Interpretation of laboratory test results related to mineral metabolism The alpha-2 globulin band is composed of a varied group of proteins, inclu...
The alpha-2 globulin band is composed of a varied group of proteins, including haptoglobin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, erythropoietin, and cholinesterase.
The proteins belonging to the alpha-2 globulin band also behave as acute-phase proteins, increasing their concentration in the presence of infection, inflammatory and immune processes.
The beta-globulins are composed of a heterogeneous group of proteins, the main ones being betalipoproteins, transferrin, and component C3 of the complement.
Transferrin has the fastest electrophoretic pattern of the beta-globulins and is increased in iron-deficiency anemia, pregnancy, and the use of anovulatory drugs.
The C3 component is the slowest-migrating component, and its decrease is related to glomerular diseases.
The gamma-globulin fraction is composed of immunoglobulins (Igs) that are antibodies produced by plasma cells when stimulated by antigens or due to the malignant clonal disorder of these cells.
Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are minerals that play fundamental roles in various metabolic activities, such as blood clotting, muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular conduction, and energy production.
Hypercalcemia refers to an increase in the total serum calcium concentration (greater than 10.5 mg/dL), which can be associated with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, hypotonia, depression, etc., and can lead to renal disease, cardiac arrhythmia, and poor general health.
Approximately 90% of hypercalcemias are due to primary hyperparathyroidism or malignant neoplasms.
Hypocalcemia refers to reduced total calcium (less than 8.8 mg/dL) and ionized calcium (less than 4.6 mg/dL) values, which should be evaluated in relation to serum protein concentration and blood pH.
In cases of hypoalbuminemia (reduced albumin concentration), hypocalcemia is caused by a reduction in calcium binding to albumin.
Hypercalciuria refers to excessive calcium release in the urine (values greater than 300 mg/d of calcium), and it is the most common cause of kidney stones.
Hyperphosphatemia is characterized by serum phosphate levels greater than 5 mg/dL in adults and 7 mg/dL in children and adolescents.
Hypophosphatemia is characterized by phosphate levels lower than 2 mg/dL (severe when less than 1).
Hyperphosphatemia causes hypocalcemia due to calcium precipitation, decreased vitamin D, and impairment of PTH-dependent bone resorption.
Hypophosphatemia is usually asymptomatic, but in severe cases, it can cause muscle weakness, bone pain, dysfunction of blood cells, etc.
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Based on the provided information, here is a summary of the interpretation of laboratory test results related to mineral metabolism: - The alpha-2 globulin band consists of proteins such as haptoglobin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, erythropoietin, and cholinesterase. These proteins are acute-phase proteins that increase in concentration during infection, inflammation, and immune processes. - The beta-globulins are composed of proteins like betalipoproteins, transferrin, and component C3 of the complement. Transferrin, which has the fastest electrophoretic pattern, increases in conditions such as iron-deficiency anemia, pregnancy, and the use of anovulatory drugs. The decrease in the C3 component is related to glomerular diseases. - The gamma-globulin fraction consists of immunoglobulins (Igs), which are antibodies produced by plasma cells in response to antigens or due to malignant clonal disorders. - Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are minerals that play essential roles in various metabolic activities. Hypercalcemia refers to an increase in total serum calcium concentration and can have symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, hypotonia, depression, and can lead to renal disease, cardiac arrhythmia, and poor general health. Primary hyperparathyroidism or malignant neoplasms are the most common causes of hypercalcemia. - Hypocalcemia refers to reduced total calcium and ionized calcium values and should be evaluated in relation to serum protein concentration and blood pH. In cases of hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia is caused by a reduction in calcium binding to albumin. - Hypercalciuria refers to excessive calcium release in the urine and is the most common cause of kidney stones. - Hyperphosphatemia is characterized by high serum phosphate levels, while hypophosphatemia is characterized by low phosphate levels. Hyperphosphatemia can cause hypocalcemia due to calcium precipitation, decreased vitamin D, and impaired bone resorption. Hypophosphatemia is usually asymptomatic but can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, bone pain, and blood cell dysfunction in severe cases. Remember that these interpretations are general and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional in the context of each individual case.
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