callister7e_sm_ch20_24

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20-27 
 Soft Magnetic Materials 
 Hard Magnetic Materials 
 
 20.24 Relative to hysteresis behavior, a hard magnetic material has a high remanence, a high coercivity, a 
high saturation flux density, high hysteresis energy losses, and a low initial permeability; a soft magnetic material, 
on the other hand, has a high initial permeability, a low coercivity, and low hysteresis energy losses. 
 With regard to applications, hard magnetic materials are utilized for permanent magnets; soft magnetic 
materials are used in devices that are subjected to alternating magnetic fields such as transformer cores, generators, 
motors, and magnetic amplifier devices. 
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