ultrapassagens. Nós sempre devemos ultrapassar um carro pelo lado 
esquerdo. 
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David:
Isso é verdade, mas às vezes na autoestrada há tantas faixas que não é 
incomum um carro ultrapassar pela direita. 
Steph:
Correto, é ilegal, mas não incomum. 
David:
Então, você tem que ser cauteloso, bem cauteloso.
Steph: 
Motos! Na Califórnia, as motocicletas podem rodar entre as faixas.
David:
Em outros estados, isso é ilegal. E as motos não podem fazer isso, têm 
que rodar dentro da faixa. Então, f ique atento a elas e seja cuidadoso, 
esteja atento aos seus arredores quando você estiver dirigindo.
Steph:
Você deve respeitar o limite de velocidade. Ele varia de estrada para 
estrada. 
David:
E você também deve respeitar a faixa de carona solidária. Você não 
pode andar nela sozinho, é preciso que haja duas ou mais pessoas no 
carro para isso.
Steph:
Exatamente, você também deve respeitar as placas de trânsito. 
Em algumas rodovias, você precisa pagar pedágio. Preste atenção para 
dirigir nas faixas corretas, caso haja um pedágio na rodovia. Temos 
faixas diferentes para motoristas com passes pré-pagos e outra para 
aqueles que pagarão em dinheiro.
Acredito que falamos sobre tudo!
Então, f ique atento aos seus arredores, sempre olhe para as placas. E 
também faça a sua pesquisa para garantir que você conheça as leis de 
trânsito do lugar aonde está indo. 
L.A. é um ótimo lugar para dirigir. 
David:
Eu adoro!
Steph:
Eu curto muito, de verdade! Aonde vamos agora?
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Let’s start by listing some traff ic laws. Some of them are valid in most states in the U.S., like the 
following:
It is prohibited to litter. 
É proibido jogar lixo em vias públicas.
Notice that the term prohibited indicates that something is against the law. 
Doing something that is illegal may result in penalties, which will vary depending on the state. 
There isn’t a regulation that applies to all American states. It is really important to do some 
research on traff ic laws beforehand if you intend to drive in the U.S. 
Take a look at this next traff ic law:
It’s illegal to smoke with children in the car in California and in eight other states. 
É ilegal fumar com crianças dentro do carro na Califórnia e em outros oito estados.
In this case, you can see the term illegal, which is equivalent to against the law. So, we could say: 
It’s against the law to smoke with children in the car in California and in 
eight other states.
É ilegal fumar com crianças dentro do carro na Califórnia e em outros oito estados.
There are other ways of expressing prohibitions. Have a look at the examples: 
 It is prohibited to litter. / You mustn’t litter. / You can’t litter. 
 É proibido jogar lixo em vias públicas.
Here, we are using mustn’t and can’t to indicate that something is prohibited. 
Besides knowing what not to do, you should also know what you must do. Recognizing the 
traff ic signs will help you. 
Vocabulary
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Let’s see some of the most common ones: 
The stop sign means you must stop the 
car because you are near a crossing.
Stop sign 
Sinal de pare / Parada obrigatória 
Let’s see another common sign:
The yield sign, sometimes called 
give-way sign, means you must 
stop to enable another vehicle to 
proceed.
Yield sign
Dê a preferência
The pedestrian-crossing sign is generally represented by the symbol of a walking person or the words: 
PED XING. Always pay attention to the crosswalk, the lines marked on the street where pedestrians can 
cross and before which drivers must stop to give them the right of way. 
We also have these ones here:
Pedestrian-crossing sign
Travessia de pedestres
Crosswalk
Faixa de pedestres
Another one:
No-U-turn sign 
Proibido retornar 
This one means you can’t go in the 
opposite direction by simply reversing 
the direction of the car on the same road 
or street on which you are. 
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Speed-limit sign 
Velocidade máxima permitida 
Nighttime-speed-limit sign 
Velocidade máxima 
permitida durante a noite 
Now, look at this next one:
There are also these important signs:
Must-turn-left or -right signs mean you have 
to go in that direction. Notice the word must, 
which is used to indicate an obligation. Even 
if you want to go straight, you can’t.
The no parking – tow-away-zone sign 
means you can’t park your car there, and if 
you do so, it will be towed away.
Have a look at this one: 
No parking – tow-away-zone sign
Proibido estacionar – sujeito a reboque 
Another important sign is the toll-road sign:
It indicates you are entering a public or private road which 
you have to pay a fee to use. They are also called turnpikes. 
The most used method in the U.S. is the electronic toll 
payment, and the central lanes are usually exclusive for this 
option. If you choose to pay cash, you will probably need to 
have change. Some toll booths are electronic and will only 
take the exact amount in coins.
Must-turn-left/right sign
Vire à esquerda/direita 
We have seen the speed-limit sign 
before, but there is also the nighttime-
speed-limit sign. You have to drive 
slower at night, mainly to avoid hurting 
pedestrians. And keep in mind that 
those signs are in miles per hour.
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Notice the use of must to talk about obligatory things. Even though overtaking on the 
right is illegal, some drivers do it. So be aware of your surroundings. 
In some states, such as California, motorcycles can ride in between lanes, so 
watch out for the blind spot when you change lanes. The best tip here is:
Beware of motorcycles in between lanes. 
Fique atento a motocicletas entre as faixas. 
Besides learning the traff ic signs and knowing how to choose the right toll road 
lane, there is one more important safety rule you must respect. 
You must overtake on the left. 
Você tem que ultrapassar pela esquerda. 
Also, pay attention to the carpool lane, sometimes called HOV lane (high-
occupancy-vehicle lane). It is a lane that cannot be used by cars with only one 
person, because they are meant to encourage carpooling. Look out for signs that 
state the minimum number of people per vehicle to use this lane. So, in short: 
You must respect the carpool-lane rules. 
Você tem que respeitar as regras da faixa de carona solidária.
When it comes to safety, you must also remember this important rule: 
Wear the seat belt.
Use o cinto de segurança. 
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The police off icer will probably ask for your driver’s license and the 
car document by saying the following:
License and registration, please. 
Carteira de motorista e documento do carro, por favor.
Now you know some of the traffic laws and traffic signs in the U.S., 
as well as what to do if a police officer asks you to pullover. 
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You may apologize for the violation and, no matter what happens, when 
leaving, always thank the off icer. You can say something, such as:
I’m sorry. It won’t happen again. 
Desculpe. Não vai acontecer de novo.
Thank you, officer. 
Obrigado(a), policial.
Wait for the off icer to say what is wrong. If you don’t understand, you can say one of the 
following sentences:
Pardon? / Excuse me? 
Desculpe?
Can you say that again, please? 
Você pode repetir isso, por favor?
Sorry, I don’t speak English well. 
Desculpe, eu não falo inglês muito bem.
Finally, if a police off icer tells you to stop, this is what you should do:
Stay calm, be nice, and pull over if the police tell you to stop. 
Fique calmo, seja gentil e encoste o carro se a polícia te mandar parar.
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A
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b.
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e.
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words and traffic signs.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s).
( 1 ) Crosswalk
( 2 ) Lane
( 3 ) Stop sign
( 4 ) No-U-turn sign
( 5 ) Pedestrian- 
 crossing sign
( 6 ) Yield sign
( 7 ) Must-turn-left/ 
 right sign
( 8 ) No parking – 
 tow-away 
 zone sign
( 9 ) Toll road / 
 Turnpike
( 10 ) Speed-limit sign
( ) Faixa
( ) Faixa de pedestres
( ) Travessia de 
 pedestres
( ) Velocidade máxima 
 permitida 
( ) Vire à esquerda/ 
 direita
( ) Sinal de pare / 
 Parada obrigatória
( ) Dê a preferência
( ) Estrada com pedágio
( ) Proibido estacionar – 
 sujeito a reboque
( ) Proibido retornar
a) It is to litter.
 É proibido jogar lixo em vias públicas.
b) It’s to smoke with children in the car in California and in 
 eight other states.
 É ilegal fumar com crianças dentro do carro na Califórnia e em outros oito estados.
c) You must overtake on the .
 Você tem que ultrapassar pela esquerda.
d) Beware of motorcycles in between .
 Fique atento a motocicletas entre as faixas.
e) You must respect the lane rules. 
 Você tem que respeitar as regras da faixa de carona solidária. 
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In this chapter, you will learn how to express obligations using must. You will also see the 
subject pronouns and the infinitive form.
Let’s begin with must. It is a modal verb, which means that it is an auxiliary verb that adds a 
different meaning to the main verb.
In the affirmative form, it is used to convey the idea of obligation. It means that there will be 
consequences if you do anything different than what you must do. Let’s see some examples to 
make it clearer:
These are obligations because it is the law. Doing otherwise is not only against the law: it might 
also cause accidents. If you don’t respect the rules, you may face the consequences. 
Now pay attention to the structure. Both sentences are in the affirmative form, so we have the 
subject you, then the modal verb must, the main verb, and f inally, the complement. 
As a matter of fact, must is widely used when we refer to traffic rules, safety regulations, 
laws, and every other situation that involves obligations. 
Let’s see a few more examples:
You must respect the carpool-lane rules. 
Você tem que respeitar as regras da faixa de carona solidária.
You must stop at a red light. 
Você tem que parar no sinal vermelho.
You must overtake on the left. 
Você tem que ultrapassar pela esquerda.
You must respect the speed limit.
Você tem que respeitar o limite de velocidade.
You must wear the seat belt. 
Você tem que usar o cinto de segurança.
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The negative form of must carries a different meaning. Mustn’t refers to 
prohibition, to things we are not allowed or have no permission to be done by 
any means. We can say either must not or mustn’t. However, as you may expect, 
mustn’t is more common in the spoken language, and it sounds more natural. 
When we don’t use the contracted form, it sounds like we are emphasizing that 
information. Let’s see how we can use mustn’t in a sentence:
Marco is the subject in the f irst sentence, because he is the one who performs 
the action. If we continue to talk about Marco, it is best not to keep repeating his 
name. 
So, in the second sentence, we have he, which refers to Marco. By using this 
pronoun, we avoid repeating his name. This is the main function of a pronoun. 
You mustn’t speed.
Você não pode ultrapassar o limite de velocidade.
You mustn’t drive on the shoulder of the highway.
Você não pode dirigir no acostamento da autoestrada.
You mustn’t drink and drive. 
Você não pode dirigir alcoolizado.
As you can see, the subject you is followed by the modal verb mustn’t, then the 
main verb followed by the complement.
You have probably noticed how we’ve mentioned you as the subject of every 
sentence in the aff irmative and negative forms. That’s because you is a subject 
pronoun.
Subject pronouns replace nouns that work as the subject of the sentence. Let’s 
see an example.
Marco always drives carefully. 
Marco sempre dirige com cuidado.
He never speeds. 
Ele nunca ultrapassa o limite de velocidade.
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SUBJECT PRONOUNS
 I 
 Eu
 You
 Você/Tu
 He
 Ele
 She
 Ela
 It
 Ele/Ela
 We
 Nós
 You
 Vocês
 They
 Eles/Elas 
Note that you is used both for the singular and plural forms, and we will only 
know the difference based on the context. Check it out:
You are a good driver.
Você é um bom motorista.
You are good drivers.
Vocês são bons motoristas.
In the f irst sentence, we’re talking about a good driver. There is the article a, 
which is only used with singular nouns. The noun driver is also in the singular, so 
it is clear that we are only talking about one person.
In the second sentence, though, good drivers is in the plural form, so it means we 
are referring to more than one person.
Speakers of the language may help us see this difference in their speech by using 
a word along with the pronoun. They may say you people or you guys to make it 
clear they are talking to more than one person. 
For example:
You must follow the rules. 
Você deve seguir as regras.
Vocês devem seguir as regras.
All of you must drive safely. 
Todos vocês têm que dirigir com segurança.
You people must follow the rules. 
Vocês devem seguir as regras.
Vocês têm que seguir as regras.
The subject pronouns are:
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As you can see, by using expressions such as you people and all of you, we 
emphasize the plural form, and this is a way to avoid misunderstandings.
Now that you know that the subject pronoun you refers to the second person 
singular or plural, let’s take a look at the third person singular – he, she, and it. 
He and she are used to refer to people. We use he for men and she for women. 
Pay attention to the examples:
In the f irst example, we have car, so we used it to make the reference. In the 
second sentence, we used it again, because we are referring to street. In both 
cases, the subject pronoun it replaces nouns that refer to things. 
There is another situation in which we use it—in a function called impersonal it.
When it is used in this function, it is notreplacing a noun, such as “car” or “street.” 
It is simply being used as the subject of the sentence, because most aff irmative 
sentences in English must have a subject. Take a look: 
It is prohibited to litter. 
É proibido jogar lixo em vias públicas.
It is illegal to drink and drive. 
É ilegal dirigir alcoolizado.
Arthur can rent a car. He is 23 years old.
Arthur pode alugar um carro. Ele tem 23 anos.
Julia will drive to the hotel. She knows the way.
Julia vai dirigir até o hotel. Ela conhece o caminho.
We first mentioned the person’s name, Arthur, then we used he to refer to him, 
as Arthur is a male name.
After that, we have Julia, a female name, so we used she to refer to her. 
For all other cases apart from people, in the third person singular, we use the 
neutral pronoun it. Have a look at some examples:
This car is great. It’s very economical.
Este carro é ótimo. Ele é muito econômico.
There are many restaurants on the hotel street. But it’s really noisy.
Tem muitos restaurantes na rua do hotel. Mas ela é bem barulhenta.
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In both previous examples, we can’t replace it with a noun. That’s why we say 
that it is impersonal. It simply works as the subject of the sentences. 
But there were other verbs in the previous sentences besides the ones 
conjugated with a subject. Let’s see the examples again, but now separately: 
In all these examples the particle to is placed before the verbs to indicate the infinitive form.
The infinitive may also be used in sentences that express a comment on a certain action. Take a look:
It is prohibited to litter. 
É proibido jogar lixo em vias públicas.
Here we have the verb to be, is, following the subject it. Then we 
have the verb to litter in the infinitive form as the complement.
Let’s check out the other example:
It is illegal to drink and drive. 
É ilegal dirigir alcoolizado.
Here we also have the verb to be, is, followed by a complement, to drink and drive.
Note that the verb to litter comes right after an adjective: prohibited. Just like the 
complement to drink and drive follows the adjective illegal.
This is a pretty common structure in English: Adjective + Infinitive.
The infinitive form in English is marked by the use of the particle to before the 
verb. This particle has no particular meaning in this use. All it does is indicate the 
infinitive form of the verb. 
For example:
To walk
Andar
To drive
Dirigir
To eat
Comer
It’s illegal to smoke with children in the car in California and in eight other states. 
É ilegal fumar com crianças dentro do carro na Califórnia e em outros oito estados.
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First, we have the adjective illegal and then the verb to smoke, which is in the infinitive form. 
Let’s see more examples:
Once again, both examples are formed with the structure Adjective + Infinitive Form. 
It’s dangerous to drive without the seat belt on.
É perigoso dirigir sem cinto de segurança.
It’s horrible to be stuck in traffic. 
É horrível f icar preso no trânsito.
We have studied the use of must to express obligation, mustn’t to express 
prohibition, the subject pronouns, and the structure adjective + infinitive.
For more on these topics, go to the Grammar
Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Infinitive Form Page 157 w
Modal Verb Must Page 171 w 
Subject Pronouns Page 228 w
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B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s), according to the translation in bold. 
a) It is prohibited . 
 É proibido jogar lixo em vias públicas.
Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
a) You must respect the carpool-lane rules. 
 Você tem que respeitar as regras da faixa de carona solidária.
 ( 1 ) obligation ( 2 ) prohibition
b) You mustn’t drink and drive. 
 Você não pode dirigir alcoolizado. 
 ( 1 ) obligation ( 2 ) prohibition
c) He never speeds. 
 Ele nunca ultrapassa o limite de velocidade. 
 ( 1 ) noun ( 2 ) subject pronoun
d) You are good drivers.
 Vocês são bons motoristas.
 ( 1 ) subject pronoun ( 2 ) noun
e) It is illegal to drink and drive. 
 É ilegal dirigir alcoolizado. 
 ( 1 ) prohibition ( 2 ) inf initive form
A. Mark the option that corresponds to the function of the underlined words. 
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Notes
A
ct
iv
ity
 B
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
a.
 to
 li
tte
r 
b.
 S
he
c.
 It
 
d.
 m
us
tn
’t/
ca
n’
t 
e.
 m
us
t /
 h
av
e 
to
f. 
to
 s
m
ok
e
d.
 1
e.
 2
A
ct
iv
ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
a.
 1
b.
 2
c.
 2
b) Julia will drive to the hotel. knows the way. 
 Julia vai dirigir até o hotel. Ela conhece o caminho.
c) This car is great. is very economical.
 Este carro é ótimo. Ele é muito econômico.
d) You speed.
 Você não pode ultrapassar o limite de velocidade.
e) You respect the speed limit. 
 Você tem que respeitar o limite de velocidade
f) It’s illegal with children in the car in California and
 in eight other states.
 É ilegal fumar com crianças dentro do carro na Califórnia e em outros oito estados.
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4Expressways.
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[In the living room] 
Steph:
American highways can be totally overwhelming because it’s four, f ive, 
six lanes! One exit on each side, it gets a little crazy, but don’t worry! I 
got you, I’m going to help you through it! 
David:
She’s a great driver, guys! 
Steph:
I am!
David:
Let’s check it out!
Steph:
There is something very important about driving in the U.S. that you 
should be ready for. Unlike many cities around the globe, in major 
American cities you will probably be driving on freeways, expressways 
or highways at some point in your journey, even if you’re not navigating 
interstates.
The concept of freeways, expressways, and even highways may vary 
by region. But what you should know is that they are high-speed roads 
that may have several lanes and exits on both sides, which means that 
drivers should watch out for traff ic signs indicating exits and exit-only 
lanes.
EXPRESSWAYS
Driving on American expressways can be a little confusing for those who are not 
used to it. But things can get much easier if you prepare for them adequately. 
In this chapter, you will have the opportunity to learn a bit about what it is like 
to drive on an American expressway and how you can make your trip go well 
and smoothly. And, as usual, you will also see some very useful vocabulary and 
grammar that will help you improve your English. 
Now look at the script of Expressways.
Part 1.
Video Script
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Also watch out for signs with the speed limit. There will always be a 
maximum speed limit that may vary from one road to another, but in 
general it’s about 65 miles per hour. And since these are high-speed 
roads, there will probably be signs indicating the minimum speed as 
well. Driving too slow on such roads might be as dangerous as going 
over the speed limit.
In the U.S., we use numbers for highways, not names.
David:
And to add to the complication, we use north and south, and east and 
west.
Steph: 
I know that all sounds very confusing; but don’t worry, we’ve got you 
covered! Watch this segment!
David:
Let’s check it out!
Steph:
OK, so, when you’re going to be driving on the highway, when you’re 
in your car, it can be a bit confusing. There are six lanes, there’s a lot of 
information, there are signs; so, you have to be really, really aware. But 
how do you even know which lane you should be drivingon?
David:
That’s a good question. The far-right lane is usually to merge onto the 
freeway or to exit the freeway. And the far-left lane is usually the carpool 
lane, which needs two or more people, sometimes three, depending on 
where you are. Just like we always say: check the signs. 
Steph:
The middle lane is for just a smooth ride. You don’t want to pass people, 
you don’t want to go too slow, you want to just enjoy the ride.
I think that driving on the highway is so much fun! David is terrif ied of 
driving on the highway because it’s too fast for him. But I f ind it super, 
super fun! Just be safe, be aware of your surroundings, and you’ll get 
more comfortable as you drive more.
David:
The worst thing, guys, is getting stuck in a traff ic jam. L.A. is notorious 
for that, specif ically the 405. So if it happens, just play some good 
music, and you’ll get through it. 
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VIAS EXPRESSAS
[Na sala de estar] 
Steph:
As rodovias americanas podem ser bem impactantes, porque têm 
quatro, cinco, seis faixas, e uma saída de cada lado... Tudo f ica um pouco 
caótico. Mas não se preocupe! Eu estou aqui, e vou ajudar vocês com 
isso!
David:
Ela é uma ótima motorista, pessoal!
Steph:
Eu sou!
David:
Vamos dar uma olhada!
Steph:
Há algo muito importante sobre dirigir nos EUA para o qual você deve 
estar preparado. Ao contrário de muitos lugares do mundo, em grandes 
cidades americanas, você provavelmente vai dirigir em autoestradas, 
vias expressas ou rodovias em algum ponto da sua viagem, mesmo que 
você não esteja viajando entre estados. 
O conceito de autoestrada, via expressa, e até de rodovia pode variar 
segundo a região. Mas o que você deve saber é que elas são vias de alta 
velocidade que podem ter várias faixas e saídas de ambos os lados. Isso 
signif ica que os motoristas devem ficar atentos às placas de trânsito 
que indicam saídas e faixas somente para saída.
Também fique atento às placas de limite de velocidade. Sempre haverá 
um limite máximo de velocidade, que pode variar de uma via para outra, 
mas que geralmente f ica em torno de 65 milhas por hora. E como essas 
são vias de alta velocidade, provavelmente haverá placas indicando a 
velocidade mínima também. Dirigir muito devagar nessas vias pode ser 
tão perigoso quanto exceder o limite de velocidade.
Nos Estados Unidos, usamos números para rodovias, e não nomes.
David:
Para complicar ainda mais, nós usamos norte e sul, leste e oeste. 
Steph: 
Eu sei que tudo isso parece muito confuso, mas não se preocupe, nós 
ajudamos você! Assistam ao segmento.
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David:
Vamos dar uma olhada!
Steph:
Certo, é o seguinte: quando você está dirigindo pela rodovia e está 
no seu carro, isso pode ser um pouco confuso. Seis faixas, muita 
informação, placas... então, você precisa estar muito atento. Mas como 
saber em que faixa você deveria estar dirigindo?
David:
Essa é uma ótima pergunta. A faixa mais à direita é geralmente para 
entrar na autoestrada ou para sair dela. E a mais à esquerda geralmente 
é a faixa de carpool, ou carona solidária, em que tem de haver duas ou 
mais pessoas, algumas vezes três, no carro, dependendo de onde você 
estiver. Como sempre dizemos, chequem as placas.
Steph: 
As faixas centrais são para você dirigir tranquilo. Você não precisa 
ultrapassar ninguém, nem dirigir devagar demais: você só quer 
aproveitar o passeio. 
Eu acho que dirigir na rodovia é muito divertido! David morre de medo 
de dirigir na rodovia porque é rápido demais para ele. Mas eu acho 
super, superdivertido! Só tenha cuidado, f ique atento ao seu entorno, e 
você f icará mais à vontade conforme dirigir mais.
David:
A pior parte, pessoal, é f icar preso no engarrafamento. Los Angeles tem 
má fama por isso, especif icamente a 405. Caso isso aconteça, coloque 
uma boa música e você vai sair dessa!
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Highway is the most common name for high-speed roads, but you might come across some 
other names, such as freeway and expressway. The exact definition of each of them will vary 
according to the region. 
There are high-speed roads that connect places within the same state and others that cross 
different states, which are called interstates.
But not only interstates are numbered like that. Other highways also follow this pattern, whose 
logic is based on a network of high-speed roads that exists since 1956. Many details were 
considered upon its implementation, but what you should know is basically this:
When you use the GPS, it will probably give you directions using the letters and numbers. 
If you are going from Los Angeles to Las Vegas, for example, you might get this direction:
Take I-15 N to Las Vegas.
Routes with even numbers connect the states from east to west. 
Rotas com números pares conectam os estados de leste a oeste. 
Routes with odd numbers connect the states from north to south. 
Rotas com números ímpares conectam os estados de norte a sul.
They have no names, but follow a numbering scheme: they 
are assigned a letter – “I” for “interstate” – along with one- or 
two-digit numbers. For example: I-94 connects Montana to 
Michigan, and I-5 crosses the entire West Coast through the 
states of California, Oregon, and Washington.
On the U.S. maps they are represented by red and blue road 
signs, just like these:
Vocabulary
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So, regarding that GPS direction, this is what we have:
If you want to learn how to drive in a certain state beforehand, you can 
check the Driver’s Handbook, a kind of guide for drivers. 
In this handbook you will f ind: 
Take I-15 N to Las Vegas. 
Pegue a interestadual 15, direção norte, para Las Vegas.
Occupant protection rules: wearing seat belts and using 
proper safety seats for children. 
Medidas de proteção para passageiros: uso do cinto de 
segurança e da cadeirinha para crianças.
How to choose the right lane to drive and how to 
change lanes correctly.
Como escolher a faixa certa para dirigir e como trocar de 
faixas corretamente.
Right-of-way rules regarding pedestrians, intersections, 
crosswalks, and roundabouts. 
Regras de preferência para pedestres, nos cruzamentos, nas 
faixas de pedestre e nas rotatórias.
It means Take Interstate 15 going north to Las Vegas. 15 is an 
odd number, so it means that you are going from north to south 
or vice versa.
It is always good to have a clear notion of the direction you are 
going: in case you need to take a detour to f ill up the tank or get 
something to eat, for example, you will know your way back. 
You can always make sure you are going in the right direction by 
paying attention to road signs like these:
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Highways are high-speed ways with many lanes and exits, and if you don’t 
know how to drive through them, you might get a ticket, or even get lost. 
In order to drive safely, you should know about a few key elements on a highway. 
Let’s see them:
The general rules concerning lanes are:
HIGHWAY KEY ELEMENTS
Traffic signs / Road signs 
Placas de trânsito 
Exit / Exit ramp
Saída / Via de saída 
da rodovia 
Entrance ramp 
Via de acesso à rodovia
Lanes
Faixas
Speed limit 
Limite de velocidade 
Exit-only lane 
Faixa exclusiva para quem 
vai sair da rodovia 
The far-right lane is for merging onto the road or exiting it. 
A faixa mais à direita é para entrar na estrada ou sair dela.
The middle lanes are for smooth rides.
A faixa do meio é para viagens mais tranquilas.
The far-left lane is for overtaking. 
A faixa mais à esquerda é para ultrapassagens.
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There might be exits and entrances on the left lane as well, but they are usually 
on the right. So that is the lane where people drive slower. If you are not 
confident about driving on a highway, stay on the right lane and pay attention to 
merging vehicles, that is, vehicles entering the road. 
But if you are thinking about overtaking, you should use the left lane. Do not 
forget to check the mirrors and to use the turn signal or blinkers. 
And f inally, the middle lanes, which aren’t usually as busy as the others since no 
cars enter or exit them all the time. 
There is also the shoulder, which you’re not supposed to use unless you have a 
problem with your car. 
So, the rule is:
Use the shoulder for emergency stops only. 
Use o acostamento somente para paradas de emergência.
Here we have a short list with some kinds of emergencies you might have on the road:
EMERGENCY ON THE ROAD
A flat tire 
Um pneu furado 
A car crash 
Uma batida
A car breakdown
Um carro enguiçado
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If you are on an interstate, you should also inform the state where you are. You 
could say something like that:
I’m on I-10, mile 193, in Arizona. 
Estou na interestadual 10, milha 193, no Arizona.
If you need to inform your location, 
you can check the coordinates on 
your GPS, or you can look for the 
mile markers along the highway. 
They are road signs like this green 
one:
Now let’s take a look at some of the sentences concerning car problems you 
might have to report to the insurance company:
I ran out of gas. 
Fiquei sem gasolina.
My car broke down / doesn’t work. 
Meu carro quebrou / não está funcionando.
The car won’t start. 
O carro não está ligando.
I crashed the car. 
Bati o carro.
I need someone to come change a flat tire. 
Preciso de alguém para trocar um pneu furado.
I need a tow truck to come and get me. 
Preciso que um reboque venha me buscar.
Someone crashed into my car.
Alguém bateu no meu carro.
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Now you know the most common names for access roads, some tips for 
driving on American roads, and how to proceed in case of incidents. 
Someone stole the car. 
Alguém furtou o carro.
Someone broke into my car. 
Alguém arrombou o meu carro.
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And there is another kind of possible incident that doesn’t really involve 
mechanical problems or a crash. Suppose you’ve stopped for a quick snack and, 
when you return to the car, you realize it has been stolen or the window has 
been broken. That can actually happen, but insurance usually covers this kind of 
situation as well. In that case, contact the insurance company to report it. 
Here is what you can say:
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A
ct
iv
ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
4 
/ 
9 
/ 
7 
/ 
2 
/ 
6 
/ 
5 
/ 
11
 /
 1
 /
 8
 /
 3
 /
 1
0
A
ct
iv
ity
 B
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
a.
 la
ne
 
b.
 o
ve
rt
ak
in
g
c.
 s
ho
ul
de
r
d.
 b
ro
ke
 d
ow
n 
/ d
oe
sn
’t 
w
or
k 
/ d
oe
s 
no
t w
or
k 
/ 
is
n’
t w
or
ki
ng
 / 
is
 n
ot
 w
or
ki
ng
 
e.
 fl
at
 ti
re
f. 
br
ok
e 
in
to
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s).
( 1 ) Highway/Freeway/ 
 Expressway
( 2 ) Interstate
( 3 ) Driver’s 
 Handbook
( 4 ) Lane
( 5 ) Traff ic signs / 
 Road signs
( 6 ) Entrance ramp
( 7 ) Exit ramp
( 8 ) Car crash
( 9 ) Shoulder
( 10 ) Flat tire
( 11 ) Car breakdown
( ) Faixa
( ) Acostamento
( ) Via de saída da 
 rodovia
( ) Interestadual
( ) Via de acesso à 
 rodovia
( ) Placas de trânsito
( ) Carro enguiçado
( ) Vias de alta 
 velocidade
( ) Colisão/Batida 
( ) Manual do condutor
( ) Pneu furado
a) The far-right is for merging onto the road or exiting it.
 A faixa mais à direita é para entrar na estrada ou sair dela.
b) The far-left lane is for .
 A faixa mais à esquerda é para ultrapassagens.
c) Use the for emergency stops only.
 Use o acostamento somente para paradas de emergência.
d) My car .
 Meu carro quebrou / não está funcionando. 
e) I need someone to come change a . 
 Preciso de alguém para trocar um pneu furado.
f) Someone the car. 
 Alguém arrombou o carro. 
Part 3.
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In this chapter, we will see a few verb forms, such as the simple present and the simple past, and 
how we can use them.
Let’s start with the simple present, which is used to talk about facts, habits, and routine.
The verb to be is usually the f irst one we learn. This verb has two main meanings. Let’s see a 
couple of sentences with it:
In the f irst sentence, the verb to be is used to show a permanent or temporary location. We are 
saying where we are. In the other one, the sentence is a bit different, because the verb refers to a 
permanent or temporary state.
Now that we already know the verb to be can refer either to location or state, let’s see how it is 
used in the affirmative form of the simple present. 
We have already seen the subject pronouns. Now, pay attention to how they are used in the verb 
conjugation:
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
I’m on I-10, mile 193, in Arizona. 
Estou na interestadual 10, milha 193, no Arizona. 
The speed limit here is 40 mph. 
O limite de velocidade aqui é 40 milhas por hora.
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
 I am 
 Eu sou/estou 
 You are 
 Você é/está 
 He is 
 Ele é/está 
 She is 
 Ela é/está 
 It is
 Ele(a) é/está 
 We are 
 Nós somos/estamos 
You are 
Vocês são/estão 
They are 
Eles(as) são/estão 
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Remember that the short forms of the verbs are preferred in spoken language, as 
they make the speech f low much better. So, for example: I am becomes I’m. Let’s 
check some other examples: 
In English, the verb to be comes before the subject to form the interrogative.
Now have a look at the negative form: 
He is not / isn’t on the fast lane.
Ele não está na faixa expressa.
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
Negative form
Both the interrogative and the negative forms are also pretty simple. Let’s take 
an example we’ve already used and rewrite it in the interrogative form: 
Is he on the fast lane?
Ele está na faixa expressa?
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
Interrogative form
It’s annoying to be stuck in traffic. 
É irritante f icar preso no engarrafamento.
We’re on our way to New York. 
Estamos a caminho de Nova York.
He’s on the fast lane. 
Ele está na faixa expressa.
You’re on the carpool lane. 
Você está na faixa de carona solidária.
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
Affirmative form
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All we have to do is place not right after the verb to be. It can be used either in 
the complete form or in the contracted form. However, note that the contracted 
form will sound more natural in spoken English. 
The verb to be also has its very own form in the simple past. Let’s see what it 
is like: 
SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE
 I was 
 Eu era/estava 
 You were 
 Você era/estava
 He was 
 Ele era/estava 
She was 
Ela era/estava 
It was
Ele(a) era/ estava
We were 
Nós éramos/
estávamos 
You were 
Vocês eram/estavam 
They were
Eles(as) eram/
estavam 
There is no difference in structure between the interrogative and negative forms 
of the simple present and the simple past of the verb To Be. They are formed 
thesame way. But we don’t contract the subject and the verb in the past, as we 
do in the present. There is only one possible contraction: the verb plus not in the 
negative form: wasn’t or weren’t. 
There are many other verbs in English apart from the verb to be. Conjugating 
the other verbs in the simple present is not diff icult. In the affirmative form, 
the verbs have the same conjugation for all subjects, except for the third person 
singular. 
Let’s see an example in the affirmative form: 
I need a tow truck to come and get me. 
Preciso que um reboque venha me buscar.
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Affirmative form
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Basically, the rule is to add -S to the verbs conjugated in the third person singular. 
However, there are some spelling rules. We need to add -ES or –IES to certain 
verbs. These letters don’t change the meaning of the verbs, just the spelling. 
The general rule of adding -S to the end of the verb in the third person singular is 
for the affirmative form only. In the interrogative and negative forms, we don’t 
change the main verb, that is, it remains in its base form. However, we need to add 
an auxiliary verb to form the sentences. 
The auxiliary verb for the simple present is do. For the third person singular, this 
auxiliary must be conjugated, so it becomes does. In short, we use do for I, you, we, 
and they, and we use does for he, she, and it.
In the negative form, we add not right after the auxiliary verb. Then it becomes do 
not or does not. The contracted forms will be don’t and doesn’t. 
Have a look at some examples:
It is just the same for I, you, we, they. So, it goes like this: I need / You need / We 
need / You need / They need.
The third person singular – he, she, and it – is different. Take a look: 
Mark does not / doesn’t drive well. 
Mark não dirige bem.
You do not / don’t drive well. 
Você não dirige bem.
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Negative form
It needs more fuel. 
Ele (o carro) precisa de mais combustível.
She needs a safe car. 
Ela precisa de um carro seguro.
He needs a big car. 
Ele precisa de um carro grande.
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Affirmative form - Third person singular
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To form the interrogative, all we have to do is to place the auxiliary verb before 
the subject and then use the main verb in its base form, without “to.” 
Let’s talk about the simple past of other verbs now. As the name suggests, it 
refers to a single action in the past. 
Verbs in English can be either regular or irregular. For the regular verbs, we add -D, 
-ED, or -IED to the end of their base form to conjugate them in the past. Take a look:
As you can see in the previous examples, we used don’t to make the negative 
form of the simple present in the f irst sentence because the subject is you. 
But in the second sentence, the subject is Mark (he), so we used doesn’t. In 
both sentences, the main verb drive appears in its base form, without “to.” 
Now let’s have a look at the interrogative form: 
I crashed the car. 
Bati o carro.
SIMPLE PAST - REGULAR VERBS
Affirmative form
Does Mark drive well? 
O Mark dirige bem?
Do you drive well? 
Você dirige bem?
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Interrogative form
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Infinitive: to change (mudar; trocar)
I changed my car tires. 
Eu troquei os pneus do meu carro.
Here, to crash is an example of a regular verb, so it just gets the termination -ED 
to form the simple past. And we will use crashed for all persons, from I to they. 
Most verbs in English are regular. Let’s see some other common regular verbs:
Infinitive: to start (começar; iniciar; ligar)
I started the car with this button.
Eu liguei o carro com este botão.
SIMPLE PAST - REGULAR VERBS
Affirmative form
As seen before, we conjugate the verb start in the past by adding -ED. However, 
note that the verb to change already ends in -E, so we only have to add -D to 
form its past. 
Irregular verbs, on the other hand, are not conjugated according to a general rule. 
Each verb has its own conjugation in the past, which may be completely different 
from the base form. For example: 
I ran out of gas. 
Fiquei sem gasolina.
SIMPLE PAST - IRREGULAR VERBS
Affirmative form
In this case, we have the verb to run, which is irregular. Its form changes when 
conjugated in the past: it becomes ran. And we will use ran for all subjects – from 
I to they. 
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Let’s see some other examples with irregular verbs:
Infinitive: to steal (furtar/roubar)
Someone stole the car. 
Alguém furtou o carro.
Infinitive: to break (quebrar)
My car broke down. 
Meu carro quebrou.
SIMPLE PAST - IRREGULAR VERBS
Affirmative form
As you can see, the past of break is broke, and steal becomes stole. That is, the 
conjugation in the past for these irregular verbs is different from their base forms. 
To make the negative and interrogative forms, just like in the simple present, we 
will need to use an auxiliary verb. In the simple past, we use did for all subjects. 
When we add the auxiliary verb, there is a change in the main verb – it goes back 
to its base form. 
Let’s start with an example in the negative form: 
My dad did not / didn’t drive well last night. 
Meu pai não dirigiu bem ontem à noite.
SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBS
Negative form
Here there’s the subject, my dad, then the auxiliary verb did and the particle not. 
Notice that the contracted form didn’t is also possible. In fact, it is more commonly 
used. After that, there’s the main verb drive in its base form. That is how we form the 
negative form in the simple past, regardless of the type of verb we are using. 
In the interrogative form we will use the same auxiliary verb. Take a look:
Did my dad drive well last night? 
O meu pai dirigiu bem ontem à noite?
SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBS
Interrogative form
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In this chapter, you have studied how to use the simple present and 
the simple past of the verb to be and of the other verbs.
For more on these topics, go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Simple Past – Other Verbs Page 205 w
Simple Past – Verb To Be Page 211 w
Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 216 w
Simple Present – Verb To Be Page 222 w
Spelling Rules for the Third Person – Simple Present Page 226 w
While the simple present has one auxiliary verb that will be conjugated in the 
third person singular, the simple past will carry the same auxiliary verb for all 
persons. Besides, in both verb forms, the main verb will be kept in its base form in 
both negative and interrogative sentences. 
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Notice that the auxiliary verb did is placed before the subject, and that the main 
verb is in its base form. This is how we form the interrogative form of the simple 
past, regardless if the verb is regular or irregular. 
As you can see, to form the negative and interrogative forms of the simple 
present and the simple past of other verbs, we need to add an auxiliary verb:
Simple Past
Did
Simple Present
Do (I, you, we, they) / Does (he, she, it)
Do (eu, você, nós, eles) / Does (ele, ela)
AUXILIARY VERBS TO MAKE THE NEGATIVE 
AND INTERROGATIVE FORMS
Verbos auxiliares para formar a negativa e a interrogativa
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B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 
a) I of gas. (ran out / runs out)
 Fiquei sem gasolina.
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Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
( 1 ) Simple Present( 2 ) Simple Past – regular verb ( 3 ) Simple Past – irregular verb
a) ( ) Do you drive well?
 Você dirige bem?
b) ( ) Someone stole the car. 
 Alguém furtou o carro. 
c) ( ) I crashed the car. 
 Bati o carro. 
d) ( ) Is he on the fast lane?
 Ele está na faixa expressa? 
e) ( ) He needs a big car.
 Ele precisa de um carro grande.
f) ( ) My car broke down.
 Meu carro quebrou.
A. Match the sentences to their functions according to the following. 
Chapter 4 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities
Notes
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ity
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s
a.
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ou
t 
b.
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sn
’t 
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or
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d.
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yo
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dr
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e.
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di
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dr
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d.
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e.
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3
A
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a.
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b.
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c.
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b) My car . (doesn’t work / don’t work) 
 Meu carro não está funcionando.
c) I the car. (crashes/crashed)
 Bati o carro.
d) well? (Do you drive / Does you drive)
 Você dirige bem?
e) The speed limit here 40 mph. (am/is)
 O limite de velocidade aqui é 40 milhas por hora.
f) My dad well last night. (didn’t drive / don’t drive)
 Meu pai não dirigiu bem ontem à noite. 
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5Driving in the City.
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[In the living room] 
Steph:
Now we’re going to talk about a different kind of driving. We’ve talked 
about freeway and highway driving, which is so, so fun. But now, we’re 
going to talk about something different: we’re going to talk about city 
driving! 
David:
Driving in the city, you have to watch out for pedestrians, bicycles, and 
motorized scooters. 
Steph:
Absolutely! You have to be really, really aware of your surroundings. 
We’re going to get into details! 
[In the street]
Steph:
But we’re here to talk about the sign behind us. It says “‘PED XING.” 
What could that possibly mean? 
David:
What does that mean? I have no clue! 
Steph:
PED stands for “pedestrian,” and X is like a cross. So, it’s “pedestrian 
crossing.” It makes sense! 
DRIVING IN THE CITY
Driving around major cities in the United States requires patience and caution. 
The streets are usually busy, traff ic is frequently too slow, and there are also the 
other things you have to pay attention to in order to avoid trouble. It may not 
seem easy in the beginning, but with some proper guidance you can have a nice 
experience. In this chapter, we will show you some important aspects of driving 
on urban roads and some traff ic rules in the U.S. As usual, you will also learn 
important language items to help you improve your language skills. 
Now, here is the script of Driving in the City.
Part 1.
Video Script
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David:
Nice! So, when you’re driving through the city, always make sure you are 
aware of the pedestrian-crossing signs, the stop signs, and the traffic lights. 
Steph:
Pedestrians, crossings, lights, you have to be aware of your 
surroundings! 
There are a few things that you have got to remember when you’re 
driving around the city! 
David:
Yes, there’s a traff ic light behind us, and that’s important because it lets 
you know when to go, stop, or make a left turn. 
Steph:
Yeah, there’s also a left lane here, and normally you’d think that you 
can make a left turn, right? But there’s a sign behind me that says you 
cannot make a left turn or a U-turn from 4 to 7 p.m. Monday through 
Friday. And it’s super complicated, it’s a very L.A. thing. You have got to 
pay attention.
David:
Always pay attention to the signs.
Parking is so important! Especially in L.A.! 
Steph:
We have meters here in America. Sometimes it’s two hours, four hours…
you have to always look at the signs and make sure that you’re parking 
in the right spot. 
[By the parking meter]
David:
Two things are super important when you’re parking in L.A. There’s 
always a parking meter and there’s always a sign. So, we’re going to go 
ahead and pay for our spot. Awesome! We’re only allowed to pay for 
two hours, because that’s what the sign says. It’s not that we can’t pay 
all day, but that’s what the sign says. 
And it looks like we’re good to go! 
[On the sidewalk] 
Steph:
Let’s go back to the curbs for a second. There are different kinds of 
curbs, right? There are red curbs, blue curbs, white curbs, and green 
curbs. Do not park on a red curb! You will get your car towed! You’re not 
allowed to stop, you’re not allowed to stay there even for a minute, OK? 
And pay attention to the colors. 
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And if you can’t f ind a spot, there are so many parking lots, parking 
structures, where you can park at.
Don’t worry! You’ll be on time! 
David:
You’ll be f ine! 
Steph:
Just make sure you do your research to know if there are parking lots 
around, OK? 
David:
You guys are good! 
Steph:
You’ve got it!
DIRIGINDO NA CIDADE
[Na sala de estar] 
Steph:
OK, agora vamos conversar sobre um tipo diferente de direção. Nós 
conversamos sobre dirigir em autoestradas e rodovias, o que é muito 
divertido! Mas agora vamos falar sobre algo diferente, vamos falar sobre 
dirigir na cidade!
David:
Quando estiver dirigindo na cidade, você tem que f icar atento aos 
pedestres, bicicletas e patinetes motorizados. 
Steph: 
Exatamente! Você tem que estar muito, muito atento ao seu entorno. 
Vamos entrar em mais detalhes!
[Na rua]
Steph:
Mas estamos aqui para falar sobre a placa atrás da gente. Está escrito 
“PED XING”. O que será que isso signif ica? 
David:
O que isso quer dizer? Eu não faço ideia!
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Steph:
PED quer dizer “pedestres”, e X se parece com uma cruz, de cruzar, 
atravessar. Logo, é uma travessia de pedestres! Faz sentido!
David:
Legal! Quando você estiver dirigindo pela cidade, sempre fique atento às 
placas de travessia de pedestres, às placas de pare e aos sinais de trânsito.
Steph:
Pedestres, travessias, sinais, você tem que saber o que está à sua volta. 
Então, vimos algumas coisas das quais você precisa se lembrar quando 
estiver dirigindo pela cidade! 
David:
Sim, há um sinal de trânsito atrás da gente, e isso é importante, porque 
ele te diz quando você pode seguir, parar ou virar à esquerda.
Steph:
Temos uma faixa à esquerda aqui, e você pensaria que pode virar à 
esquerda, certo? Mas atrás de mim há uma placa que diz que você não 
pode virar à esquerda ou fazer um retorno das 4h da tarde às 7h da 
noite, de segunda a sexta. É supercomplicado, é típico de Los Angeles. 
Você tem que prestar atenção. 
David:
Sempre preste atenção às placas.
Conhecer as regras de estacionamento é muito importante, 
principalmente em Los Angeles! 
Steph:
Nós temos parquímetros aqui nos Estados Unidos. Às vezes você pode 
f icar duas, quatro horas, mas você sempre tem que olhar as placas e se 
certif icar de que está parando na vaga correta. 
[Ao lado do parquímetro]
David:
Há duas coisas superimportantes quando estiver estacionando em Los 
Angeles: sempre há um parquímetro e uma placa. Então, vamos pagar 
pela nossa vaga. Maravilha! Podemos pagar somente por duas horas, 
porque é isso o que diz a placa. Não é que não possamos f icar o dia 
todo, mas é o limite que está na placa. 
E parece que estamos prontos!
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[Na calçada]
Steph: 
Vamos falar um pouco sobre os meios-fios. Existem tipos diferentes 
de meios-fios, correto? Há os meios-fios vermelhos, azuis, brancos e 
verdes. Não estacione junto a um meio-fio vermelho! Seu carro será 
rebocado! Você não tem permissão para estacionar, mesmo que seja por 
um minuto, OK? E preste atenção às cores! 
Caso não consigaachar uma vaga, existem muitos estacionamentos 
e prédios com vagas em que você pode estacionar. Portanto, não se 
preocupe! Você não vai se atrasar!
David:
Vai f icar tudo bem! 
Steph:
Só não deixe de pesquisar, para saber se existem estacionamentos por 
perto, OK? 
David:
Eles estão prontos!
Steph:
Com certeza!
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If you are planning to drive in American cities, the f irst thing you have to remember is this one:
The apostrophe + ve is the contraction of the verb to have, and gotta 
is the contraction of got + to.
While driving, you might f ind some pedestrians jaywalking, that is, 
crossing the street carelessly and not using the crosswalk. This is 
a traff ic violation, and there are penalties for that. So, if you are the 
pedestrian, remember:
You must respect the traffic lights. 
Você tem que respeitar o semáforo.
This is an obligation. We use must to say that something is obligatory. We could also use the 
structure have got for that. Take a look:
You have got to respect the traffic lights. 
Você tem que respeitar o semáforo.
Never jaywalk. 
Nunca atravesse fora da faixa.
In spoken language, this structure is commonly used in its contracted form. Look:
You’ve gotta respect the traffic lights.
Você tem que respeitar o semáforo.
Vocabulary
Part 2.
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In this case, you cannot make a right turn on a red light from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Don’t jaywalk. 
Não atravesse fora da faixa.
However, there is a difference in intensity between those instructions. Never makes 
it more emphatic than don’t. Compare:
Never drive or park in the bike lane. 
Nunca dirija ou pare na faixa destinada às bicicletas. 
Don’t drive or park in the bike lane. 
Não dirija ou pare na faixa destinada às bicicletas.
You might not be familiar with this next American 
traff ic rule because not every country has it. But in 
the U.S., drivers are allowed to turn right even if the 
traff ic light is red. That is allowed on most American 
urban roads, unless there is a road sign telling you 
otherwise, like this one:
Or if there is a sign like this next one, 
which specif ies the period during 
which you are not allowed to do that. 
Have a look:
We’ve used never and a verb – jaywalk – to say what people cannot do. But we 
could also use the imperative form of the verb in the negative. Check it out: 
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Here we used could and please to make a polite request. We should always use 
excuse me in cases such as this one too.
The answers will vary, but here are some we are most likely to hear:
Take this street/avenue. 
Pegue essa rua/avenida. 
Go straight / straight ahead. 
Siga em frente. 
Turn around. / Go back here.
Retorne aqui.
Turn right/left. 
Vire à direita/esquerda.
There are rules for parking too. Each state has its own laws regarding public parking, 
but in many places, curbs have different colors to indicate a specific parking zone. 
Each state also has its own color code for the curb. We will take California as an 
example and show what each curb color means here. Have a look:
CURB COLORS AND THEIR MEANINGS
White curb – Drop-off and pick-up only
Meio-fio branco – Somente para embarque e desembarque
Yellow curb – Loading or unloading passengers or freight 
Meio-fio amarelo – Somente para embarque e desembarque de pessoas ou cargas
When driving around places we are not familiar with, 
we should not rely entirely on our GPS or any other 
technology. Learning how to ask for directions is 
helpful whether we are driving or walking. Let’s see 
some questions we may use to do that: 
Excuse me, where is the Monterrey Hotel? 
Com licença, onde f ica o Hotel Monterrey?
Here, we are asking a direct question about the location of the hotel. Notice that we 
used excuse me for approaching the person politely. 
You can also choose to ask someone for directions by asking them to show you the 
way, like this: 
Excuse me. Could you show me the way to a drugstore, please? 
Com licença. Você poderia me mostrar o caminho para uma farmácia, por favor?
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Blue curb – Parking only allowed for disabled drivers or drivers 
carrying disabled people 
Meio-fio azul – Zona de estacionamento exclusivo para motoristas com 
deficiência ou motoristas levando pessoas com deficiência
Red curb – No parking or stopping
Meio-fio vermelho – É proibido estacionar ou parar
Green curb – Short-term parking
Meio-fio verde – Estacionamento permitido por um período curto, 
de até 15 ou 30 minutos
In the United States, public parking spots are 
paid to ensure parking turnover, so paying for 
your public spot is necessary. You will do it by 
using the parking meter – or just meter.
In some streets, such as this one, parallel 
parking will be required:
Parking meters will vary from city to city, but the procedures are mostly the same 
everywhere. Let’s see them:
1. Park your car by the meter.
Estacione o carro ao lado do parquímetro.
2. Read the sign to check how long you can stay in that spot.
Leia na placa o tempo de permanência permitido.
3. Pay the amount due for the time you’ll be parked.
Pague o valor correspondente ao tempo que você f icará estacionado. 
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And on other streets, you may see a sign that 
says head-in parking only, like this one.
It means you have to park perpendicularly. 
The front of the car should be facing the curb, 
not the street, otherwise you may be f ined.
In some parking lots, you will need to pay before getting into your car. In others, the pay 
station will be at the control gate and you pay from the car. Always check that before entering 
the car. Look for a sign that reads “Pay here” or something similar. 
Most of the time, parking lots will have self-
service pay stations.
If you are in a busy area and can’t f ind a 
parking spot, you can look for a parking lot:
In this chapter, you’ve learned how to drive properly around the city and how to ask for 
directions in case you get lost. You’ve also learned about some parking options and rules. 
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e.
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s).
( 1 ) Street
( 2 ) Traff ic light
( 3 ) Parallel parking
( 4 ) Parking meter
( 5 ) Bike lanes
( 6 ) Avenue
( 7 ) Go straight
( 8 ) Turn around
( 9 ) Turn left
( 10 ) Curb
( 11 ) Parking spot
( 12 ) Parking lot
( ) Faixas para ciclistas
( ) Meio-fio
( ) Vaga
( ) Parquímetro
( ) Sinal de trânsito
( ) Baliza
( ) Vire à esquerda
( ) Estacionamento
( ) Avenida
( ) Retorne aqui
( ) Rua
( ) Siga em frente
a) . Could you show me the way to (a drugstore), please? 
 Com licença. Você poderia me mostrar o caminho para (uma farmácia), por favor?
b) Take this .
 Pegue essa rua.
c) Turn .
 Vire à direita.
d) Go .
 Siga em frente. 
e) Park your car by the . 
 Estacione o carro ao lado do parquímetro.
f) Never drive or park in the . 
 Nunca dirija ou pare na faixa destinada às bicicletas.
Part 3.
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In this chapter, you will learn how to give and ask for information and directions using the 
question word where, the modal verbs can and could, and the imperative.
When we approach a stranger to ask for information, it is important to be polite. So, before we 
ask what we want, we should say “excuse me.” Take a look at these examples:
Excuse me. Can you give me some information?
Com licença. Você pode me dar uma informação?
Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to this hotel?
Com licença. Você pode me dizer o caminho para esse hotel?
When we talk to a stranger, it might be a good idea to be a bit more formal. But both forms – 
can and could – are correct. Let’s rewrite the previous examples using could:
Excuse me. Could you give me some information?
Com licença. Você poderia me dar uma informação?
Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to this hotel?
Com licença. Você poderia me dizer o caminho para esse hotel?
Note that in both examples we used the interrogative form with the modal verb can. We have 
can + subject you + main verb give + the object me and the complement some information.
We can ask the exact same questions, with the same structure, but using the modal verb could. 
The difference is that could is a bit more formal than can:
Can you...?
Você pode...?
Could you...?
Você poderia...?
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WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
MODAL VERBS
Excuse me. Where can I find a drugstore around here?
Com licença. Onde eu posso encontrar uma farmácia por aqui?
In this example, we have the question word where followed by the interrogative 
form of the modal verb can. So, we have where followed by can, then the 
subject I, the main verb find, and the complement a drugstore around here. The 
structure would be the same for other modal verbs as well, such as could, for 
example. 
Whenever we ask questions with where, we will use the following structure: 
where + interrogative form, regardless of the verb form. 
Let’s see a few examples using the verb to be in the simple present:
WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE
Where is Hollywood Boulevard?
Onde é o Hollywood Boulevard? / Onde f ica o Hollywood Boulevard?
Where is the parking lot? 
Onde é o estacionamento? / Onde f ica o estacionamento? 
We might also want to ask a question using the question word where if we wish 
to know the location of a place. All we have to do is use where followed by the 
interrogative form. Check it out:
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Here where is followed by the simple past of the verb to be in the interrogative form, that is, was, 
then the subject it, which refers to the car key, according to the context.
When we ask questions in the simple past using verbs that are not the verb to be, we must use the 
auxiliary verb did. Have a look at an example:
WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBS
Where did you find the car key? 
Onde você achou a chave do carro?
In the f irst example, where is followed by the simple present in the interrogative form, that is, 
auxiliary do + subject we + main verb get + complement the subway to Brooklyn.
When we refer to the third person singular – she, he, or it –, as in the second sentence, we use the 
auxiliary verb does. Once again, where is followed by the interrogative form, which in this case is: 
does she usually park the car?
Now, have a look at an example in the simple past:
WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE
You found the car key. Where was it?
Você achou a chave do carro. Onde ela estava?
We can also use other verbs in the simple present to ask questions with where. The structure will 
be the same: where + interrogative form.
You probably remember how we make the interrogative form in the simple present with all the 
other verbs but the verb to be. We’ll use the auxiliary verb do for I, you, we, and they; and does for 
the third person singular – he, she, and it. 
Let’s see some examples:
WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS
Where do we get the subway to Brooklyn?
Onde nós pegamos o metrô para o Brooklyn?
Where does Mary usually park her car? 
Onde Mary geralmente estaciona o carro dela?
In this case, we have where, the auxiliary did, the subject you, the main verb find in its base form, 
and the complement. In short: where + interrogative form of the simple past. As a reminder, 
notice that the auxiliary did will be used for all persons. 
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In this case, when we say Where are you going (to)?, the use of the preposition 
is optional, because the verb to go always indicates direction, it doesn’t depend 
on the preposition to convey this meaning. But when you answer the question, 
using the preposition to is obligatory.
WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Where are you coming from?
De onde você está vindo?
 I’m coming from the hotel.
Eu estou vindo do hotel.
In the f irst sentence, we’re asking about origin, and the preposition from is 
very important because it is what really conveys the idea of origin. Without this 
preposition, the verb to come doesn’t necessarily refer to a place of origin. So, 
if you don’t use the preposition, the sentence will make no sense, there will be 
something missing.
Now, check out another example:
WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Where are you going (to)?
Para onde você está indo? / Aonde você está indo?
I’m going to the airport.
Eu estou indo para o aeroporto. / Eu estou indo ao aeroporto.
When it comes to main verbs, there is something important to be considered. 
Some verbs in English will require a preposition to help convey their meaning; 
others won’t. Let’s see how it works: 
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As you can see in both previous examples, we used the question word where 
and then the interrogative form of the present continuous: verb to be + subject 
+ main verb in the -ING form + complement.
We have seen many ways to ask questions about places using the interrogative 
form or the question word where with any verb form. 
But if we get lost and decide to ask for information, besides knowing how to ask 
the question, we also need to understand the answer. 
Chances are we get an answer in the imperative form when we ask for 
directions—Giving directions is basically telling someone how to go somewhere, 
much like giving instructions.
Let’s see a short dialogue:
– Excuse me. Could you show me the way to the beach? 
– Com licença. Você poderia me mostrar o caminho para a praia? 
– Sure. Turn right on the next street and walk ahead. 
– Claro. Vire à direita na próxima rua e siga em frente.
Have a look at the questions again in order to analyze their structure:
WHERE + INTERROGATIVE FORM
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Where are you coming from?
De onde você está vindo?
Where are you going (to)?
Para onde você está indo? / Aonde você está indo?
Note that there is no to preceding the verbs to turn and to walk to form the 
imperative.
Chapter 5 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesGrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script
Now you know how to use the modal verbs can and could
and the question word where to ask questions about places.
You can also use the imperative to give directions.
For more on these topics, go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Imperative Form Page 154 w
Interrogative Form Page 159 w
Modal Verb Can Page 165 w
Modal Verb Could Page 168 w
Question Word Where Page 193 w
As you can see in the examples, to form the imperative in the affirmative form, 
you must use the verb in itsbase form, without to, and add a complement, 
whenever necessary.
Let’s see a few more examples of giving directions using the imperative form:
Take this street/avenue/road.
Pegue essa rua/avenida/estrada.
Turn around. / Go back here.
Retorne aqui.
Go straight / straight ahead. 
Siga em frente.
Turn right/left. 
Vire à direita/esquerda.
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B. Fill in the blanks with the correct word according to the translation. 
a) Excuse me, is the Monterrey Hotel? 
 Com licença, onde f ica o Hotel Monterrey? 
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Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
( 1 ) Where + interrogative form of the Simple Present
( 2 ) Where + interrogative form of the Present Continuous
( 3 ) Where + interrogative form of the Simple Past
( 4 ) Where + interrogative form of the Modal Verb
a) ( ) Where are you coming from?
 De onde você está vindo?
b) ( ) Where did you find the car key? 
 Onde você achou a chave do carro?
c) ( ) Where does Mary usually park her car? 
 Onde Mary geralmente estaciona o carro dela? 
d) ( ) Excuse me. Where can I find a drugstore around here?
 Com licença. Onde eu posso encontrar uma farmácia por aqui?
e) ( ) Where is the parking lot? 
 Onde é o estacionamento?
f) ( ) Where are you going?
 Aonde você está indo?
A. Number the columns according to the function of the structures used in the sentences.
Chapter 5 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities
Notes
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b.
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d.
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e.
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f. 
2
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b.
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c.
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b) Excuse me. you show me the way to (a drugstore), please?
 Com licença. Você poderia me mostrar o caminho para (uma farmácia), por favor?
c) this street.
 Pegue essa rua.
d) left. 
 Vire à esquerda.
e) Excuse me. you tell me the way to this hotel?
 Com licença. Você pode me dizer o caminho para esse hotel?
f) straight ahead. 
 Siga em frente. 
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6At the Gas Station.
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[At a gas station, by the pump]
Steph:
So here we are at the gas station to show you guys how to f ill up your 
tank.
David:
Yes, and it’s a big thing to remember, guys. Make sure you remember 
there’s a difference between gallons and liters, right, Steph?
Steph:
Yeah, that’s right, honey! Make sure to remember: 1 gallon is 3.7 liters. 
Don’t forget!
David:
Also, you want to make sure you know which side the gas tank is on, 
because it can be on either side. So, make sure you check!
Steph:
That is true! Also, look around: there’s nobody here to help you, right? 
Do you see anybody?
David:
There’s no one!
Steph:
So, make sure to remember: you have to do this by yourself.
AT THE GAS STATION
The self-service culture has a high value in America, and many services are 
carried out by the customers themselves. Self-service fueling is definitely one of 
them. For those who are not used to it, though, it may be a little confusing in the 
beginning. That’s why in this chapter we will show you how you can f ill up the 
tank of your car in the U.S. in a nice way. You will also learn a couple of language 
items that will help you improve your English. Now look at the script of At the 
Gas Station.
Part 1.
Video Script
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David:
And you can pay with your credit card.
Steph:
Yes, you can! And if you’re having trouble paying with your credit card, 
remember: you have to go inside and pay with the clerk. If you do so, 
make sure to know the pump number, because you’re going to need it. 
Should we do it?
David:
Let’s do it!
Steph:
Let’s go!
[At the clerk booth]
Steph:
Hi! I would like US$50 on pump number 8, please! If I’m f illing up the 
tank, is it safe?
David:
How do I do it? Where is the gas tank?
Ralph (gas station clerk):
So, the f irst thing you do, I guess, is to make sure your car is in park, 
okay? You don’t want the car rolling away!
Steph:
That’s true!
Ralph (gas station clerk):
You try to f ind the button where the gas tank is located. So you hit that 
button and the gas tank opens! And then you go to the pump where 
you’re at, and you choose which gas you want!
Steph:
Are there different types of gas?
Ralph (gas station clerk):
There are a couple of different types of gas.
Steph:
Remember that!
Ralph (gas station clerk):
There’s unleaded, plus, and premium. And sometimes there’s diesel! 
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But diesel is for cars that are really big cars. Like him! He’s like a tall guy! 
Steph:
He would be a diesel guy!
Ralph (gas station clerk):
So, after you’re done with that, you take the nozzle outside of what’s 
holding it, open your gas tank, put the nozzle inside and start the gas, 
and you don’t have to worry. The gas will stop once it’s reached the 
money that you put in there, or, once the tank is full, the levers will stop 
pouring gas. So, don’t worry! It’s not going to overf low! Or catch on f ire!
Steph:
I know you don’t want that! Thank you so much! Oh my gosh, that was 
so helpful!
David:
It was incredible, guys!
Steph:
Thank you, Ralph! That was amazing! That was amazing!
NO POSTO DE GASOLINA
[Em um posto de gasolina, ao lado da bomba]
Steph:
Estamos aqui no posto de gasolina para mostrar a vocês como encher o 
tanque.
David:
Sim! E algo importante para se lembrar, pessoal: não se esqueçam de 
que existe uma diferença entre galões e litros, certo, Steph?
Steph:
Sim, isso mesmo, querido! Lembrem-se de que 1 galão corresponde a 
3,7 litros. Não esqueçam!
David:
Aliás, certif iquem-se de que lado do carro f ica o tanque, pois ele pode 
f icar de qualquer um dos lados. Então, lembrem-se de verif icar.
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Steph:
É verdade! E também olhem à sua volta, pois não há ninguém aqui para 
ajudar, certo? Você está vendo alguém?
David:
Não tem ninguém aqui!
Steph:
Então lembrem: vocês têm que fazer isso sozinhos.
David:
E vocês podem pagar com o cartão de crédito.
Steph:
Sim, podem! E se vocês tiverem dif iculdade em pagar com o cartão de 
crédito, lembrem-se de que podem entrar e pagar a um dos caixas. Caso 
vocês prefiram fazer desse jeito, memorizem o número da bomba de 
combustível porque vocês vão precisar dele. Vamos lá?
David:
Vamos lá!
Steph:
Vamos!
[Junto ao caixa do posto de gasolina]
Steph:
Oi! Eu gostaria de colocar US$50 na bomba 8, por favor! É seguro eu 
encher o tanque sozinha?
David:
Como fazemos? Onde que f ica o tanque?
Ralph (atendente do posto):
Então, a primeira coisa a se fazer é se certif icar de que seu carro esteja 
em ponto morto, OK? Você não quer que seu carro f ique solto!
Steph:
É verdade.
Ralph (atendente do posto):
Tente achar onde está o botão que destrava o tanque de gasolina. 
Então, você aperta esse botão e o tanque de gasolina abre! Depois, você 
vai até a bomba e escolhe o tipo de gasolina que você quer!
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Steph:
Existem tipos diferentes de gasolina?
Ralph (atendente do posto):
Existem alguns tipos diferentes de gasolina.
Steph:
Lembrem-se disso!
Ralph (atendente do posto):
Tem a gasolina comum, a plus e a premium. E às vezes tem diesel! Mas 
diesel é para carros bem grandes. Como ele! Ele é um cara alto!
Steph:
Ele seria um cara a diesel!
Ralph (atendente do posto):
Então, depois que você escolheu, você tira o bocal de onde ele estiver 
pendurado, abre seu tanque de gasolina, insere o bocal, e começa a 
colocar gasolina.E você não precisa se preocupar: a bomba vai parar 
assim que chegar na quantia que você inseriu, ou, assim que o tanque 
encher, as alavancas vão parar de encher o tanque. Então, não se 
preocupe! Não vai transbordar! Nem pegar fogo!
Steph:
Acho que vocês não querem que isso aconteça! Muito obrigado! Nossa, 
isso foi bem útil!
David:
Foi ótimo, pessoal!
Steph:
Obrigada, Ralph! Foi incrível! Incrível!
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Let’s see how to fill up the tank in the United States. First of all, it’s important to know the 
answer to this question:
Since most cars in the U.S. have a lever or a button that opens the tank lid from inside, the 
fourth step must be done before you get out of the car. 
At most gas stations in the U.S. you have to pay f irst in order to have access to the fuel. We can 
do that in two ways: we can pay either the clerk, who is usually inside the convenience store, or 
at the pump. 
If you choose to pay the clerk, then you must check the pump number by which you parked the 
car and go into the store.
On which side of the car is the gas tank? 
Em qual lado do carro está o tanque de gasolina? 
This is important so that, when you get to the gas station, you are able to stop the car with the 
gas tank facing the pump. Here is what you have to do once you get to the gas station: 
 1. Choose a gas pump and stop the car with the gas tank facing it. 
 Escolha uma bomba de gasolina e estacione com o tanque virado para a bomba. 
 2. Put the car in park and turn it off. 
 Coloque o carro em ponto morto e desligue. 
 3. Turn off the headlights and don’t use the phone. 
 Desligue os faróis e não use o celular.
 4. Open the fuel door.
 Abra a tampa do tanque de gasolina.
Vocabulary
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Notice that we use sir to talk to a man, and ma’am to talk to a woman in a polite way.
If you would rather pay at the pump, you will have to interact with a machine, and 
start from the payment part. There should be instructions like the following ones 
on the screen:
Insert the card. 
Insira seu cartão de crédito ou débito. 
Enter your PIN.
Digite sua senha.
You can start a conversation with the 
clerk by greeting them:
Some gas stations may offer a car wash to be included. If 
that is the case, there will be this question on the screen:
Car wash today? 
Deseja lavar o carro hoje?
Hello! Good morning / Good afternoon / Good evening.
Olá! Bom-dia / Boa-tarde / Boa-noite.
You can pay cash or with a credit card, and the clerk will program 
the pump to release the gas you have purchased. They do it from 
the computer inside the store. When it’s done, the clerk may say:
All set, sir! / Go ahead, ma’am. 
Tudo certo, senhor! / Vá em frente, senhora.
After that, you should tell them the amount you 
wish to pay and the pump number. Like this: I’d like 20 dollars on pump number 3, please. 
São 20 dólares na bomba número 3, por favor. 
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If you wish to spend just 20 dollars, but do not 
have the option to preset the amount, you must 
pay attention to the screen and turn off the 
lever when that amount is reached. 
After that, you will choose the grade of gas 
you want. There is usually diesel, which is 
specif ic to some vehicles; unleaded or regular, 
which is the cheapest grade; and plus and 
premium, which are different kinds of a special 
gas normally used in sophisticated cars. You 
can check the car owner’s manual to make sure 
which one you are supposed to use. Once the 
choice is made, you will have to press a button 
like one of the following:
Or, if there is a different handle for each kind of 
gas grade, it will be somewhat like this:
Simply press the button that refers to what you wish to do: yes to include a car 
wash, and no to refuse it. Sometimes you may see something like this on the screen:
Insert the amount. 
Insira o valor.
After that, you must type in how many dollars you wish to spend on gas.
As soon as the payment is authorized, you will see this instruction on the screen:
Remove nozzle. 
Retire o bocal.
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An important detail to consider is that, in the United States, liquids are measured 
in gallons. And the gas price is also per gallon. Take a look:
One gallon is 3.7 litters. 
Um galão equivale a 3,7 litros.
Price per gallon
Preço por galão
In this chapter, you have learned how to pump gas in the United States, 
as well as the main interactions with the pump or the clerk.
If you feel insecure, ask someone who is also pumping gas to help you out. You 
can approach them and say:
Excuse me, could you help me fill up the tank, please? 
Com licença, você poderia me ajudar a encher o tanque, por favor?
If you end up using less money than the amount you have paid for, you just need 
to go inside the convenience store and get the change. You can tell the clerk:
Can I have the change for pump number 3, please?
Posso pegar o troco para a bomba número 3, por favor?
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3 
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9 
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/ 
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f. 
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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words, according to the translation.
( 1 ) Gas station
( 2 ) Pump
( 3 ) Clerk
( 4 ) Type of gas
( 5 ) Nozzle
( 6 ) Price per gallon
( 7 ) Change
( 8 ) Gas tank
( 9 ) Liters
( 10 ) Insert the 
 amount
( ) Balconista/Atendente
( ) Litros
( ) Bocal
( ) Bomba de gasolina
( ) Troco
( ) Insira o valor
( ) Posto de gasolina
( ) Tipo de gasolina
( ) Preço por galão
( ) Tanque de gasolina
a) One is 3.7 liters.
 Um galão equivale a 3,7 litros.
b) On which side of the car is the ?
 Em qual lado do carro está o tanque de gasolina?
c) Choose a and stop the car with the gas tank facing it.
 Escolha uma bomba de gasolina e estacione com o tanque virado para a bomba.
d) Remove the .
 Retire o bocal.
e) Could you help me the tank, please? 
 Você poderia me ajudar a encher o tanque, por favor?
f) Can I have the for pump number 2, please? 
 Posso pegar o troco para a bomba número 2, por favor?
Part 3.
ActivitiesVocabulary
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We can include the subject you in the imperative to emphasize what you have to do. In the 
aff irmative form, we can place you before the verb. In the negative form, we use the subject you 
after the auxiliary verb don’t. So, it becomes don’t you.
In the last chapters, we’ve seen a lot of verbs in the imperative form. For example, when we ask 
for directions, we may hear:
Go straight ahead.
Vá em frente.
Turn right/left.
Vire à direita/esquerda.
Don’t park there.
Não estacione ali.
These are just a few examples of the imperative, which is widely used in English to give 
commands, instructions, and even to make requests—And the difference between them depends 
on the context and intonation. But all these sentences have one thing in common: the subject does 
not appear in any of them. 
Look at the sentences again and pay attention:
Go straight ahead.
Vá em frente.
Turn right/left.
Vire à direita/esquerda.
Don’t park there.
Não estacione ali.
As you can see, the subject is omitted in every example. In the affirmative form, we use the main 
verb (go and turn) and the complement (straight aheadand right/left). And in the negative form 
we use the auxiliary verb don’t, followed by the main verb (park), and then the complement (there).
As you know, the subject indicates who is performing the action in the sentence. When we give 
a command, an instruction, or make a request, we are always referring to the person or people we 
are talking to, and that’s why it is usually omitted from the sentence: in the imperative, the subject 
is always you.
But it is still possible to use the subject. Take a look:
You go straight ahead.
Vá em frente.
You turn right/left.
Vire à direita/esquerda.
Don’t you park there.
Não estacione ali.
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We use the subject pronoun he to avoid repeating the noun Tony.
Let’s review the subject pronouns:
As you can see, even in the imperative, in which the subject is rarely used, the 
position of the subject is always before the main verb.
The subject of a sentence can be a noun. For example:
Tony always parks by the meter.
Tony sempre estaciona perto do parquímetro.
As we have already seen, if we want to keep talking about Tony, we don’t need 
to mention Tony over and over again. In this case, we can replace the noun Tony 
with a pronoun. And then we will use a subject pronoun because, after all, Tony 
is the subject of the sentence. As the name says, these pronouns will always 
replace nouns in the subject position.
Check it out:
Tony always parks by the meter. 
Tony sempre estaciona perto do parquímetro. 
He is a responsible driver. 
Ele é um motorista responsável.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
 I 
 Eu
 You
 Você 
 He
 Ele
 She 
 Ela
 It 
 Ele/Ela 
 We
 Nós
 You 
 Vocês 
 They 
 Eles/Elas
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This is the only subject pronoun that can be used like that, as an impersonal 
pronoun. Even so, its use still follows the general rule of subject pronouns, that is, 
in the previous example, we are using it to perform the function of the subject in 
the sentence, and it is placed before the main verb. In this case, to be is the main 
verb, and we can see it in the contracted form with the subject. 
So, in short: subject pronouns replace nouns that work as the subject of 
the sentence, and they always come before the main verb. There is only one 
exception, though: interrogative sentences with the verb to be as the main 
verb. Compare:
MAIN VERB: TO BE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
It’s very economical.
Ele é muito econômico.
The car is very fast, and it’s also very economical.
O carro é bem rápido, e ele também é muito econômico.
O carro é bem rápido, e também é muito econômico.
But the pronoun it can also be used simply to perform the function of the subject 
in the sentence, without replacing any noun. Look:
It’s important to respect the speed limit.
É importante respeitar o limite de velocidade.
Bear in mind that it can be used to replace a noun that is not referred to a person, 
such as in this next example:
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Is it very economical?
Ele é muito econômico?
NEGATIVE FORM
It’s not very economical.
Ele não é muito econômico.
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In the sentence, the main verb is asked, in the past. The name Tony is before 
the main verb, whereas the name Karen is after the main verb. So, Tony is the 
subject and Karen is the object of the verb.
MAIN VERB: OTHER VERBS 
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I like this car very much.
Eu gosto muito desse carro.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Do you like this car?
Você gosta desse carro?
NEGATIVE FORM
I don’t like this car very much.
Eu não gosto muito desse carro.
The main verb of the sentences is like. In the affirmative and negative sentences, the 
subject I is placed before the main verb. In the negative, we include the auxiliary don’t, 
but the subject is still before the main verb like. However, in the interrogative form, the 
auxiliary verb do comes before the subject, and the subject’s position remains the same: 
before the main verb like.
Now you know how to use subject pronouns, and that they replace the nouns before the 
main verb, except in sentences in the interrogative form with the verb to be as the main verb.
Let’s take a look at how we can replace a name that comes after the main verb. Look:
Tony asked Karen to park.
Tony pediu para Karen estacionar.
As you can see, in the affirmative form, the subject it is placed before the verb to 
be, and it can be used in the contracted form it’s. In the negative form, the same 
happens, though we add not to the sentence. So we have it’s not. However, in 
the interrogative form, f irst we use the verb to be, which is the main verb of the 
sentence, and then the subject it. So we have is it. 
But bear in mind that this only happens when the verb to be is the main verb of 
the sentence, and only in the interrogative form. This will not happen with the 
other verbs. Let’s compare the sentences:
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Again, Tony is the subject, so it comes before the main verb gave. Karen is the 
object, and it is placed after the verb. The pronouns don’t need to be right before 
the verb in order to be the subject or right after it to be the object. In the previous 
example, Karen, the object, is not right after the main verb gave, but that doesn’t 
change its function. When we replace the noun with a pronoun, we will use an 
object pronoun, which in this case is her.
Tony asked Karen to park.
 1 2
Tony pediu para Karen estacionar.
He asked her to park.
 1 2
Ele pediu a ela para estacionar.
1 subject 
2 object
Since Tony is the subject of the sentence, third person singular masculine, we use 
he, whereas Karen, third person singular feminine, is the object of the sentence, 
so we use her. 
Let’s look at another example:
Tony gave the car keys to Karen.
 1 2
Tony deu as chaves do carro para Karen.
He gave the car keys to her.
 1 2
Ele deu as chaves do carro para ela.
1 subject 
2 object
If the subject is the element in the sentence that performs the action, then the 
object is the element that suffers the action. To replace a noun in the object 
position, we have to use object pronouns.
Look at these sentences:
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There are two sentences here. In the f irst one, we used the noun car as the object. In the second sentence, 
we used it to replace car, but it’s still the object. Notice that it is the object because it’s after the main verb 
turn since it suffers the action of being turned off. The subjects are omitted in the sentences because they are 
in the imperative form.
Now have a look at the example:
Excuse me, could you help me with the gas pump, please? 
Com licença, você poderia me ajudar com a bomba de 
gasolina, por favor?
Here, the verb help is the main verb, so you is the subject, and the object 
pronoun of the sentence is me.
Let’s take a look at another example:
Put the car in park. Then, turn it off. 
Coloque o carro em ponto morto. Depois, desligue ele. / Depois, o desligue.
So, in this chapter, you’ve seen how 
to use the subject and object pronouns.
For more on these topics, 
go to the Grammar Guide section 
at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Object Pronouns Page 176 w
Subject Pronouns Page 226 w
OBJECT PRONOUNS
 Me 
 Mim/me
 You
 Você 
 Him
 Ele/lhe/o
Her
Ela/lhe/a
It 
Ele / ela / lhe / o /a
Us
A gente / nos
You 
Vocês 
Them 
Eles / elas / lhes / os / as
Let’s see the object pronouns:
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B. Fill in the blanks with the correct words according to the translation. 
a) Could you help fill up the tank, please?
 Você poderia me ajudar a encher o tanque, por favor? 
b) is a responsible driver. 
 Ele é um motorista responsável.
Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
( 1 ) Subject Pronoun
( 2 ) Object Pronoun
a) ( ) Excuse me, could you help me with the gas pump, please? 
 Com licença, você poderia me ajudar com a bomba de gasolina, por favor? 
b) ( ) Put the car in park. Then, turn it off. 
 Coloque o carro em ponto morto. Depois, desligue ele.
c) ( ) He gave the car keys to her.
 Ele deu as chaves do carro para ela.
d) ( ) He asked her to park.
 Ele pediu a ela para estacionar.
e) ( ) It’s very economical.
 Ele é muito econômico.
A. Classify the words in bold according to the following.
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Notes
A
ct
iv
ity
 B
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
a.
 m
e 
b.
 H
e
c.
 it
d.
 It
’s 
/ I
t i
s 
e.
 h
er
f. 
it
d.
 1
e.
 1
A
ct
iv
ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
a.
 1
b.
 2
c.
 2
c) The car is very fast, and is also very economical.
 O carro é bem rápido, e ele também é muito econômico.
d) is important to respect the speed limit.
 É importante respeitar o limite de velocidade.
e) He gave the car keys to .
 Ele deu as chaves do carro para ela.
f) Put the car in park. Then, turn off. 
 Coloque o carro em ponto morto. Depois, desligue ele.
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7Returning the Car.
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[Driving around]
Steph:
All right, you guys, so this is our very last segment! We hope that this 
was helpful! I know it’s very confusing and it’s a lot of information, but I 
hope that you are now comfortable, and you can come rent a car in the 
U.S. So, for the very last time…
David:
Let’s check it out!
[At the car rental]
Steph:
All right, you guys, that’s it! We are returning the car, which is really sad, 
because I really had so much fun driving it.
David:
We had fun, oh my God! Well, there’s a couple of things you must 
remember. First of all, please, make sure the car is clean. Please, it’s not 
worth it. They will charge you. 
It’s very important that you f ill the tank.
Steph:
You have to have a full tank, you guys. Make sure you go to the 
gas station before you head back to the car rental place. You’ll get 
overcharged, and you don’t want to do that.
David:
It’s not worth it, just f ill the tank. And last but not least…Oh, yes! Don’t 
forget anything!
RETURNING THE CAR
You have come to the end of your ride around the roads of the United States. 
Now it is time to return your rental. In this chapter, we will show you how to 
nicely go through this process. You will learn not only what to say and what to 
do, but also some very interesting language items that will help you improve your 
language skills. 
Now look at the script of Returning the Car. 
Part 1.
Video Script
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Steph:
No, don’t!
David:
Don’t be like her and forget your comb and make a big...just don’t. Just 
remember everything.
Steph:
And, yeah, there are a few things that they might ask you once you 
return the car, which is, you know, “how did it go?” “Did you encounter 
any issues?” “Did you have fun?” So, you can just tell them about your 
experience, and that’s just standard procedure. You will hand the keys 
over and then that’ll be it! 
I think that’s it. We’ve covered everything step by step. You know, 
through the whole process about renting a car, how to do it, and I hope 
it was helpful!
David:
Yeah, it’s been fun!
Steph:
Right?
David:
You’re going to have fun, and you’re going to do great!
Steph:
All right! See you!
David:
Bye, guys!
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DEVOLVENDO O CARRO
[Dirigindo pela cidade]
Steph:
OK, pessoal! Esse é o nosso último segmento! Nós esperamos que tenha 
sido útil! Eu sei que é muito confuso e é muita informação, mas espero 
que agora vocês estejam mais à vontade, e que consigam alugar um 
carro nos Estados Unidos. Então, pela última vez...
David:
Vamos conferir!
[No estacionamento da locadora]
Steph:
OK, pessoal! É isso! Estamos devolvendo o carro, o que é bem triste 
porque eu me diverti muito dirigindo. 
David:
Meu Deus, foi bem divertido! Bem, tem algumas coisas de que você 
precisa lembrar. Primeiramente, certif ique-se de que o carro esteja 
limpo. Por favor, não vale a pena. Eles vão te cobrar pela limpeza. E é 
muito importante que vocês encham o tanque.
Steph:
Vocês têm que encher o tanque, pessoal! Lembrem-se de passar em 
um posto de gasolina antes de voltar à locadora. Valores altos serão 
cobrados, e vocês não querem que isso aconteça.
David:
Não vale a pena; então, completem o tanque. E, por último, e não menos 
importante... Sim, não esqueçam nada no carro.
Steph:
Não esqueçam!
David:
Não sejam como ela, que esquece um pente e causa uma grande... só 
não esqueçam nada.
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Steph:
E sim, tem algumas coisas que eles podem perguntar quando vocês 
forem devolver o carro. Por exemplo: “Como foi a viagem?”, “Vocês 
tiveram algum tipo de problema?”, “Vocês se divertiram?”. E vocês 
podem contar a sua experiência, e tudo isso é só um procedimento 
padrão. Vocês vão entregar as chaves e pronto, é isso! 
Eu acho que é isso, acho que cobrimos tudo, passo a passo. Sobre todo o 
processo de alugar um carro, como fazer tudo, e espero que tenha sido útil!
David:
Sim, foi divertido!
Steph:
Né?
David:
Vocês vão se divertir, e vai dar tudo certo!
Steph:
Tá bom. A gente se vê!
David:
Tchau, pessoal!
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Then, you can just say that you want to return the car. Like this:
I’m here to return the car. 
Vim devolver o carro.
At this point, the attendant will probably show you the parking 
spot. So, you will park the car, get out, and wait for it to be 
inspected. This is standard procedure. As they do so, there might 
be some small talk. The attendant might ask you about your trip by 
saying: 
How was your trip?
Como foi a viagem?
It is time to return your rental. When you get to the return spot, the attendant will probably 
greet you and then offer their help. Take a look:
Good morning, sir/ma’am. 
Bom dia, senhor(a).
How may I help you? 
Como posso te ajudar?
Good afternoon, sir/ma’am. 
Boa tarde, senhor(a).
Good evening, sir/ma’am. 
Boa noite, senhor(a). 
And you can answer:
The trip was good!
A viagem foi boa!
Nice! 
Boa!
Fantastic!
Fantástica!
Great! 
Ótima!
Vocabulary
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The answer is simple: yes or no. But if you say no, they will probably ask you 
why. Then you can explain the reasons. For example:
The car is not very economical.
O carro não é muito econômico. 
The car isn’t comfortable for long rides.
O carro não é confortável para viagens longas.
The attendant may also want to know more about the 
condition of the car at that particular moment. So, they 
may ask:
Is the tank full?
O tanque está cheio?
The next question you will hear is probably this one:
Did you take all your belongings?
Você pegou todos os seus pertences?
Most attendants will also ask you about your experience with the car.They 
might ask if you are happy with their service, if the car was in good condition 
when you picked it up, or if there was any kind of problem. So, the next 
questions are likely to be the following:
Did you like the car?
Você gostou do carro?
Did the car meet your expectations?
O carro atendeu às suas expectativas? 
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And you may as well add:
And then, the attendant will probably ask you if you have had any 
kind of incident or minor accident. They may say:
Did you have any incidents?
Você teve algum incidente? 
Did you use the insurance?
Você acionou o seguro?
Did you have any minor accident?
Você teve algum acidente pequeno?
To which you could answer:
We had a minor accident.
Sofremos um pequeno acidente.
There were no damages to the car.
O carro não sofreu danos. 
There was little damage to the car.
O carro sofreu poucos danos.
Did you collect all your belongings? = Did you gather all your belongings?
Você recolheu todos os seus pertences?
Notice we used the verb take. But two other verbs f it this sentence too: collect 
and gather. So, we could say:
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If you had a serious accident, you probably had to request an extra car and report 
the accident to the insurance company and the police. In this case, the attendant 
is probably going to ask you for the police report: 
Can I have the police report?
Pode me passar o boletim de ocorrência?
Then they may ask you to fill out a form with some details concerning the accident:
Can you fill out this accident report, please?
Pode preencher o relatório de acidente, por favor?
Nowadays, many car rental companies offer self-service drop-off. Each 
company has named this kind of service differently, but if you see anything similar 
to self-service drop-off or express return service, this is the general procedure 
you will have to follow: 
Take the car to the indicated drop-off location.
Leve o carro até o local de devolução indicado.
Fill out the contract with information concerning the return.
Preencha o contrato com informações sobre a devolução.
Regardless of your 
answer, the attendant will 
inspect the car and look 
for scratches, dents, or 
any other minor problems:
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Gas tank status
Quantidade de gasolina no tanque
Mileage today
Quilometragem atual (em milhas)
Time and date of return
Hora e data da devolução
So now you know how to return your rental and how to respond 
to common interactions related to this situation. 
The contract mentioned in the previous example is the one you get 
when you rent the car. A part of it should be specif ically completed 
with some important information concerning the express drop-off:
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A
ct
iv
ity
 A
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
3 
/ 5
 / 
9 
/ 1
1 
/ 4
 / 
8 
/ 
12
 /
 1
 /
 6
 /
 1
0 
/ 
7 
/ 
2
A
ct
iv
ity
 B
 –
 A
ns
w
er
s
a.
 c
le
an
 
b.
 F
ill 
up
c.
 b
el
on
gi
ng
s
d.
 tr
ip
 
e.
 e
xp
ec
ta
tio
ns
f. 
co
m
fo
rt
ab
le
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words according to the translation.
( 1 ) Rental
( 2 ) Car rental company
( 3 ) Comfortable
( 4 ) Attendant
( 5 ) Full tank
( 6 ) Drop-off location 
( 7 ) Self-service 
 drop-off
( 8 ) Return the car
( 9 ) Economical
( 10 ) Belongings
( 11 ) Collect
( 12 ) Minor accident
( ) Confortável
( ) Tanque cheio
( ) Econômico
( ) Recolher
( ) Atendente
( ) Devolver o carro
( ) Pequeno acidente
( ) Carro alugado
( ) Local de devolução
( ) Pertences
( ) Serviço de devolução 
 rápida
( ) Locadora de carros
a) Make sure the car is .
 Certifique-se de que o carro está limpo.
b) the tank before getting to the car rental.
 Encha o tanque antes de ir à locadora de carros.
c) Collect your .
 Recolha seus pertences.
d) The was good!.
 A viagem foi boa!
e) Did the car meet your . 
 O carro atendeu às suas expectativas?
f) The car isn’t for long rides.
 O carro não é confortável para viagens longas.
Part 3.
ActivitiesVocabulary
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In this chapter, you will learn the use of there + be and how to talk about the past using the 
simple past of regular and irregular verbs. 
The simple past is used to express an action that happened in the past. Let’s start by taking a 
look at its interrogative form. For example:
SIMPLE PAST
Did you like the car?
Você gostou do carro?
In this question, we have the auxiliary verb did, the pronoun you, which is the subject, the main 
verb like in its base form, without any conjugation, and the complement the car.
Look at this other one:
Did you collect all your belongings?
Você recolheu todos os seus pertences?
The structure is the same: did + subject + main verb + complement. In this case, we have the 
auxiliary verb did, the subject you, the verb collect in its base form, and the complement all your 
belongings.
If you want to ask a question using she, for example, just use she instead of you as the subject. 
Check it out:
Did she like the car?
Ela gostou do carro?
Did she collect all her belongings? 
Ela recolheu todos os pertences dela?
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Now the sentence is in the affirmative form and we have not used the auxiliary 
verb did to make it. Instead, we conjugated the main verb in the past. The past of 
the verb collect is collected.
In the negative form, we have the subject she, followed by did + not in the 
contracted form, didn’t, the main verb like in its base form, and the complement 
the car.
Let’s see another example:
Did you collect all your belongings? 
Você recolheu todos os seus pertences? 
No, I didn’t collect all my belongings.
Não, não recolhi todos os meus pertences.
The structure remains the same: subject + did not or didn’t + main verb + 
complement. In the previous example, we have the subject I, the contracted form 
didn’t, the main verb collect in its base form, and then the complement all my 
belongings. 
As you can see, the structure of the negative form doesn’t change, be it with I, 
you, he, she, it, we, or they.
Check this next example out:
Did you collect all your belongings? 
Você recolheu todos os seus pertences? 
Yes, I collected all my belongings.
Sim, eu recolhi todos os meus pertences.
SIMPLE PAST
Did she like the car?
Ela gostou do carro?
No, she didn’t like the car. 
Não, ela não gostou do carro. 
It’s exactly the same structure; We’ve just replaced the pronoun.
Now let’s see what happens when we try to answer these same questions in the negative form:
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Regular verbs are the ones whose past will be formed by adding the suff ixes -D, 
-ED, or -IED to the base form.
Now let’s take a look at some other examples so that we can understand when to 
use -D, -ED or -IED:
SPELLING RULES: REGULAR VERBS
REGRAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: VERBOS IRREGULARES
General rule for regular verbs add -D
Regra geral para verbos regulares adicione -D
I liked the car.
Eu gostei do carro.
REGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE FORM: Like (gostar)
I liked the car. 
Eu gostei do carro.
That means the affirmative form is the only case in which the main verb gets 
modif ied to its past form.
At this point, it is crucial to mention one very important detail about the simple 
past that will be essentialto form aff irmative sentences: verbs in English are 
divided into regular and irregular.
First let’s see some examples of regular verbs:
INFINITIVE FORM: Try (tentar)
We tried to arrive earlier at the airport.
Nós tentamos chegar mais cedo no aeroporto.
INFINITIVE FORM: Collect ( recolher)
She collected all her belongings. 
Ela recolheu todos os pertences dela.
The verb like is regular and it ends in -E, so we added -D to the end of the base 
form to put it in the past. This is the general rule for regular verbs. We use this 
same form for every subject.
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As we have seen, in the interrogative form, there’s no change in the main verb. In 
this case, we are using have because we conjugate the auxiliary verb did.
But when we answer this question in the aff irmative form, I had a minor 
accident, we must use had, which is the past form of the verb to have. As you 
can see, the verb to have is irregular.
The verb try ends in a consonant + Y, so we dropped the -Y and added -IED.
Irregular verbs, on the other hand, are different. They don’t follow a rule, and 
their base form may completely change. Take a look:
Did you have any incidents?
Você teve algum incidente?
I had a minor accident. 
Eu tive um pequeno acidente.
SPELLING RULES: REGULAR VERBS
REGRAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: VERBOS REGULARES 
Regular verbs ending in -T, -D, -S, - SS, - Z, -X, -CH, -SH, and vowel + Y add -ED
Verbos regulares terminando em -T, -D, -S, - SS, - Z, -X, -CH, -SH e vogal + Y adicione -ED
She collected all her belongings.
Ela recolheu todos os pertences dela.
The verb collect, for example, is also regular, and it ends in -T, so we added -ED.
Now, look at another spelling rule: 
SPELLING RULES: REGULAR VERBS
REGRAS ORTOGRÁFICAS: VERBOS REGULARES 
Regular verbs ending in consonant + Y drop the -Y and add -IED 
Verbos regulares terminando em consoante + Y tire o -Y e adicione -IED
Now check this next one out:
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In the previous examples, we can see the past forms of the irregular verbs to 
drive, to meet, and to take. They follow no specif ic rule, and that’s why they are 
considered irregular. 
Moreover, bear in mind that we always use the same conjugation for all persons. 
This will happen to all verbs except the verb to be, which is the most irregular 
verb in English.
This is the past of the verb to be:
SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE 
I was
Eu fui/era/estive
You were
Você foi/era/esteve
He was
Ele foi/era/esteve
She was
Ela foi/era/esteve
It was
Ele/Ela foi/era/esteve
We were
Nós fomos/éramos/
estivemos
You were
Vocês foram/eram/
estiveram
They were
Eles/Elas foram/
eram/estiveram
IRREGULAR VERBS 
INFINITIVE FORM: Drive (dirigir)
I drove all the way to New York and back. 
Eu dirigi até Nova York e voltei.
Let’s see some other examples of irregular verbs in the simple past:
INFINITIVE FORM: Meet (encontrar; atender)
The car met all my expectations. 
O carro atendeu a todas as minhas expectativas.
INFINITIVE FORM: Take (pegar; tomar)
I took all my belongings before returning the car. 
Eu peguei todos os meus pertences antes de devolver o carro.
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As you can see, the particle not can be used separately or contracted with the 
verb to be in the past. In this case, we can either use was not or wasn’t. 
SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE 
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
The trip was great!
A viagem foi ótima!
As you can see in the previous example, in the aff irmative form, we start the 
sentence with the subject, then add to be in the past, and the complement. 
The big difference between the verb to be and the other verbs is that we won’t 
use did for the interrogative and negative forms:
SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE 
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Was your trip good? 
A viagem foi boa? 
In the interrogative form, we only invert the position of the verb to be and the 
subject. In this case, it becomes: Was your trip. Then we add the complement, 
which here is the adjective good. Similarly to the simple present of the verb to 
be, to form the interrogative in the past, we must place the verb to be before the 
subject. 
In the negative form, however, we use the same structure as the one used in the 
aff irmative sentence: subject + verb to be + complement. The only difference is 
that now we use not after the verb:
SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE 
NEGATIVE FORM
The trip was not / wasn’t very good. 
A viagem não foi muito boa. 
Let’s see an example of the Verb To Be in the simple past: 
Chapter 7 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesGrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script
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Notice that the structure in the past is the same as the one in the present. The 
difference is that the verb to be will be used in its past form: in the singular, it will 
be there was, and in the plural, it will be there were.
THERE + BE – SIMPLE PRESENT
SINGULAR
There is a small problem with the car.
Tem/Há um pequeno problema no carro.
PLURAL
There are some problems with the car.
Tem/Há alguns problemas no carro.
So, the singular form of there + be in the present will always be there is, 
whereas the plural form in the present will always be there are. 
Take a look at these examples with the past form of there + be:
THERE + BE – SIMPLE PAST
SINGULAR
There was a little problem with the car.
Teve/Houve um pequeno problema no carro.
PLURAL
 There were some problems with the car. 
Teve/Houve alguns problemas no carro. 
Now you know how to use the simple
past with regular and irregular verbs, and 
there + be in the present and past.
For more on these structures, 
go to the Grammar Guide section at 
the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE 
Irregular Verbs – Past Page 162 w
Regular Verbs Page 201 w
Simple Past – Other Verbs Page 205 w
Simple Past – Verb To Be Page 211 w
There Be Page 232 w
There’s another case in which we will use to be to form a very important English structure used 
to talk about existence: there + be. Let’s see some examples. First, in the present:
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Grammar ActivitiesChapter 7 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script
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B. Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s) according to the translation. 
a) any incidents?
 Você teve algum incidente?
b) a little problem with the car.
 Teve/Houve um pequeno problema no carro.
c) some problems with the car.
 Teve/Houve alguns problemas no carro.
d) The trip very good. 
 A viagem não foi muito boa. 
e) The car all my expectations.
 O carro atendeu a todas as minhas expectativas.
f) We to arrive earlier at the airport. 
 Nós tentamos chegar mais cedo no aeroporto.
A
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iv
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 B
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w
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a.
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id
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ou
 h
av
e 
b.
 T
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re
 w
as
c.
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d.
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as
n’
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e.
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f. 
tri
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d.
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e.
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f. 
I
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h.
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c.
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Part 5.
ActivitiesGrammar
a) ( ) To take
b) ( ) To be
c) ( ) To collect
d) ( ) To drive
e) ( ) To like
f) ( ) To have
g) ( ) To try
h) ( ) To meet
A. Write ( R ) for regular or ( I ) for irregular verbs.
Gram
Guide
mar
Grammar Guide.
Grammar
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Nouns can be either countable or uncountable.
Countable nouns are the ones that we can count; thus, they have a plural form.
Before countable nouns we can use the indefinite article or cardinal numbers to 
specify the exact amount we are referring to.
However, if we don’t know or don’t want to mention an exact amount, we can 
also use quantifiers to express the idea of quantity. Some quantif iers can only be 
used with countable nouns, such as few to express small quantities, and many 
to express large quantities. 
COUNTABLE NOUNS
There’sa cat in the garden.
Tem um gato no jardim.
(a cat: indefinite article + countable noun in the singular)
There are two cats at my front door.
Tem dois gatos na minha porta da frente.
(two cats: cardinal number + countable noun in the plural)
There were many cats at the adoption fair.
Havia muitos gatos na feira de adoção.
(many cats: quantif ier + countable noun in the plural)
Countable and 
Uncountable Nouns
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COUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers
Small amount
There are few people at the beach.
Há poucas pessoas na praia.
Large amount
There are many people at the beach.
Há muitas pessoas na praia.
Uncountable nouns are the ones you cannot count, and for this 
reason they do not have a plural form.
They are usually abstract ideas, liquids, grains, gases, or natural 
phenomena. As we usually treat uncountable nouns as singular nouns, 
we do not use the indefinite article with them, since the indefinite 
article means one.
It is important to notice that the concept of countable and 
uncountable nouns is present in several languages, but the words 
that are considered countable or uncountable may vary widely from 
one language to the other. 
In English, the nouns “travel,” “advice,” “information,” “baggage,” and 
“work” are uncountable. However, if you need to count them, there 
are some strategies you can use.
Let’s see an example in which we refer to people, which is a countable noun with an irregular plural.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
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UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE NOUNS
Similar meanings
Countable
 a journey/trip
 uma jornada/viagem
 a bag/suitcase/backpack
 uma bolsa/maleta/mochila
 a job/project/task
 um trabalho/projeto / uma tarefa
 a recommendation
 uma recomendação
 dollars/euros/reais/yens
 dólares/euros/reais/ienes
Uncountable
travel
viagem
baggage/luggage
bagagem
work
trabalho
advice
conselho
money
dinheiro
This strategy may not work every time, though. You may not want to use a similar 
word, or maybe there isn’t a similar word that f its the context.
In such cases, you can use a quantifier. The most frequent way to quantify 
uncountable nouns is to use either some or (a) piece of before these nouns.
The expression piece of can be used with not only the indefinite article (a piece of) 
meaning one, but also with cardinal numbers (two pieces of).
The f irst one is to use countable nouns with a similar meaning.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
some and (a) piece of
Some + Uncountable Noun
Can you give me some advice?
Você pode me dar alguns conselhos?
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Check some other examples with some and a piece of used with uncountable nouns.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
some and (a) piece of
Equipment – some equipment; a piece of equipment; two pieces of equipment
Equipamento – alguns equipamentos; um equipamento; dois equipamentos
Information – some information; a piece of information; two pieces of information
Informação – algumas informações; uma informação; duas informações
Furniture – some furniture; a piece of furniture; two pieces of furniture
Móvel – alguns móveis; um móvel; dois móveis
News – some news; a piece of news; two pieces of news
Notícia – algumas notícias; uma notícia; duas notícias
Cardinal Number + Piece of + Uncountable Noun
Can you give me two/three/four pieces of advice?
Você pode me dar dois/três/quatro conselhos?
Indefinite Article + Piece of + Uncountable Noun
Can you give me a piece of advice?
Você pode me dar um conselho?
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When referring to gases, grains, and liquids, we can count them by using a 
unit of measurement, such as kilos, liters, or ounces. We can also count the 
containers in which they have been packed.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Units of measurement or containers
Water – liters/bottles/gallons of water
Água – litros/garrafas/galões de água
Rice – kilos/pounds/packs of rice
Arroz – quilos/libras/sacos de arroz
Sugar – cubes/spoons/cups of sugar
Açúcar – torrões/colheres/xícaras de açúcar
Now you know the most frequent countable and uncountable nouns 
and how they can be quantified.
Regarding moods and feelings, it’s not possible to use a piece of, but it’s possible to 
use quantifiers, such as much, some, or little.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers
I’ve been under too much pressure lately.
Tenho estado sob muita pressão ultimamente.
I feel a bit frustrated, but I see some hope for the future.
Eu me sinto um pouco frustrado, mas vejo alguma esperança no futuro.
I’d gladly accept a little help from my friends.
Eu aceitaria de bom grado um pouco de ajuda dos meus amigos.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
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The imperative form is used to tell people what to do, and for this reason, it does not have an 
interrogative form. The imperative is only used in the affirmative and negative forms. 
In English, the imperative performs many functions. It can be used to give orders 
or to demand something, to instruct, to give advice or recommendation, or to 
encourage someone. 
Affirmative Form
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Go there.
Vá lá.
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Don’t come here.
Não venha aqui.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Structure
IMPERATIVE FORM
Functions
1. Order; demand
 Open your book. Don’t get in.
 Abra o seu livro. Não entre.
2. Instructions
 Mix the ingredients and add salt. Don’t put too much salt.
 Misture os ingredientes e adicione sal. Não coloque muito sal.
Imperative
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3. Advice, suggestions
 Have a cup of tea and rest. Don’t forget to take your coat.
Tome uma xícara de chá e descanse. Não se esqueça de levar seu casaco.
4. Requests; favors
 Bring it to me, please. Don’t tell John, please.
 Traga isso para mim, por favor. Não conte para o John, por favor.
5. Encouragement
 Try again! You can do it. Don’t give up. You can do it.
 Tente novamente! Você consegue. Não desista. Você consegue.
Imperative sentences are always addressed to the listener or listeners. So, the subject is always 
in the second person, which is “you,” in the singular or plural forms. For that reason, in most 
imperative sentences, the subject is omitted. 
However, the subject can be included in imperative sentences to add emphasis to the action. In 
such cases, it will be placed before the main verb, in both aff irmative and negative sentences.
Affirmative Form
Subject (second person) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
You sit down now.
Sente-se agora.
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Subject (second person) + 
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Don’t you lie to me.
Não minta para mim.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Using the Subject to Add Emphasis 
Imperative
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In English, we can only use the imperative form to address the person or people to whom we are talking. 
But if we want to make suggestions or requests in the first person, we can use the verb let in the imperative.
We’ll use the verb let in the imperative form, the object pronoun for the first person, which is either “me” 
or “us,” a verb in the infinitive form (without to), and the complement.
Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the First Person (me/us) + 
Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)
Let me see.
Deixe-me ver.
Let me help you.
Deixe-me ajudá-lo.
Let’s meet tomorrow. (Let’s Let us)
Vamos nos encontrar amanhã.
Let’s watch a movie tonight. (Let’s Let us)
Vamos assistir a um filme hoje à noite.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Making Suggestions or Requests in the First Person
We can use the same structure to make suggestions or requests for a third person. 
To do that, we just have to use the object pronouns in the third person.
Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the Third Person (him/her/it/them) + 
Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)
Let it go.
Deixe isso para lá.
Let him stay.Deixe-o f icar.
Let them talk.
Deixe-os falar.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Making Suggestions or Requests for a Third Person
And this is how we use the imperative in English.
Imperative
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The infinitive form of the verb is the verb in its base form. In English, the infinitive 
form is preceded by the particle “to.”
Have a look at some examples of verbs in the infinitive form:
Just like it happens in most languages, the infinitive form is used in several 
instances in English. One of the most common uses is to follow other verbs.
To eat
Comer
To speak
Falar
To go
Ir
To travel
Viajar
To study
Estudar
To work
Trabalhar
We want to travel next month.
Nós queremos viajar mês que vem.
(verb: want in the simple present + inf initive: to travel)
She needs to study for the exam.
Ela precisa estudar para a prova.
(verb: need in the simple present + inf initive: to study)
Did you have to work last week?
Você teve que trabalhar semana passada?
(verb: have in the simple past interrogative + infinitive: to work)
INFINITIVE FORM
VERB + INFINITIVE
Infinitive Form
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And the infinitive form is also frequently used after some adjectives.
All of these sentences have examples of verbs in the infinitive form, which is also called 
to-infinitive, because it is composed of two words in English: the particle to + the verb.
But we also use the bare infinitive, which is the verb in the infinitive form, but not preceded by 
the particle “to.” This is how verbs appear in the dictionary, and it’s also used after some verbs. 
And this is how we use the infinitive form in English.
I’m happy to see you!
Eu estou feliz em ver você!
(adjective: happy + inf initive: to see)
You are not allowed to stay here.
Você não tem permissão para f icar aqui.
(adjective: allowed + inf initive: to stay)
I’m ready to start.
Estou pronto para começar.
(adjective: ready + inf initive: to start)
They watched me do the job before they tried it.
Eles me viram fazer o trabalho antes de tentarem.
(verb: watch in the simple past + object: me + bare inf initive do)
We can’t travel with you this weekend.
Nós não podemos viajar com vocês neste f im de semana.
(modal verb can in the negative + bare inf initive travel)
They will finish this job tomorrow.
Eles vão terminar esse trabalho amanhã.
(modal verb will + bare inf initive finish)
ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE
VERB + BARE INFINITIVE
Infinitive Form
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Interrogative sentences in English follow some basic structures.
In a sentence with the verb to be as the main verb in the simple present or the 
simple past, there is no need to use an auxiliary verb. Therefore, the sentence 
will have the following structure: the verb to be as the main verb, the subject, 
and the complement.
Sentences that have one auxiliary or modal verb are made by placing the 
auxiliary right before the subject, and then the main verb, which may be 
followed by a complement.
In the case of verb forms that have more than one auxiliary, the structure is the 
first auxiliary verb, the subject, and then the second or third auxiliary verbs, 
followed by the main the verb and a complement, if necessary.
Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (Simple Present and Simple Past)
Verbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento (Simple Present and Simple Past)
Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)
Verbo Auxiliar ou Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)
First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + 
Complement (if necessary)
Primeiro Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Outros Auxiliares + Verbo Principal + 
Complemento (se necessário)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Structures
Interrogative Form
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However, in the case of verb forms in which the main verb is not 
the verb to be, one auxiliary verb or a modal verb is required.
Check out some examples with these structures. In verb forms such as the simple present and 
the simple past, in which the verb to be is the main verb, we don’t need an auxiliary to ask a 
question.
Structure: Verb To Be + Subject + Complement
Is she a lawyer?
Ela é advogada?
Were you home last night?
Você estava em casa na noite passada?
Structure: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)
Does she work as a lawyer? (main verb: work)
Ela trabalha como advogada? 
(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)
Did you do your homework? (main verb: do)
Você fez sua lição de casa? 
(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple past)
Can you help me? (main verb: help)
Você pode me ajudar? 
 (The modal verb can works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)
Are you studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)
Você está estudando para a prova? 
(The verb to be works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the present continuous)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Verb forms with the verb to be as the main verb (simple present and simple past)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Verb forms with other verbs as the main verb
Interrogative Form
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Question Full Answer Short Answer Wrong Answer
Do you like chocolate? Yes, I like chocolate. Yes, I do. Yes, I like.
Você gosta de chocolate? Sim, eu gosto de chocolate. Sim, eu gosto.
Depending on the verb form, there may be more than one auxiliary verb before the main verb, which is 
the case of the present perfect continuous.
Notice that in English when someone asks a question using auxiliaries, we can give a long or a short 
answer, and to give a short answer we need to use an auxiliary verb.
Structure: First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + 
Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)
Have you been studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)
Você tem estudado para a prova? 
(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)
Have you been waiting for a long time? (main verb: wait in the -ING form)
Você está esperando há muito tempo? 
(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Verbs forms with more than one auxiliary verb
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Long and short answers
And this is how we use the interrogative form in English. 
Now, you know its basic sentence structure.
Interrogative Form
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162
Irregular verbs are those that do not follow the rule for regular verbs. These 
verbs have different forms in the past that do not follow specif ic spelling rules. 
Some will have a different ending, some will have a vowel change, some will 
become totally different from their base form, and some won’t change at all.
The verb to read has no change in spelling. However, the pronunciation of the 
central vowel will be different. 
Another group of irregular verbs will change the stressed vowel in their past forms.
To cut (cut)
cortar
To begin (began)
começar
To come (came)
vir
To give (gave)
dar
To know (knew)
saber, conhecer
To run (ran)
correr
To see (saw)
ver
To hurt (hurt)
machucar
To let (let)
deixar, permitir
To put (put)
botar, colocar
IRREGULAR VERBS
No Change
REGULAR VERBS
Change the Stressed Vowel
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To break (broke)
quebrar
To have (had)
ter
To take (took)
levar, tomar
To drive (drove)
dirigir
To understand (understood)
entender, compreender
To bring (brought)
trazer
To make (made)
fazer
To tell (told)
contar, dizer
To get (got)
pegar, conseguir
To win (won)
ganhar
To buy (bought)
comprar
To say (said)
falar, dizer
To think (thought)
pensar, achar
To speak (spoke)
falar
To write (wrote)
escrever
IRREGULAR VERBS
Change the Stressed Vowel to “O” or “OU”
IRREGULAR VERBS
Change to end in a “D” Sound
Still in the group of irregular verbs that undergo changes in thestressed vowel, there is a very 
large group of verbs that will change the vowels from the base form to the vowel o, which is 
sometimes spelled “ou.” In some verbs from this group this will be the only change. Others 
undergo some additional changes. 
Another group of irregular verbs will be altered in order to have the final syllable of their past 
forms sounding as a D. Among the most frequent verbs, we can highlight three.
These widely used verbs are: to have, in the past had, to make, in the past made, and to say, 
in the past said (in this case we dropped the -Y and added –ID). 
Irregular Verbs - Past
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There’s also a group that will vary to have the ending -T in the simple past.
In addition to the ending, another feature of this group of verbs is that the stressed vowel in the base form, 
pronounced as a long vowel, in the past becomes a short vowel. For example, the verb to feel. The stressed 
vowel has a long sound. But, in the past, it’s felt, which is a short vowel, and it ends in -T. 
Check out a group of verbs that undergo similar changes:
There are three very frequent verbs in English that do not f it any of the groups mentioned, 
which are the verbs to be, to go, and to do. 
The verb to be is the most irregular verb in English. In the past, it is the only verb to have two 
different conjugations: was and were. Look at the conjugation table of the verb to be in the past.
To feel (felt)
sentir
To meet (met)
encontrar, conhecer
To keep (kept)
manter, permancer
To lose (lost)
perder
To leave (left)
sair, partir, deixar
To send (sent)
enviar
IRREGULAR VERBS
Change to end in a T Sound
To do (did)
fazer
 Subject Pronoun Verb To Be (Simple Past)
 I / he / she / it was
 you / we / they were
To go (went)
ir
To be (was/were)
ser, estar 
IRREGULAR VERBS
No pattern
IRREGULAR VERBS
To Be (ser/estar)
And now you know some irregular verbs in the past.
Irregular Verbs - Past
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I can’t drive.
Eu não posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: drive)
I can’t play the piano.
Eu não posso tocar piano.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: play + 
complement: the piano)
I can drive.
Eu posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: drive)
I can play the piano.
Eu posso tocar piano.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: play + complement: the piano)
Modal verbs function as auxiliary verbs, adding meaning to the main verb. 
They express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, 
obligation, or prohibition.
Modal verbs share the same sentence structure. In the affirmative, the 
structure is the subject, the modal verb followed by the main verb in the base 
form, and it can be followed by a complement or not.
In negative sentences, we keep the same pattern, but include not after the 
modal verb. We generally use the contracted form can’t.
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative Form
MODAL VERBS
Negative Form
Modal Verb Can
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Can you drive?
Você pode dirigir?
(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: drive)
Can you play the piano?
Você pode tocar piano?
(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: play + complement: the piano)
In interrogative sentences, we invert the position of the modal verb and the subject. 
The structure is the modal verb, the subject, the main verb in the base form, and a 
complement, when necessary. 
The modal verb can in its aff irmative form typically expresses possibility, present ability, 
and permission. In the negative form, it expresses lack of possibility, lack of ability, and lack 
of permission.
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative Form
MODAL VERB CAN
Uses
Affirmative
Possibility
I can meet you later.
Eu posso te encontrar mais tarde.
Present Ability
I can dance very well.
Eu posso/sei dançar muito bem.
Permission
You can come in. 
Você pode entrar.
Negative
Lack of Possibility
I can’t meet you later.
Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.
Lack of Ability
I can’t dance very well.
Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.
Lack of Permission
You can’t come in.
Você não pode entrar.
Modal Verb Can
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Interrogative
Asking for a Favor
Can you help me?
Você pode me ajudar?
Asking for Permission
Can I come in?
Eu posso entrar?
Asking about Possiblity
Can we meet after work?
Nós podemos nos encontrar depois do trabalho?
As for the interrogative form, the modal verb can is typically used to 
make requests. It’s used to ask for favors and for permission, or to 
ask about the possibility of something happening. 
MODAL VERB CAN
Uses
It’s important to acknowledge that these uses are usually easily noticed within the context, since the same 
sentence in different contexts may have different meanings. 
You can speak English.
Você pode/sabe falar inglês.
It’s possible for you to speak English in a certain situation.
É possível que você fale inglês em determinada situação.
You have the ability to speak English.
Você tem habilidade para falar inglês.
You have permission to speak English in a certain situation.
Você tem permissão para falar inglês em determinada situação.
MODAL VERB CAN
Contexts
And this is how you use the modal verb can. 
Modal Verb Can
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Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add 
meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs can express possibility, probability, 
ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.
Modal verbs follow the same sentence structure. Let’s look at structures 
in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.
In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb, and the main 
verb in the base form, which may be followed by a complement or not. 
Take a look at the table.
In negative sentences, we’ll include the word not after the modal verb. 
When we use the negative form, we generally use the contracted form couldn’t.
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
We could go to the gym.
Nós poderíamos ir à academia.
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
We couldn’t go to the gym.
Nós não pudemos ir à academia.
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative
MODAL VERBS
Negative
Modal Verb Could
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It’s important to notice that modal verbs, in general, should be associated with their functions in the context, 
and not with time (past, present or future). This is particularly important when analyzing the modal verb could 
since the time reference may change drastically according to its function in the context.
The modal verb could, in its affirmative and negative forms, can be used to express probability or lack of 
probability, either of a present or a future event. It can also refer to abilities, but in such case, could refers to 
past abilities.
Mary is not home right now. She’s usually at her parents’ in the morning. She could be there.
Mary não está em casa agora. Ela geralmente está na casa de seus pais de manhã. Ela pode estar lá.
(She could be there = It’s possible that she is there)
Mary’s parents are out of town. She couldn’t be there.
Os pais da Mary estão fora da cidade. Ela não poderia estar lá.
(She couldn’t be there = It’s not possible for her to be there)
MODAL VERB COULD
Probability / Lack of Probability (in the Present)
To make interrogative sentences, the modal verb is placed before the subject.
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Could we go to the gym together?
Nós poderíamos ir à academia juntos?
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative
We can also use the modal verb could to talk about probability in the future, that is, the chances for 
something to happen.
MODAL VERB COULD
Probability / Lack of Probability (in the Future)
Sylvia is an excellent professional. I think she could be the new manager.
A Sylvia é uma profissional excelente. Eu acho que ela poderia ser a nova gerente.(She could be the new manager = It’s likely to happen)
Brian is just as good. But he couldn’t be the new manager; he has no management skills.
Brian é tão bom quanto ela. Mas ele não poderia ser o novo gerente; ele não tem habilidades gerenciais.
(He couldn’t be the new manager = It’s not likely to happen)
Modal Verb Could
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Could you lend me your car?
Você poderia me emprestar o seu carro?
Could I borrow your car?
Eu poderia pegar o seu carro emprestado?
However, when we use the modal verb could to refer to ability, we are referring to abilities 
people had in the past, and that they probably don’t have anymore, or, in the case of negative 
sentences, abilities people didn’t have in the past.
Kevin won a lot of football tournaments back in our school days. Boy, he could run!
Kevin ganhou muitos torneios de futebol americano na época de escola. Cara, como ele 
sabia/podia correr!
George was a good player, but he couldn’t run long distances.
George era um bom jogador, mas ele não sabia/podia correr distâncias longas.
MODAL VERB COULD
Ability / Lack of Ability (in the Past)
The modal verb could in the interrogative form is used to ask about possibilities 
or abilities in the past. 
Could you meet me at the coffee shop tomorrow?
Você poderia me encontrar no café amanhã?
(Asking about possibilities for the future)
Could you speak English by the time you lived abroad?
Você podia/sabia falar inglês quando morou fora?
(Asking about ability in the past)
MODAL VERB COULD
In the interrogative, the modal verb could is also very frequently used to make 
requests in a polite way, either asking for a favor or permission.
MODAL VERB COULD
Making Requests
And now you know how to use the modal verb could. 
Modal Verb Could
Grammar
Guide
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Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb.
Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative 
forms, as you can see in the following table.
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
You must pay your taxes.
Você tem que pagar seus impostos.
You must be eighteen to drive in some countries.
Você tem que ter dezoito anos para dirigir em alguns países.
MODAL VERB MUST
Obligation/Necessity
Must is used in the aff irmative form to express obligation or necessity. 
For example:
Modal Verb Must
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John’s son was born. He must be very happy.
O filho do John nasceu. Ele deve estar muito feliz.
It must be nice to be rich.
Deve ser legal ser rico.
You must not (mustn’t) drink and drive.
Você não pode beber e dirigir.
Visitors must not (mustn’t) cross this line. This is a restricted area.
Os visitantes não podem cruzar esta linha. Esta é uma área restrita.
MODAL VERB MUST
Assumption/Deduction
MODAL VERB MUST
Prohibition
It can also be used to make assumptions or deductions in the aff irmative form. Have a look:
In the negative form, however, must is used to express prohibition. We generally 
use the contracted form, mustn’t. If you wish to emphasize the prohibition, use 
must not. For example: 
Must is rarely used in the interrogative form, but it can be used to confirm or to 
double-check duties and obligations. For instance: 
MODAL VERB MUST
Confirm and Double-check Duties and Obligation
Must I take the exam today? I didn’t know that.
Eu tenho que fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.
Eu sou obrigado a fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.
Mustn’t you be at the job interview at 9h? It’s 8:30h already.
Você não tem que estar na entrevista de emprego às 9h? Já são 8:30h.
Você não tem a obrigação de estar na entrevista às 9h? Já são 8:30h.
And this is how you use the modal verb must. 
Modal Verb Must
Grammar
Guide
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Modal Verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main 
verb. They express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or 
prohibition.
The structure of the modal verbs follows the same pattern. Check the following table.
In some cases, the modal verb would is used as a softer and less definitive form of the modal will, 
or as the past of will when we are reporting sentences.
Expressing hypothesis is one of the most common uses of the modal verb would. And since it is 
used to express hypothetical situations, you’ll see that it is used in many conditional sentences.
In such cases, we’ll use a clause with would to refer to unreal or uncertain situations together with 
an if-clause.
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Modal Verb Would
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We can also use would to make polite requests. If we observe it carefully, we’ll see that it’s still 
a request made from a hypothetical perspective, but now you are actually asking something 
from someone.
MODAL VERB WOULD
Polite Requests and Offers
If I had a lot of money, I would travel the world.
Se eu tivesse muito dinheiro, viajaria pelo mundo.
(I don’t have a lot of money. So, traveling the world is just a hypothetical situation.)
Would you invite your boss for your birthday?
Você convidaria o seu chefe para o seu aniversário?
(The question is asked out of curiosity. It’s a hypothetical situation.)
If I were you, I wouldn’t go to the Caribbean now. It’s hurricane season.
Se eu fosse você, eu não iria para o Caribe agora. É temporada de furacão.
(It’s a hypothetical situation because I am not you, and I am not going to the Caribbean.)
MODAL VERB WOULD
Hypothesis
Polite Requests Polite Offers
Would you help me with my project? Would you like some coffee?
Você me ajudaria com o meu projeto? Você aceitaria um café?
Would you go to the grocery store for me? Would you like me to drive you home?
Você iria ao supermercado para mim? Você gostaria que eu te levasse para casa?
Modal Verb Would
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And this is how you use the modal verb would. 
Would is also used to talk about a past habit or to express refusal in the past.
We can use would in expressions too. Would rather is used to say we prefer 
one thing to another. Most of the time, we use the contracted form, which is I’d 
rather.
Another commonly used expression with would is “would mind.” We use it to ask for favors or permission. 
But the structure is a bit different. Check it out in the following box. 
I asked her what was going on, but she wouldn’t tell me.
Perguntei o que estava acontecendo, mas ela não quis me dizer.
(I asked her in the past and she refused to tell me.)
When I was younger, I would argue with my brother all the time.
Quando eu era mais novo, eu discutia com meu irmão o tempo todo.
(It was a typical behavior in the past.)
I’d rather stay home tonight. I’m tired.
Eu prefiro f icar em casa hoje à noite. Estou cansado(a).
MODAL VERB WOULD
Talk about a past habit or express refusal in the past
MODAL VERB WOULD
Expressions– Would Rather
MODAL VERB WOULD
Expressions – Would Mind
Asking for a favor Asking for permission
Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind if I opened the window?
Você se importaria de abrir a janela? Você se importaria se eu abrisse a janela?
(Would you mind + verb in the -ING form) (Would you mind if + subject + verb in the past)
Modal Verb Would
Grammar
Guide
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There are two types of personal pronouns in English: personal pronouns used in the subject 
position, which, for that reason, are called subject pronouns, and personal pronouns used in the 
object position, which are called object pronouns. 
Check the following table to see the subject and object pronouns.
 Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns
 (Replace nouns as subjects) (Replace nouns as objects)
 I me
 eu me/mim
 
 you you
 você te/você
 he him
 ele ele/o/lhe
 she her
 ela ela/a/lhe
 it it
 ele/ela ele/ela/o/a/lhe
 we us
 nós nos/nós
 you you
 vocês vocês
 they them
 eles/elas eles/elas/os/as/lhes
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Second person
singular
Second person
plural
Third person
plural
Third person
singular
First person
singular
First person
plural
(exceto pessoas)
Object Pronouns
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OBJECT PRONOUNS
First Person Singular
OBJECT PRONOUNS
First Person Plural
Tell me. What is your problem?
Me conta. Qual é o seu problema?
Read this story to me, please!
Leia esta história para mim, por favor!
Do you want to talk to me?
Você quer falar comigo?
Tell us about your day.
Nos conte sobre o seu dia.
Are they talking about us?
Eles estão falando sobre nós / a gente?
Do you want to go to the movies with us?
Você quer ir ao cinema conosco / com a gente?
Object pronouns are usually placed after the main verb of the sentence, since they 
function as the object of these verbs. They might not be placed immediately after the 
main verb, but they will always come after it. The only exception to this rule is when 
they are used in certain expressions such as both of us, all of them, none of you, 
etc. In such situations, they can be part of the subject of a sentence.
Let’s now take a closer look at each object pronoun.
Some languages present variations of the object pronouns used depending on the 
verb they are complementing. But that won’t happen in English.
The first person pronouns used in the position of the object of the sentence will 
always be me for the singular and us for the plural. 
Object Pronouns
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I’ll help you.
Eu vou te ajudar. / Eu vou ajudar você. 
Eu vou ajudar vocês.
I don’t understand you.
Eu não te entendo. / Eu não entendo você. / 
Eu não entendo vocês.
I’ll help you people / you all / you both.
Eu vou ajudar vocês / vocês todos / vocês dois.
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Second Person Singular/Plural
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Second Person Plural
For the second person, the personal 
pronoun used as the object pronoun is 
the same used as the subject pronoun: 
you. And it is used for both singular and 
plural. Therefore, the context tells us if 
you will be referring to singular or plural.
When we read these sentences, it’s not clear if we are using you to refer to one 
or to more people, that is, singular or plural. Especially because they are isolated 
sentences.
In spoken language, chances are the context will make it clear, since you is used 
to refer to the person or to the people you are talking to. Either way, you can make 
it clearer that you are using the plural form by combining you with other words, 
for example: you people, you all, or you both.
Mike’s son looks just like him.
O filho do Mike se parece muito com ele.
(The object pronoun him refers to “Mike,” a male noun, 
and it’s the object of the sentence.)
My sister is an amazing person. I love to talk to her.
Minha irmã é uma pessoa incrível. Eu adoro conversar com ela.
(We used the object pronoun her to replace the female noun “my sister.”)
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Singular (Him/Her)
The third person singular object pronouns used for people are: him for masculine 
and her for feminine. Both are used mostly for people.
Object Pronouns
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I don’t understand this topic. I don’t understand it.
Eu não entendo este tópico. Eu não entendo (isto).
I love chocolate cake. I love it.
Eu adoro bolo de chocolate. Eu adoro (isso).
I’m watching this show. I’m watching it.
Estou assistindo a este programa. Estou assistindo (a isto).
I’m going to the beach with my friends. I’m going to the beach with them.
Estou indo à praia com meus amigos. Estou indo à praia com eles.
(The object is “my friends,” and it’s in the plural, so we could replace it with the object pronoun them.) 
I don’t know those people. I don’t know them.
Eu não conheço aquelas pessoas. Eu não as conheço. / Eu não conheço elas.
(To avoid repetition, we can replace the object “those people” with the object pronoun them.)
I like these shoes. I like them.
Eu gosto destes sapatos. Eu gosto deles.
(The object of the sentence is “these shoes.” To avoid repetition, we can use the object pronoun them.)
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Singular (It)
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Plural (Them)
There’s still another third person singular object pronoun that is used for the other 
cases: the pronoun it. This personal pronoun will also have the same form when 
used as the subject or as the object pronoun.
In the third person plural, we’ll use they as the subject pronoun, and them as the object pronoun. In the 
plural, we will use the same pronoun to refer to people, places, objects, animals, or any other third person 
plural reference. 
And now you know more about object pronouns.
Object Pronouns
Grammar
Guide
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Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, 
and how. In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word how.
The question word how means “in what way” or “to what extent” and, like all 
the other question words, it can be used in direct and indirect questions.
QUESTION WORD HOW
Direct and Indirect Questions
How are you feeling?
Como você está se sentindo?
(Direct Question: How + Structure of the Interrogative Form)
Can you tell me how you are feeling?
Você pode me dizer como está se sentindo?
(Indirect Question: How + Structure of the Affirmative Form)
The structure for direct questions is the question word followed by the 
interrogative form, and it can be used with different verb forms. 
In the simple present, we can use how with the verb to be or with other verbs. 
The difference is that when the verb to be is the main verb, we do not use an 
auxiliary verb. For all the other verbs, an auxiliary must be used to create the 
questions.
Check out some examples:
QUESTION WORD HOW
Simple Present
Structure: How + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
How are the kids?
Como estão as crianças?
(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)
Question Word How 
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Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form 
+ Complement (if necessary)
How do you go to work?
Como você vai para o trabalho?
(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb do must be used)
Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
How was the game?
Como foi o jogo?
(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)
Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + 
Complement (if necessary)
How did you go to the game?
Como você foi para o jogo?
(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb did must be used)
How can also be used in the simple past, and the structure will follow the same 
pattern of the simple present. The difference is that the verb to be or the auxiliary 
verb will be conjugated in the past. 
The question word how can also be used with continuous forms suchas the 
present and the past continuous. In this case, we’ll use how followed by the 
interrogative form of these structures.
For the interrogative form of the present and past continuous, the verb to be 
works as an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, the main verb in the -ING 
form, and a complement, if necessary.
QUESTION WORD HOW
Simple Past
Question Word How
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Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + 
Complement (if necessary)
How are you organizing your tasks?
Como você está organizando as suas tarefas?
(I am asking about an action that is in progress now)
How were you feeling when you started therapy?
Como você estava se sentindo quando iniciou a terapia?
(I asked about a feeling that was going on before the person decided to start therapy)
QUESTION WORD HOW
Present and Past Continuous
It is also possible to use how with perfect forms such as the present perfect and 
the present perfect continuous.
Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + 
Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)
How have you been?
Como você tem passado?
(I want to know how this person has been lately or since I last saw him or her)
Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + 
Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement (if necessary)
How have you been dealing with this situation?
Como você tem lidado com essa situação?
(It’s an ongoing situation that started in the past and is still going on)
QUESTION WORD HOW
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Question Word How
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Structure: How + Modal Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
How should we help her?
Como devemos ajudá-la?
(Should works as an auxiliary, and it was used to ask for 
guidance or recommendation)
How can we go to the party?
Como podemos ir para a festa?
(Can works as an auxiliary, and it shows the idea of possibility)
We also use how with modal 
verbs. In this case, they come right 
after the question word.
If you want to ask more specif ic questions using how, you can use an 
adjective or an adverb after it. Check out the examples.
How old is your brother?
Quantos anos seu irmão tem?
(How + Old = Age)
How much is this T-shirt?
Quanto custa esta camiseta?
(How + Much = Amount or Price)
How often do you go to the gym?
Com que frequência você vai à academia?
(How + Often = Frequency)
How many people were there at the concert?
Quantas pessoas havia no show?
(How + Many = Quantity)
How far is San Diego from Los Angeles?
Quão distante é San Diego de Los Angeles? / Qual é a distância de San Diego a Los Angeles?
(How + Far = Distance)
QUESTION WORD HOW
Modal Verbs
QUESTION WORD HOW
Other Possibilities
How long does it take to get there?
Qual tempo demora/leva para chegar lá?
(How + Long = Duration)
How tall is your brother?
Qual é a altura do seu irmão?
(How + Tall = Height for People)
How high is Mount Everest?
Quão alto é o Monte Everest? / Qual é a altura / o tamanho do Monte Everest?
(How + High = Height for Places)
Question Word How
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How can also be used with prepositions such as about. There are 
two ways we can use it—to offer something or to make a suggestion.
In spoken English, there is a very common expression with how—how come. It is 
used to ask about the reason why something has happened. We could say that how 
come is an informal way to ask “why.”
How come can also be used to show surprise. There is an important detail in the 
structure of the question, though: how come is always followed by the affirmative 
form, regardless of the verb form. 
How about a cup of coffee?
Que tal uma xícara de café?
(How + About + Noun = Offer)
How about going to the movies?
Que tal irmos ao cinema?
(How + About + Verb in the –ING Form = Suggestion)
How come she went to the party alone?
Como assim ela foi à festa sozinha?
(How Come + Structure of the Affirmative Form in the Simple Past)
How come she is not here?
Como é que ela não está aqui?
Como pode ela não estar aqui?
(How Come + Affirmative Form of the Simple Present)
HOW ABOUT
Offers and Suggestions 
HOW ABOUT
Reason and Surprise (Informal)
Question Word How
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We can also use how in exclamations. It can either be followed by a complete 
sentence or by an adjective. It’s important to notice, though, that what can also 
be used in exclamations.
The difference is that when there is either a complete sentence or only an 
adjective, you’ll use how. However, in the case of the structure adjective + noun 
or just a noun, you’ll have to use what.
Compare the difference:
How + Complete Sentence
How I love this city!
Como eu amo essa cidade!
(How + Subject “I” + Main Verb “love” + Complement “this city”)
How + Adjective
How beautiful!
Que bonito!
(How + Adjective “beautiful”)
What + (Article) + Adjective + Noun
What a beautiful city!
Que cidade bonita!
(What + Article “a” + Adjective “beautiful” + Noun “city”)
HOW AND WHAT
Exclamation
And now you know different ways to use the question word how, it’s meaning, structures in 
different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations.
Question Word How
Grammar
Guide
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Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. In this grammar 
guide, we’ll focus on the question word what, which is used to ask general 
questions.
In most cases, the structure of direct and indirect questions follows this pattern:
But when we ask direct questions with the question word what, there are three 
possible structures.
What is your favorite color?
Qual é a sua cor favorita?
(Direct Question: Question Word + Interrogative Form)
Tell me what your favorite color is.
Diga-me qual é a sua cor favorita.
(Indirect Question: Question Word + Affirmative Form)
1. What + Interrogative Form
2. What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement
3. What + Noun + Interrogative Form
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Direct and Indirect Questions
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Structure – Direct Questions
Question Word 
What 
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Let’s analyze each structure, starting with the f irst one, which is the question 
word what followed by an interrogative form. This structure can be used with 
any verb form. 
Let’s see some examples:
What does she want for breakfast?
O que ela quer de café da manhã?
(Simple Present: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)
What did you do yesterday?
O que você fez ontem?
(Simple Past: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)
What were you doing last week?
O que você estava fazendo semana passada?
(Past Continuous: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement)
What have you been doing lately?
O que você tem feito ultimamente?
(Present Perfect: Question Word + 1st Auxiliary + Subject + 2nd Auxiliary + 
Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement)
What would you do with a million dollars?
O que você faria com um milhão de dólares?
(Simple Present: Question Word + Modal Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)
QUESTION WORD WHAT
What + Interrogative Form
Question Word What
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It is important to notice that the structure what + interrogative form will never be used for 
questions about the subject of the sentence. When we follow this structure, it means that the 
subject is included in the given question.
Let’s take a closer look:
(The question is not about who performs the action, but about what the person 
wants. The subject “she” is part of the question. The core answer is “eggs and toast.”)
(Não tem relação com o sujeito, mas com o que o sujeito quer fazer. 
O sujeito “ela” é parte da pergunta. A resposta central é “ovos e torradas”.)
(It’s not about who was performing the action, but what the person was doing. 
The subject “you,” which is part of the question,becomes “I” in the answer. 
And the core answer is “traveling.”)
(Não tem relação com quem estava fazendo a ação, mas com o que a pessoa estava 
fazendo. O sujeito “você”, que é parte da pergunta, vira “eu” na resposta. 
A resposta central é “viajando”.)
QUESTION WORD WHAT
What + Interrogative Form
What were you doing last week?
O que você estava fazendo semana passada?
I was traveling.
 Eu estava viajando.
What does she want for breakfast?
O que ela quer de café da manhã?
She wants eggs and toast.
 Ela quer ovos e torradas.
Question Word What
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But it is possible to ask questions with the question word what to learn about the subject of a sentence. 
In such cases, we will use the structure: What + Verb in The Third Person Singular + Complement.
Check the following examples:
QUESTION WORD WHAT
What + Verb in Third Person Singular (+ Complement)
(The core answer is “spending time with my family,” which is the subject of the answer and is not 
part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “makes.”)
(A resposta central é “passar tempo com a minha família”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da 
pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “makes”, deixa.)
(The core answer is “a music festival,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part 
of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)
(A resposta central é “um festival de música”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte 
da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)
(The core answer is “not having money to pay their bills,” which is the subject of the answer and is 
not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)
(A resposta central é “não ter dinheiro para pagar suas contas”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz 
parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)
What makes you happy?
O que deixa você feliz?
There are so many people here. What’s happening?
Tem tanta gente aqui. O que está acontecendo?
Spending time with my family makes me happy.
Passar tempo com a minha família me deixa feliz.
Not having money to pay their bills (is bothering them).
Não ter dinheiro para pagar as suas contas (está incomodando-os).
A music festival (is happening here).
Um festival de música (está acontecendo aqui).
What’s bothering them?
O que está incomodando-os?
Question Word What
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Let’s take a closer look and analyze the structure of the examples 
we have previously seen.
If you want to ask a more specific question using what, place a noun right after 
the question word.
What time do you usually wake up?
A que horas você geralmente acorda?
(What + time = used to ask about the hour)
What kind of music do you like?
De que tipo de música você gosta?
(What + kind = used to ask about the specif ic type of a thing)
What size do you need?
De que tamanho você precisa?
(What + size = used to ask about size)
QUESTION WORD WHAT
What + Noun + Interrogative Form
What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement (if necessary)
 
What makes you happy?
 
What’s happening?
What’s bothering them?
QUESTION WORD WHAT
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
Question Word What
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There are still some special cases, such as what + about. It is used 
to make an offer or to ask about your opinion or how you feel about 
something.
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Special Cases – What About
In informal conversations, there are some common 
expressions with the question word what.
What’s up?
E aí?
What now?
O que agora?
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Expressions
What about going to the movies?
Que tal irmos ao cinema?
How are you?
Como vai você?
Great idea.
Ótima ideia.
I’m fine, thanks. What about you?
Eu estou bem. E você?
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The question word what can also be used in exclamations to express surprise, 
shock, or emotions. In this case, we use: what + an article + (an adjective) + 
a noun. We may or may not include the adjective, but the noun must always be 
there in exclamations with what.
Structure: What + Article + (Adjective) + Noun
What a (beautiful) place!
Que lugar (bonito)!
(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “beautiful”) + Noun “place”)
What a great song!
Que música ótima!
(What + Article “a” + Adjective “great” + Noun “song”)
What a (nice) gesture!
Que gesto (legal)!
(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “nice”) + Noun “gesture)
What a song!
Que música!
(What + Article “a” + Noun “song”)
QUESTION WORD WHAT
Exclamations
Now you know different ways in which you can use the question word what, the structure used 
with different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations and expressions.
Question Word What
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Grammar
Guide
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Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Common question 
words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. In this grammar 
guide, we’ll focus on the question word where.
Where is used to ask questions about place.
The question word where can be used in direct and indirect questions.
Where
Onde/Aonde
Where is the subway station?
Onde é a estação de metrô?
(Direct Question: Where + Structure of the Interrogative Form)
I am asking you where the subway station is.
Eu estou te perguntando onde f ica a estação de metrô.
(Indirect Question: When + Structure of the Affirmative Form)
QUESTION WORD WHERE
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Direct and Indirect Questions
Direct questions with where will follow the same pattern, regardless of the 
verb form. The structure will be the question word where followed by the 
interrogative form.
Question Word 
Where
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Take a look at the structure to use where with the simple present. Note that when 
the main verb is the verb to be, there is no auxiliary verb. For all other verbs, the 
auxiliary is necessary.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
Where are you?
Onde você está?
Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
 Where do you work? Where does she work?
 Onde você trabalha? Onde ela trabalha?
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Where + Interrogative
Questions with where in the simple past follow the same pattern of the simple 
present. The only difference is that you’ll conjugate the verb to be or the auxiliary 
verb in the past
SIMPLE PAST
Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)
Where were you?
Onde você estava?
Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + 
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
 Where did you go? Where did he go?
 Aonde você foi? Aonde ele foi?
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Where + Interrogative
Question Word Where
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The question word where can also be used with continuous forms such as the 
present and the past continuous.
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Continuous Forms
Where + Interrogative Form
PRESENT AND PAST
Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + 
Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)
Where are you going?
Aonde você está indo?
Where were you going last night when I arrived?
Aonde você estava indo ontem à noite quando cheguei?
It is possible to use where with perfect forms such as the present 
perfect and the present perfect continuous.
PRESENT PERFECT
A past action that is still relevant. 
Uma ação passada que ainda é relevante. 
Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + 
Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)
Where have you been?
Por onde você esteve?
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Perfect Forms
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Question Word Where
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Modal verbs can be used in questions with where. In this case, themodal verb 
comes right after the question word.
Structure: Where + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + 
Complement (if necessary)
Where should we go on our next vacation?
Aonde devemos ir em nossas próximas férias?
(should = recommendation)
Where would you like to live?
Onde você gostaria de viver?
(would = hypothetical question)
Where can we find an ATM?
Onde podemos encontrar um caixa eletrônico?
(can = possibility)
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Modal Verbs
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Action started in the past and still going on.
Ação iniciada no passado que ainda está acontecendo.
Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + 
Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)
Where have you been working?
Onde você tem trabalhado?
In English, it is common to use where with verbs followed by prepositions that 
express directions. When we use these prepositions, they are placed right after 
the verb.
Two frequent prepositions used in questions with where are “to” and “from,” 
since they typically follow verbs that express movement.
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And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question 
word where to ask indirect or direct questions with different verb forms.
Check out some questions with the verbs to go and to come followed by these prepositions.
Where are you going (to)?
Para onde você está indo? / Aonde você está indo?
(The preposition is optional because the verb to go expresses movement toward a place 
with or without the preposition.)
(A preposição é opcional porque ir o verbo ir indica movimento em direção a algum lugar, 
com ou sem preposição.)
Where is she coming from?
De onde ela está vindo?
(The preposition is mandatory, otherwise the verb to come might not imply the idea of origin.)
(A preposição é obrigatória, caso contrário, o verbo vir pode não transmitir a ideia de origem.)
QUESTION WORD WHERE
Where + Verbs Followed by Prepositions
Question Word Where
Grammar
Guide
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Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. In this grammar 
guide, we’ll talk about the question word which. 
We use which to ask about specific information. As in some contexts which will 
be interchangeable with the question word what, it’s important to highlight the 
difference between these two question words.
The most important feature of which is that it’s used when there’s a limited 
number of choices in mind. 
QUESTION WORDS
What vs. Which
What’s your phone number?
Qual é o seu telefone?
(There are many possibilities. Country code, area code, 
and several possible combinations of numbers.)
Which size do you want?
Que tamanho você quer?
(There are limited options, such as small, medium, or large.)
In English, when we ask direct questions with both which and what, it’s possible to use a noun 
after the question word to make the question more specif ic.
Again, you’ll choose to use one or the other based on the range of options. Take a look at the 
examples.
QUESTION WORDS
Which vs. What
I bought white and grey paint. Which color will you choose for your bedroom?
Eu comprei tinta branca e cinza. Qual cor você vai escolher para o seu quarto?
(Limited options = only two colors available: white and grey)
Question Word 
Which
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Which can also be followed by a pronoun, usually because you don’t want to repeat the 
options you have just given, and in such case, we’ll frequently use the pronoun one. 
QUESTION WORD WHICH
Which + Pronoun
Structure: Which + Pronoun + Interrogative Form
Mr. Brown and Ms. Davenport are my favorite teachers.
O Sr. Brown e a Sra. Davenport são meus professores favoritos.
OK. But which one do you like the most?
O.k. Mas de qual deles você gosta mais?
(Replace “teacher” with “one” since the teachers were already mentioned.) 
We can also use an object pronoun or a determiner right after 
which, but in such case we’ll use which of. Check the examples.
QUESTION WORD WHICH
Which of
Which of us is going to sleep in the bigger bed?
Qual de nós vai dormir na cama maior?
Which of these jackets is yours?
Qual dessas jaquetas é sua?
I’m trying to decide on the new color of our bedroom walls. What colors do you like?
Eu estou tentando decidir a cor das paredes do nosso quarto. De quais cores você gosta?
(Broader option = from all the colors, you can choose the ones you like)
Question Word Which
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The question word which can be used in direct and indirect questions. In direct questions, it 
follows the interrogative form and structure, whereas in indirect questions we are reporting the 
question or there’s a question within another question.
QUESTION WORD WHICH
Direct and Indirect Questions
Which dress do you prefer? The pink or the green?
Qual vestido você prefere? O rosa ou o verde?
(Direct Question: Which + Structure of the Interrogative Form)
Can you give me some suggestions on which museums I should visit in Berlin?
Você pode me dar algumas sugestões de quais museus eu devo visitar em Berlim?
(Indirect Question: Which + Structure of the Affirmative Form)
Now you know how to ask questions using the question word which, and know the 
difference between what and which, their use and structure.
Question Word Which
Grammar
Guide
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In English, verbs can be either regular or irregular.
Most verbs are regular, that is to say that both their past and past participle will 
follow a general rule for regular verbs, which is to add -ED to the base form. 
REGULAR VERBS
General rule add -ED
to call (called)
chamar, telefonar
to listen (listened)
ouvir
to play (played)
brincar, jogar, tocar
to visit (visited)
visitar
to finish (finished)
acabar, terminar
to look (looked)
olhar, parecer
to show (showed)
mostrar
to want (wanted)
querer
to help (helped)
ajudar
to need (needed)
precisar
to start (started)
começar
to work (worked)
trabalhar
Regular Verbs
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REGULAR VERBS
For verbs ending in -E, add -D
REGULAR VERBS
Verbs ending with a consonant followed by Y, add -IED
Infinitive Form: to arrive (chegar)
You’ve arrived early.
Você chegou cedo.
Infinitive Form: to live (morar)
I lived in London when I was a child.
Eu morei em Londres quando eu era criança.
Infinitive Form: to introduce (apresentar)
I’ve introduced Julia to Mark.
Eu apresentei a Julia ao Mark.
Infinitive Form: to like (gostar)
I liked this book very much.
Eu gostei muito desse livro.
Infinitive Form: to study (estudar)
Michelle has studied a lot for her math exam.
Michelle estudou muito para sua prova de matemática.
Infinitive Form: to cry (chorar)
The baby cried a lot last night.
O bebê chorou muito noite passada.
Infinitive Form: to try (tentar)
I tried to help her, but I couldn’t.
Eu tentei ajudá-la, mas não consegui.
However, some specific spelling rules depend on how the 
base form ends.
For regular verbs that already end in -E, we just add -D. 
For regular verbs that end with a consonant followed by the letter 
Y, we drop the -Y, and add -IED.
Regular Verbs
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Infinitive Form: to stop (parar)
We stopped at the drugstore to buy some things.
Nós paramos na farmácia para comprar algumas coisas.
Infinitive Form: to plan (planejar)
We had planned to arrive early, but we are late.
Nós tínhamos planejado chegar cedo, mas estamos atrasados.
Infinitive Form: to prefer (preferir)
Tony preferred to stay home last night.
Tony preferiu f icar em casa noite passada.
Infinitive Form: to occur (ocorrer)
Something unexpected has occurred.
Algo inesperado ocorreu.
British English: Double the L and add -ED
American English: Add -ED
Infinitive Form: to travel (viajar)
I travelled/traveled to Paris on my honeymoon.
Eu viajei para Paris em minha lua de mel.
Infinitive Form: to cancel (cancelar)
The flight has been cancelled/canceled due to bad weather conditions.
O voo foi cancelado devido ao mau tempo.When the regular verb ends in the combination of consonant, vowel, consonant 
(CVC) and the last syllable is stressed, we double the final consonant and add 
-ED to form the past. 
Pay attention to the fact that there are also verbs ending in the combination consonant + vowel + consonant 
in which the last consonant is L. 
In British English, these verbs, regardless of the stressed syllable, will always have their past and past 
particle forms with double L. Therefore, travelled with double L or traveled with one L are both correct 
spellings of the past of the verb to travel. The same happens with the verb to cancel.
REGULAR VERBS
Verbs ending in CVC: double the last consonant and add -ED
REGULAR VERBS
Verbs ending in CVC in which the last consonant is L: add -ED or double the L and add -ED
Regular Verbs
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REGULAR VERBS
Verbs ending in –C: add -KED
And now you know how to use the regular verbs in the 
past and the past participle.
For verbs ending in -C, we’ll add -KED to form the past and past participle. 
These are rare cases, but, among the most frequent verbs in the English 
language, we could mention the verb to panic. 
Infinitive Form: to panic (entrar em pânico)
I panicked when I saw my bank balance.
Eu entrei em pânico quando vi meu saldo bancário.
Regular Verbs
Grammar
Guide
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The simple past is a verb form used to talk about things that happened or existed in 
the past. 
Check the structures, starting with aff irmative sentences in the past.
SIMPLE PAST
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Main Verb (in the Past) + Complement
I watched all the episodes of this series.
Eu assisti a todos os episódios desta série.
(I performed this action in the past. It’s over now because I f inished it).
In affirmative sentences, the auxiliary verb is not necessary, but it can be used in some 
specif ic contexts to emphasize the message.
If we decide to use the auxiliary did to add emphasis to aff irmative sentences, the main verb 
goes back to its base form.
SIMPLE PAST
Affirmative Sentences – Adding Emphasis
Structure: Subject + Auxiliary Verb (in the Past) + 
Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
I did watch all the episodes of this series.
Eu (de fato) assisti a todos os episódios desta série.
(Note that the auxiliary doesn’t have a meaning, only the function of emphasizing).
Simple Past – 
Other Verbs
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The verb conjugation in the simple past will be the same for all persons, singular or plural. 
What we must take into consideration, though, is that some verbs in English are regular, while 
others are irregular.
In the previous example in the aff irmative form, we used the regular verb to watch in the past, 
which is watched.
For regular verbs, we’ll add -D, -ED, or -IED to the end, depending on how the base form is 
spelled. Check the spelling rules for regular verbs in the past.
SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBS
Spelling Rules
GENERAL RULE: ADD -ED
 To watch – watched To play – played
 Assistir Brincar, jogar, tocar
VERBS ENDING IN -E: ADD -D
 To like – liked To love – loved
 Gostar Amar
VERBS ENDING IN CONSONANT + -Y: DROP THE -Y AND ADD -IED
 To study – studied To cry – cried
 Estudar Chorar
CVC VERBS: DOUBLE THE LAST CONSONANT AND ADD -ED
 To stop – stopped To plan – planned
 Parar Planejar
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These are the spelling rules for all regular verbs in the past, which are most 
verbs in English.
But there are few irregular verbs in English, and they do deserve some special 
attention. As the name says, they are irregular, which means there is not one 
pattern that applies to all of them. 
For instance, some irregular verbs suffer signif icant changes in their base 
forms. That’s the case of the verb to be, which in the past becomes was or were 
depending on the subject, or the verb to have, which becomes had, and the verb 
to go, which becomes went. On the other hand, verbs such as to quit, to put, or 
to cut will keep their base form when conjugated in the past.
SIMPLE PAST
Irregular Verbs
To be – was/were
Ser, estar
To quit – quit
Desistir
To have – had
Ter
To cut – cut
Cortar
To go – went
Ir
To put – put
Botar, colocar
There’s a grammar guide dedicated to irregular verbs in the past. Check it so you can learn 
more about them.
Now, when using sentences in the negative and in the interrogative forms, the fact that the 
verbs can be either regular or irregular is unimportant, since it’s the auxiliary verb did that 
will be conjugated. This means that the main verb goes back to its base form.
SIMPLE PAST
Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Auxiliary (Did) + NOT + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
I didn’t watch this series.
Eu não assisti a esta série.
(didn’t = did not)
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The contracted form didn’t will be used in most cases. However, in formal 
written language, it is advisable to avoid the use of the contraction. In spoken 
language, if you use the full form, you are adding emphasis to a negative 
statement. 
I did not watch this series.
Eu não assisti a esta série.
SIMPLE PAST
Negative Sentences – Adding Emphasis
For interrogative sentences, we’ll invert the order and place the auxiliary before the subject. 
Structure: Auxiliary (Did) + Subject + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
Did you watch all the episodes of the final season?
Você assistiu a todos os episódios da temporada f inal?
SIMPLE PAST
Interrogative Sentences
Now that we’ve seen the simple past in the affirmative form and the spelling 
rules for regular verbs, as well as the structures of negative and interrogative 
sentences, it’s time to see its common usages.
We use the simple past to talk about definite time in the past.
I graduated in December.
Eu me formei em dezembro.
(“To graduate” is a regular verb, and its past form is “graduated”)
We went to the movies yesterday.
Nós fomos ao cinema ontem.
(“To go” is an irregular verb, and its past form is “went”)
SIMPLE PAST
Uses
Simple Past – Other Verbs
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The simple past may or may not have an explicit time reference. 
Either way, it refers to past events. 
We can use the simple past to talk about events that happened once or events that happened 
with some frequency in the past. 
Anne studied with me.
A Anne estudou comigo.
(No time reference: but it’s still a f inished action in the past)
Santos Dumont flew around the Eiffel Tower.
Santos Dumont voou em volta da Torre Eiffel.
(No time reference: but it’s still a f inished action in the past)
SIMPLE PAST
Uses
I went to Italy for my 15th birthday.
Eu fui para a Itália no meu aniversário de 15 anos.
(The trip to Italy is an isolated event that happened because of my 15th birthday).
Every summer, I traveled with my family to Italy.
Todo verão eu viajava com minha família para a Itália.
(The trip to Italy was something that happened more frequently, every summer.)
SIMPLE PAST
Uses
Simple Past – Other Verbs
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When we want to make it clearer that we are talking about a past habit, something that 
frequently happened in the past, it’s also possible to use the expression used to followed 
by a main verb. 
Structure: Subject + Used to + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement
I used to travel to Italy every summer.
Eu costumava viajar para a Itália todo verão.
(Used to + Main Verb in the Base Form = frequent events or habits in the past)
USED TO
Frequent Events in the Past
Now you know when and why we use the simple past with other verbs, 
as well as its structures and spelling rules.
Simple Past – Other Verbs
Grammar
Guide
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The simple past is used to talk about an event that happened in the past. The time it occurred may 
be given or not, but it refers to an event that happened in the past.
In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the verbto be in the past. First, it’s important to know 
that the verb to be is an irregular verb, and it’s the only verb in English that has two irregular 
conjugations for the simple past depending on the person: was and were.
Check the structures for interrogative, negative, and aff irmative sentences.
The basic structure for affirmative sentences is the SVC structure, that is, the subject, the verb to be in the 
past, and the complement.
 Singular Plural
 
 I was we were
 
 you were you were
 he/she/it was they were
Structure: Subject + Verb + Complement
I was in Los Angeles last week.
Eu estava em Los Angeles na semana passada.
(Subject “I” + Verb in the Simple Past “was” + Complement “in Los Angeles last week”)
We were at the annual conference.
Nós estávamos na conferência anual.
(Subject “we” + Verb in the Simple Past “were” + Complement “at the annual conference”)
SIMPLE PAST
Verb To Be
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Affirmative Sentences
Second person
Third person
First person
Simple Past - Verb To Be
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To make a negative statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. It is very 
common to see the contracted forms, which are, wasn’t for was not, and weren’t for were not.
In the simple past, you’ll only see contracted or short forms in negative sentences. 
Short forms are very common in everyday situations. However, if you want to sound 
more formal or more emphatic, use the full form. 
In interrogative sentences, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject. 
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Negative Sentences
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Interrogative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Verb + NOT + Complement
I wasn’t home when he arrived.
Eu não estava em casa quando ele chegou.
(wasn’t = was not)
We weren’t in Rio last summer.
Nós não estávamos no Rio no verão passado.
(weren’t = were not)
Structure: Verb + Subject + Complement
Were you home last night?
Você estava em casa ontem à noite?
Was Meg with you?
A Meg estava com você?
Simple Past - Verb To Be
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I was sad because I failed the exam.
Eu estava triste porque não passei na prova.
(I was feeling that way, but I am not anymore).
Age
I was 40 years old when my son was born.
Eu tinha 40 anos quando o meu f ilho nasceu.
(I am not 40 anymore. I was 40 at the time of that specif ic event—the day my son was born).
I was so thirsty.
Eu estava com muita sede.
(I am referring to a past state. I probably had water, and I am not thirsty anymore).
Profession
I was a teacher.
Eu era professor(a).
(I was a teacher. I may have retired or I changed my profession).
Marital Status
I was married.
Eu era casado(a).
(Since it is in the past, it means I am not married anymore. 
I may be divorced or have become a widow/widower).
I was skinnier.
Eu era mais magro(a).
(It was how I looked in the past, but I’ve changed).
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Uses
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Uses
Let’s now check some possible uses of the verb to be in the simple past. 
To Be is used to refer to past physical conditions or states.
We can talk about a past age, profession, or marital status. 
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We were friends.
Nós éramos amigos.
(We are not that close anymore, maybe we don’t see each 
other as often as we used to).
He was my boyfriend.
Ele era meu namorado.
(We broke up and he is not my boyfriend anymore. He is my ex now).
It was about 8 a.m. when she left.
Eram cerca de 8 horas da manhã quando ela saiu.
Our last appointment was on January 3rd.
A nossa última consulta foi no dia 3 de janeiro.
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Uses
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Uses
We can use the verb to be in the past to talk about past relationships.
We can also use the verb to be in the past to talk about past time and dates.
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Meg was at the mall with me.
A Meg estava no shopping comigo.
(I am mentioning the place where Meg and I were).
My office was on Fifth avenue.
Meu escritório f icava na 5ª avenida.
(I am talking about a past location—it’s not there anymore. 
I may have moved to another off ice).
SIMPLE PAST – TO BE
Uses
And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple past, as well as its 
structure and the contracted form for negative sentences. 
We can use the verb to be in the past to refer to places and locations in the past.
Simple Past - Verb To Be
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Guide
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 Verb To Be Other Verbs
Interrogative Is she a teacher? Does she work as a teacher?
 Ela é professora? Ela trabalha como professora?
Negative She isn’t a teacher. She doesn’t work as a teacher.
 Ela não é professora. Ela não trabalha como professora.
The simple present was divided into two grammar guides, and we did that 
because there is an important difference in structure.
In this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the simple present with verbs that are not 
the verb to be, that is, all the other verbs. 
When we use the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary verb to make interrogative 
and negative sentences. But when we use other verbs, we need to use the 
auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb for the simple present is do or does, according to 
the subject. 
Check out the difference in the box.
SIMPLE PRESENT
The basic structure for the aff irmative form is the SVC structure, that is, subject, 
main verb, and complement. And the verb conjugation works like this: we’ll use the 
base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular. In this 
case, we’ll add –S, –ES, or –IES to the end of the verb, depending on how it’s spelled. 
Simple Present -
Other Verbs 
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Usage of the Auxiliary Do 
I do have the right to speak my mind.
Eu tenho (sim) o direito de dar minha opinião.
(The verb “do” is used as an auxiliary. So it does not have a meaning, but a function). 
(O verbo “do” é usado como auxiliar. Portanto, não tem um signif icado, mas uma função).
If you want to learn more about the third person spelling rules, you can check the grammar 
guide on this topic. However, most verbs will only take a final S in the third person singular, 
as you can see in the following table. 
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form: Adding Emphasis
Notice that we do not use the auxiliary verb in the affirmative form. But it’s possible to use it to 
add emphasis to a statement. In that case, the auxiliary verb is placed before the main verb. 
 Singular Plural
 I work here. We work here.
 Eu trabalho aqui. Nós trabalhamos aqui.
 You work here. You work here.
 Você trabalha aqui. Vocês trabalham aqui.
 He works here.
 Ele trabalha aqui.
 She works here. They work here.
 Ela trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas trabalham aqui.
 It works for now.
 Isso funciona por enquanto.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form
Second person
Third person
First person
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Thus, it is possible to use the auxiliary with the simple present in the aff irmative form, but it’s also important 
to notice that it adds emphasis to the sentence, which means that it is only going to happen in very specif ic 
contexts.
As for the negative and interrogative forms, the auxiliary do is not optional, it’s necessary.
The basic structure for the negative form is the subject, the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the 
subject, the negative particle not, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.
You should pay close attention to the third person singular. In both negative and interrogative forms, the 
conjugation goes in the auxiliary verb, that is, we will use does, and, because of that, the main verb goes 
back to its base form.
 Singular Plural
 I don’t work here. We don’t work here.
 Eu não trabalho aqui. Nós não trabalhamos aqui.
 You don’t work here. You don’t work here.
 Você não trabalha aqui. Vocês não trabalham aqui.
 He doesn’t work here.
 Ele não trabalha aqui.
 She doesn’t work here. They don’t workhere.
 Ela não trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas não trabalham aqui.
 It doesn’t work for now.
 (Isso) não funciona por enquanto.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form
Second person
Third person
First person
Do Not Use the Contracted Form
You do not have the right to shout at people.
Você não tem o direito de gritar com as pessoas.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form: Adding Emphasis
In informal language, the contracted 
forms don’t (do + not) or doesn’t 
(does + not) are used in most cases. 
In formal written language, we avoid 
using contractions.
On the other hand, in spoken 
language, if we use the full form, 
it probably means we want to add 
emphasis to a negative statement.
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I work at a law firm.
Eu trabalho em um escritório de advocacia.
She works a lot.
Ela trabalha muito.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
The simple present is used to talk 
about facts and to show repetitions, 
habits, or generalizations. 
The basic interrogative form structure in the simple present is the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to 
the subject, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.
So the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject is inverted, and, once again, in the third person singular, 
the main verb goes back to its base form, and the auxiliary verb is conjugated. 
Check out the following table:
 Singular Plural
 Do I work here? Do we work here?
 Eu trabalho aqui? Nós trabalhamos aqui?
 Do you work here? Do you work here?
 Você trabalha aqui? Vocês trabalham aqui?
 Does he work here?
 Ele trabalha aqui?
 Does she work here? Do they work here?
 Ela trabalha aqui? Eles/Elas trabalham aqui?
 Does it work for now?
 Isso funciona por enquanto?
SIMPLE PRESENT
Interrogative Form
Second person
Third person
First person
Simple Present - Other Verbs
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She crosses the street toward him, looks back, and decides to let it go.
Ela atravessa a rua em direção a ele, olha para trás e decide deixar para lá.
He gets the ball, passes through the defense and shoots, but the goalkeeper saves it.
Ele pega a bola, passa pela defesa e chuta, mas o goleiro agarra.
Firefighters save many lives in Brooklyn.
Os bombeiros salvam muitas vidas no Brooklyn.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
The simple present can convey the idea of immediacy and drama, and that’s why it’s commonly 
used in stories or novels, in sports broadcasting, and in newspaper headlines, even when 
reporting past events. 
It can also be used to present a series of events when we narrate 
something or give instructions and directions.
 First you read the questions, then you have to mark the correct statement.
Primeiro você lê as perguntas, depois você tem que marcar a afirmação correta.
You go straight and turn right on the traffic light.
Você segue em frente e vira à direita no semáforo.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
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In English, some verbs cannot be used in continuous forms. These verbs are 
called non-progressive verbs, and we use them in the simple present. This 
group is divided into different subgroups of verbs. 
Mental process verbs
know, suppose, think, understand
saber, supor, achar, entender
Verbs that describe senses
smell, taste, hear
sentir cheiro, sentir sabor, ouvir
Verbs that express feelings
admire, adore, hate, like, respect
admirar, adorar, detestar, gostar, respeitar
Speech act verbs
promise, swear, agree, deny
prometer, jurar, concordar, negar
SIMPLE PRESENT
Non-progressive Verbs
And now you know the structure and the most common uses of 
the simple present with other verbs.
Simple Present - Other Verbs
Grammar
Guide
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The simple present is used to talk about factual information or things 
that happen regularly.
SIMPLE PRESENT
This wall is white.
Esta parede é branca.
(It’s a factual piece of information.)
I sleep for 8 or 9 hours a day.
Eu durmo de 8 a 9 horas por dia.
(It’s part of a routine, something I do every day.)
The simple present will be tackled in two different grammar guides. 
In this one, we’ll focus on the simple present sentences in which the 
main verb is the verb to be. 
Check the following table to see the conjugation of the verb to be in 
the simple present. 
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
 Singular Plural
First person I am We are
Second person You are You are
Third person He/She/It is They are
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Verb To Be
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There is a different sentence structure for the interrogative, negative, and 
affirmative forms. In affirmative sentences, we’ll frequently use the SVC 
structure, that is, Subject, Verb, and Complement. To make a negative 
statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. And to ask a 
question, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.
Affirmative
Subject + Verb To Be + Complement
I’m a writer.
Eu sou escritor.
Negative
Subject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement
I am not a writer.
Eu não sou escritor.
Interrogative
Verb To Be + Subject + Complement
Are you a writer?
Você é escritor?
 Affirmative Negative
 I’m I’m not
 You’re You aren’t
 He’s/She’s/It’s He/She/It isn’t
 We’re We aren’t
 They’re They aren’t
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Contracted Form
The simple present of the verb to be is commonly 
used in its contracted form, also known as short 
form. Contractions are considered informal, and they 
are very common in everyday situations. However, 
if you want to sound more formal or more emphatic, 
use the full form.
The short or contracted forms can be used in 
affirmative or negative sentences.
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Now that you know the conjugation in the plural and singular forms, its structure 
for aff irmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as its full and 
contracted forms, check out the possible uses of the verb to be in the simple 
present. 
It can be used to refer to personal information such as name, age, profession, 
marital status, and nationality.
I am thirsty.
Eu estou com sede.
(It’s a state. Something I am experiencing now.)
I am skinny.
Eu sou magro(a).
(It refers to a physical characteristic.)
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
We can also use the verb to be followed by an adjective to talk about permanent 
or temporary physical characteristics and feelings.
Age
I am 36 years old.
Eu tenho 36 anos.
Profession
I am an architect.
Eu sou arquiteta.
Name
I am Sophie.
Eu sou Sophie.
My name is Sophie.
O meu nome é Sophie.
Nationality
I am French.
Eu sou francesa.
Marital Status
I am single.
Eu sou solteira.
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The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about permanent or 
temporary qualities or states, personal characteristics, or mood.
I am stressed.
Eu estou estressado(a).
(It’s a current mood or a temporary state.)
I am a stressed person.
Eu sou uma pessoa estressada.
(It’s part of my personality.)
It’s eleven o’clock.
São onze horas.
Our meeting is on December 3rd.
A nossa reunião é no dia 3 de dezembro.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about time and dates.
We can use the verb to be in the simple present to refer to places and locations as well.
I am at the mall.
Eu estou no shopping.
The 9/11 Memorial is in Manhattan.
O memorial do 11 de Setembro é em Manhattan.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple present.
Simple Present - Verb To Be
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Guide
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Subject pronouns are personal pronouns that replace nouns that work as the 
subject of the sentence. Let’s take a look at them.
First person pronouns are the ones used to refer to the person speaking; 
second person pronouns referto the person we are talking to; and third person 
pronouns, to the people or objects we are talking about.
Let’s start analyzing the f irst person pronouns, the ones that refer to the person 
who is talking.
The first person singular pronoun (I) is always written with a capital letter, 
regardless of its position in the sentence. Capitalization does not happen with 
any other pronoun in English, not even with the first person plural (we). 
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
 Singular Plural
 I we
 eu nós
 
 you you
 você vocês
 he
 ele (pessoa)
 she they
 ela (pessoa) eles/elas 
 it
 ele/ela (exceto pessoas)
Second person
Third person
First person
Subject Pronouns
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For the second person, the subject pronoun you will be used both in the singular 
and in the plural. You always refers to the person or the people you are talking to. 
Therefore, the context will tell you whether it is singular or plural.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
First Person
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Second Person
You are a teacher.
Você é professor.
(second person singular pronoun you)
You are teachers.
Vocês são professores.
(second person plural pronoun you)
Karen and I work at the same company.
Karen e eu trabalhamos na mesma empresa.
(f irst person singular pronoun I)
That was the moment we decided to quit the job.
Foi nesse momento que nós decidimos deixar o emprego.
(f irst person plural pronoun we)
I am her friend.
Eu sou amigo(a) dela.
(f irst person singular pronoun I)
We are friends.
Nós somos amigos.
(f irst person plural pronoun we)
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John is a teacher. He is very good.
O John é professor. Ele é muito bom.
(third person singular masculine pronoun he)
Sarah is an actress. She is great.
A Sarah é atriz. Ela é ótima.
(third person singular feminine pronoun she)
Turn off the computer. It’s too hot.
Desligue o computador. Ele está muito quente.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it)
Turn the TV down. It’s loud.
Abaixe a televisão. Ela está alta.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it)
The third person is used to refer to the people or objects we are talking about. In the 
third person singular, there are two pronouns used to refer to people, and, in some 
cases, to pets: he, used for masculine, and she for feminine.
For all the other cases, we will use the other third person singular pronoun, it; 
that is, to talk about any other thing in the singular.
Notice that, in the examples we have just seen, the reference of the pronoun it is 
clear in the sentence. It refers to the computer in the f irst example, and to the TV 
in the second one.
But the pronoun it will also be used as a subject in sentences that have an 
impersonal subject. This impersonal use of it introduces new information, 
and it is used particularly to talk about time, dates, the weather, and opinion. 
When it has an impersonal function, it does not refer to a previously mentioned 
noun. In this case, the pronoun it simply works as the subject of the sentence.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Singular (He/She)
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Singular (It)
Subject Pronouns
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It’s a pleasure to be here.
É um prazer estar aqui.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)
They are good teachers.
Elas são boas professoras.
(third person plural pronoun they)
It’s hot today.
Está quente hoje.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)
They are great students.
Eles são ótimos alunos.
(third person plural pronoun they)
It’s late.
Está tarde.
(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)
They are good books.
São bons livros.
(third person plural pronoun they)
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Singular (It)
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Third Person Plural (They)
And now you know how to use subject pronouns in English.
Take a look at the following examples:
For the third person plural, there is only one pronoun: they. This is the plural form of the pronouns he, she, 
and it—meaning this pronoun can be used to refer both to people and objects.
Subject Pronouns
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Guide
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 work works
 trabalhar trabalha
 like likes
 gostar gosta
 go goes
 ir vai
 kiss kisses
 beijar beija
When we use the verbs in the third person singular in the simple present, there 
are some specif ic spelling rules, which refer to how these verbs are written.
The third person is always about someone or something else. In the singular, 
it will be used with nouns or pronouns that refer to a masculine noun or the 
pronoun he, to a feminine noun or the pronoun she, and to a thing, idea, or 
object or the pronoun it.
Remember that in the negative and interrogative forms of the simple present, 
the main verb remains in its base form for all persons. Thus, the third person 
conjugation in the simple present will only be used in the main verb when it is 
in the affirmative form. 
The general rule is that you add -S to the verb.
For the verbs ending in O, S, X, CH, SH, or Z, we ADD -ES.
SPELLING RULES: THIRD PERSON
General Rule – Add -S
SPELLING RULES: THIRD PERSON
Verbs Ending in O, S, X, CH, SH, Z – Add -ES
Spelling Rules: 
Third Person
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When the verb ends in Y and it is preceded by a consonant, drop the Y and add -IES.
SPELLING RULES: THIRD PERSON
Verbs Ending in Consonant + Y - Drop the Y, Add -IES
 carry carries
 carregar carrega
 study studies
 estudar estuda
 try tries
 tentar tenta
 fix fixes
 consertar conserta
 
 watch watches
 assistir assiste
 
 crash crashes
 bater bate
 
 buzz buzzes
 vibrar vibra
 have has
 ter tem
The verb to have is an exception: in the third person singular, we’ll drop VE and add -S.
SPELLING RULES: THIRD PERSON
Exception: To Have – Drop VE, add -S
And now you know the spelling rules for the verbs inflected in the third person singular 
in affirmative sentences in the simple present.
Spelling Rules: Third Person
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Affirmative
There + Be
There’s a restaurant near the hotel.
Há um restaurante perto do hotel.
Interrogative
Be + There
Is there a restaurant near the hotel?
Há um restaurante perto do hotel?
Negative
There + Be + Not
There isn’t (is not) a restaurant near the hotel.
Não há um restaurante perto do hotel.
The structure there + be expresses existence, and it can be used in the 
aff irmative, interrogative, and negative forms.
THERE + BE
Structures
There + Be
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You can use the structure in the singular or plural according to the noun that follows it. 
When we talk about singular or plural forms, there are some things to which we should pay 
attention. If you are talking about a list of things, use there is when the noun that follows is 
also in the singular.
If there are one or more nouns in the plural, use there are and place the nouns in the plural 
before the ones in the singular, if there are any.
Are there good schools in your neighborhood?
Existem boas escolas no seu bairro?
(The noun “schools” is in the plural, so the verb to be is in the plural)
There is a good school in my neighborhood.
Há/Tem uma escola boa no meu bairro.
(The noun “school” is in the singular, so the verb to be is in the singular)
There are a lot of good schools in my neighborhood.
Há/Tem muitas escolas boas no meu bairro.
(The noun “schools” is in the plural, so the verb to be is in the plural)
There is an apple, a banana, and a pineapple in the fruit basket.
Tem uma maçã, uma banana e um abacaxi na fruteira.
(There is All nouns in the singular)
There are some apples, two bananas, and a pineapple in the fruit basket.
Tem algumas maçãs, duas bananas e um abacaxi na fruteira.
(There are One or more nouns in the plural)
THERE + BE
Singular and Plural
THERE + BE
Singular and Plural
There + Be
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In informal spoken language you might as well hear there is followed by plural 
nouns.This is perfectly acceptable, but you should not use it in written formal 
language.
To use there + be in the future, we’ll use there will be with singular or plural nouns. 
We have seen some uses of there + be in the present. However, it is important to highlight that 
this structure can also be used in the past and in the future.
So we will conjugate the verb to be accordingly. If we are referring to the past, we use there 
was for the singular and there were for the plural.
THERE + BE
Past: There Was / There Were
There’s two teachers in each classroom.
Tem dois professores em cada sala de aula.
(Informal: There is One or more nouns in the plural)
There will be a mall near my house.
Haverá um shopping perto da minha casa.
There will be flying cars in the future.
Haverá carros voadores no futuro.
There was only one employee assisting the customers.
Só havia um funcionário auxiliando os clientes.
(“Employee” is a singular noun, so we used the verb to be in the singular: “There was”)
There were many people waiting in line.
Tinha muita gente esperando na f ila.
(“People” is a plural noun, so we used the verb to be in the plural: “There were”)
THERE + BE
Informal Spoken Language
THERE + BE
Future: There Will Be
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And now you know what there + be means, its structures, and how to use it.
Structure: There + Verb + To Be
There seems to be a lot of vacant rooms in this hotel.
Parece haver muitos quartos vazios neste hotel.
(It’s the speaker’s perspective of an impression). 
There tends to be tension between the parts.
Tende a haver tensão entre as partes.
(It’s something that is expected).
Structure: There + Modal Verb + Be
There must be a gas station around.
Tem que ter / Deve haver um posto de gasolina por perto.
There should be no wait.
Não deve haver espera/demora.
There might be a cocktail after the meeting.
Deve ter / É possível que tenha / Pode haver um coquetel após a reunião.
There + be can also be used with modal verbs. In this case, we’ll join the idea of existence with 
the meaning that each modal verb expresses.
We can also use there with verbs such as seem and tend before to be. In these 
cases, we’ll use the infinitive form to be. 
THERE + BE
Modal Verbs
THERE + BE
Other Verbs
There + Be
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