Language teaching has always reflected the educational beliefs of each historical period. For many decades, language classrooms were dominated by methods that focused heavily on grammar explanation, translation exercises, and memorization of vocabulary lists. Teachers were usually considered the central authority in the classroom, while students were expected to listen carefully and reproduce the information provided. In such environments, communication was often limited, and the success of learning was measured mainly by written examinations.As research in linguistics and psychology developed, educators began to understand that learning a language involves much more than memorizing isolated structures. Communication, interaction, and social participation became central elements in language education. Students started to be viewed as active participants in the learning process rather than passive receivers of information. Consequently, teachers were encouraged to design activities that reflected real-life situations and meaningful communication. Modern language teaching also recognizes the emotional and motivational aspects of learning. Anxiety, self-confidence, and personal goals can directly influence a learner’s performance. For this reason, successful teachers try to create supportive learning environments where students feel comfortable taking risks and expressing themselves. Such approaches aim not only to improve linguistic competence but also to help learners develop autonomy and confidence in using the language beyond the classroom. QUESTÃO 1:De acordo com o texto, qual mudança ocorreu nas abordagens modernas de ensino de línguas? Escolha uma: a. O estudo da gramática deixou de ser utilizado. b. Os estudantes passaram a memorizar mais listas de vocabulário. c. As avaliações escritas deixaram de existir completamente. d. O ensino passou a valorizar a comunicação e a participação ativa. e. Os professores perderam totalmente sua importância.