Preparação e caracterização de fragrâncias extraindo os óleos essenciais de diferentes matérias-primas

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Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 98 (2021) 100178
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Preparation and characterization of fragrance by extracting the essential oils
from different raw materials
Arvind K. Gautam a,*, Kuldeep Singh b
a Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India
b Department of Chemical Engineering, Raja Balwant Singh Engineering Technical Campus, Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 283105, India
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Fragrance
Liquid-liquid extraction
Hydrophobic
GC/MS Technique
Essential oils
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: akgautam@nith.ac.in (A.K. Gaut
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100178
Received 27 January 2021; Accepted 22 Septembe
0019-4522/© 2021 Indian Chemical Society. Publi
A B S T R A C T
The extraction is a simple process and it is widely used to extract the fragrances in fragrance industries from
essential oils. There are number of compounds (i.e. flowers, oils, leaves etc.) from which we can prepare the
fragrance by extracting the essential oils from them. In this work, we have prepared the fragrance from the
essential oils by the liquid-liquid extraction process, where the essential oil presented as the concentrated hy-
drophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds. We used the combination of Gas chromatography and
Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) characterization techniques to make our product more useful, convenient and
compitative with the other fragrance available in the market. This study would be helpful to understand the
preparation of the fragrance from the concentrated hydrophobic liquid type essential oils which contains volatile
aroma compounds by using a significant liquid-liquid extraction process.
1. Introduction
The benefits of the essential oils has been utilized by the civilizations
from the centuries. The essential oils are not only highly makes the
essential oils to define as adaptogens, that usually promoted as homeo-
stasis. The essential oils in general are non-greasy and required very
limited drops to observe or results a tremendous effects on the emotional
wellbeing, spiritual mindfulness, and physical health. There were many
uses of essential oils has been address in the medical, cosmetics, food
industries. Further, because of the different variety of its properties along
with the pleasant odour these essential oils used very frequently as many
related household products as well [1]. Basically, the concentrated type
hydrophobic liquids which contains therapeutic volatile aroma com-
pounds are known as the essential oils. These oils are also treated as
ethereal oils, volatile oils, aetherolea oils, or simply as the plant oil from
which they were further extracted more efficiently such as clove oil. In
order to produce the safe and effective cosmetic products, it is most
important to determine the maximum concentration of these oils [2].
These essential oils can be distinguise in more sensible way as it contains
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shed by Elsevier B.V. All rights re
the ‟essence of” the valuable plant’s fragrance and important character-
istics fragrance of the plant from which it is derived significantly [3].
Further, apart from the other uses these essential oils in general are the
indispensable and dispensable amino acids for the humans lives [4].
These essential oils evaporate completely in contrast to fatty oils without
leaving any stain (residue) while dabbing onto filter paper. There are
multiple processes are available in the market at present time. However,
in general the distillation, resin tapping, absolute oil extraction, solvent
extraction, and cold pressing etc. processes are used more frequently to
extract these types of essential oils.
In this work, we have prepared the fragrance by extracting the
essential oil from the different leaves, flowers, and, roots etc. The liquid-
liquid extraction process was used here for the essential oil extraction
from the different raw materials (i.e. leaves, flowers, roots etc.) followed
by the simple steam distillation process. The outcome after the distilla-
tion was very highly concentrated portion of the essential oil which is
separated from the flower water. Since these substances can be charac-
terized according to their sensory properties [5]. Therefore, this highly
concentrated essential oil have been characterize in the fragrance and
served.
mailto:akgautam@nith.ac.in
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100178
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Fig. 1. Process block diagram of fragrance preparations from essential oil.
Fig. 2. Process block diagram to separate the essential oil and flower water.
A.K. Gautam, K. Singh Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 98 (2021) 100178
properties of the plant from which it was extracted and identified. The
product prepared from the steam distillation of the essential oils contains
true essence including the atractive smell. The smell was the most sen-
sitive of the five senses and this study shows that nearly 75% of emotions
are prompted by the scent. Our balance blend was especially soothing
when gently inhaled it. The employed preparation methods and tech-
niques of this product (i.e fragrance) from essential oils has been dis-
cussed in the next section of this article along with the flow diagram.
2. Methodology
The details of experiment and procedure employed in this study to
prepare the fragrance are as follows;
2.1. Materials
The orange peel (300 gm), Lemon grass (250 gm), Lavender
(250 gm), Rose (250 gm), Myrrh (250 gm), Cypress (300 gm) were
collected from different area of resources to prepare the fragrance by the
extraction of the essential oil.
2
2.2. Preparation of perfumes
There are number of techniques and methods available to prepare
perfumes from different flowers by extracting the essential oils [6–8].
The essential oils from the flowers and leaves can be extracted by steam
distillation, hydrodistillation, dry distillation, supercritical fluid extrac-
tion, etc. The steam distillation and hydrodistillation are traditionally
used for the isolation of volatile aroma related compounds from odorif-
erous samples [9]. In this study, we prepared the fragrance by using
standard methodology through extraction of essential from different
flowers and leaves as per the following sequences;
● Collection of samples from their respective sources.
● Reduce the size of sample so as to enhance the surface area.
● Setup the steam distillation apparatus properly.
● Tighten all the attachments so that no vapours are allowed to escape
out.
● Put the sample in round bottom flask and add distilled water upto 3/4
by volume.
● Switch on the heating mantle.
● Observe the temperature inside the flask with the help of infrared
thermometer so that the temperature will not be exceed more than
1050C otherwise it may affect the quality of oil.
2.3. Extraction
We used simple liquid-liquid extraction process to extract the essen-
tial oil and separate the flower water. This is an effective technique to
process these types of extractions. The path we followed here is shown by
the Fig. 1 and the complete process of essential oil extraction is repre-
sented by the Fig. 2. Further, the required temperature (T � 1050C) has
been used to heat the material mixture (i.e. discussed in section 2.2). The
vaporized ammont of water and essential oil then cool down and separate
out after collecting in the tank as shown in Fig. 2. Further, we converted
this essential oil into fragrance which was characterized by an effective
GC/MS technique to achieve the best quality of the product.
3. Results and discussion
In this work we have prepared the fragrance from different flowers,
leaves andgrass by extracting the essential oil. The prepared essential oil
Fig. 3. Characterization results of orange oil by GC/MS technique. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web
version of this article.)
Fig. 4. Characterization results of lemon grass oil by GC/MS technique.
A.K. Gautam, K. Singh Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 98 (2021) 100178
3
Fig. 5. Characterization results of lavender oil by GC/MS technique.
Fig. 6. Characterization results of rose oil by GC/MS technique.
A.K. Gautam, K. Singh Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 98 (2021) 100178
4
Fig. 7. Characterization results of myrrh oil by GC/MS technique.
A.K. Gautam, K. Singh Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 98 (2021) 100178
has been extracted by using liquid-liquid extraction prcoess. This is a very
efficient and effective process to extract the essential oil of these type of
materials. The fragrance quality has been checked by the Gas chroma-
tography and Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) test analysis. This is a very
effective analytical technique which has a combination of two different
types of analysis as gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometry [10]. It
is used to identify the variation of different components within a single
test sample. These results are reported in figures from 3 to 8. These fig-
ures (i.e. Figs. 3–8) represented the individual qualitative test analysis of
orange oil, lemon grass oil, lavender oil, rose oil, myrrh oil, and cypress
oil respectively. The Fig. 3 shows abundance peak with respect to time
(minutes) of orange oil which was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction
process. The upper portion of the figure shows the existance of different
components (i.e. Pinene, d-Limonene, cinnamaldehyde, Citral, and
benzyl alcohol) in the said sequence. However, the below part of the
figure shows the % yield of essential oils over the concentration of these
components. The Fig. 4 shows abundance peak with respect to time
(minutes) of lemon grass oil which was extracted by liquid-liquid
extraction process same as orange oil. The upper portion of the figure
shows the existance of different components (i.e. -Pinened, -Pinened,
-Citral, -Citral, Y-Pinene, p-Menthadiene, p-Limonene, and benzyl
alcohol) in the said sequence. However, the below part of the figure
shows the % yield of essential oils over the concentration of these com-
ponents. The lemon grass oil is a volatile oil derived from the herb of
Cybopogon citratus. Citral is the main constituent of this oil and limo-
nene, pinene, menthadiene terpenes benzyl alcohol, and camphene, etc.
as shown in Fig. 4 are the other constituents. The lemon grass oil is used
very frequently in perfumery and soap industries.
Similarly, the Figs. 5–8 shows abundance peak with respect to time
5
(minutes) of lavender oil, rose oil, myrrh oil, and cypress oil respectively,
which were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction process as discussed
above. The upper portion of the figures shows the existance of different
components (i.e. o-Menthanone, menthyl acetate, p-Menthanone,
Menthol, 1,3-Cis-menthol, and p-Menthen one for lavender oil, ethyl
alcohol, delta terpinene, 3-carene, Terpinene, D-limonene, and p-Men-
thodiene for rose oil, D-limonene, eucalyptol (cineol), Terpinene, ocy-
mene, and cinnamaldehyde for myrrh oil, and R-citronellal, D-limonene,
citronellol acetate, isopulegol, terpineol, and R-citronellal for cypress oil
respectively) in the said sequence. However, the below part of the figure
shows the % yield of essential oils over the concentration of these com-
ponents. From all these figures it can be noticed that the percentage yield
of the essential oils are consistent, which confirms the qualitative
extraction of these essential oils from the used raw materials (i.e. orange
peel, lemon grass, lavender, rose, myrrh, cypress). The results reported
here are consistant with the previous studies [9,11] however they used
different raw materials to prepare fragrance.
The data reported in Table 1 shows the volume of essential oils
extracted from orange peel, lemon grass, lavender, rose, myrrh, cypress
respectively. We used 500 ml distilled water for each components to
extract the essential oil from these materials by operating at different
temperature range as shown in Table 1. The maximized temperature
range we used for cypress was 85–900C, however for other components it
vary between 80-900C. This temperature range is required to extract the
essential oil as it depends on the volatility and other properties of the
above materials. Further, this is a qualitative study, can be applicable to
do the similar and relative analysis on fragrance and its preparations
from different components as well.
Fig. 8. Characterization results of cypress oil by GC/MS technique.
Table 1
The extraction results of different components (i.e. orange peel, lemon grass,
lavender, rose, myrrh, cypress) along with the corresponding temperature range
and extracted essential oil quantities are reported in this table. The rawmaterials,
its weight, distilled water quantity, required temperature range and extracted
essential oil quantities are listed here in column 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively. The
notations used for column no. 2, 3, 4, and 6 can be read as RM - RawMaterial, W -
Weight (gm), VDW - Volume of distilled water (ml), VEO - Volume of Essential oil
(ml).
S.No. RM W VDW Temp. (�C) VEO
1 Orangepeel 300 500 80 � 90 2.0
2 Lemongrass 250 500 80 � 90 1.8
3 Lavender 250 500 70 � 75 0.7
4 Rose 250 500 65 � 70 0.3
5 Myrrh 250 500 80 � 90 1.6
6 Cypress 300 500 85 � 90 1.2
A.K. Gautam, K. Singh Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 98 (2021) 100178
4. Conclusion
In this work, we prepared the fragrance from different components
(i.e. orange peel, lemon grass, lavender, rose, myrrh, cypress). By
extracting the essential oil from liquid-liquid extraction techniques, it
was found that this is one of the most promising technique for the
essential oil extraction from different components. This type of extraction
is temperature sensitive for the materials like oils, resins, hydrocarbons
etc., which are completely insoluble in water and may be decompose at
their boiling point. Further, the results shows that, the essential oil vol-
ume increases while increasing the temperature with respect to time.
From this study, it can conclude that the, lemon grass, rose, and cypress
have the highest yield and number of components among the other tested
samples (i.e. orange, lavender, and myrrh) along with purity. Therefore,
these components (i.e. lemon grass, rose, and cypress) are the better
6
sourse to prepare the quality fragrance by extracting the essential oil.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to RBS Engineering Technical Campus, Bichpuri,
Agra and NIT Hamirpur, (H.P.), India for providing the required facilities
to persue this work.
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	Preparation and characterization of fragrance by extracting the essential oils from different raw materials
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	2.1. Materials
	2.2. Preparation of perfumes
	2.3. Extraction
	3. Results and discussion
	4. Conclusion
	Declaration of competing interest
	Acknowledgements
	References