In general terms, the processes of political emancipation in the American continent occurred from the 1770s, extending to the first decades of the ...

In general terms, the processes of political emancipation in the American continent occurred from the 1770s, extending to the first decades of the following century. Comparing these processes, it is correct to affirm that:

a) the Spanish colonies had their independence movement triggered by the Napoleonic expansion in Europe, while Brazil did not suffer the repercussions of this context and English America was still preparing for its emancipation
b) the independence of the English colonies reverberated throughout the continent, but the emancipation of Spanish America differed from the others due to intense popular participation and the formation of democratic governments
c) the stiffening of mercantilist principles led to wars for independence throughout the continent, especially in Portuguese America, leading the colonies to react by organizing local militias
d) political independence did not expand citizenship, as in the newly formed countries, black slavery was maintained and property qualification criteria for political participation excluded the majority of the population, whether of English or Iberian origin.
e) the North American movement encouraged the other colonies to declare independence, with the presidential and federalist model of John Locke being adopted in the republics created at that time in all territories of Latin America.